Grammar非谓语语法幻灯片.ppt

非谓语动词讲解,NonfiniteVerbs,什么是非谓语动词啊？,“非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词呗!,那不是谓语是什么呢？,。,英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词：加连词（and/but/so）放入从句变为非谓语动词,主语、谓语.宾语、定语、状语、补语,主,谓,宾,定,状,补,2,Thefamousdoctor,givebirthtoababy,helped,thepregnantwoman,lastFriday.,to,Thepregnantwoman,togivebirthtoababy,washelped,lastFriday.,定,状,补,主,非谓语动词,动名词,分词,现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2.非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。,非谓语动词使用条件,Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.,1Theteacherssittingtherearefromotherschools.,表语,2Wesawsometeacherssittingthere.,宾语补足语,3Weneedtobeactiveinclass.,宾语,谓语,宾语,主语,定语,连系动词,划分句子成分,非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.,4.Toseeyouisglad.=Itsgladtoseeyou.5.Iwanttoseeyou.6.Iwanthimtoseeyou.7.Myhopeistoseeyou.8.Heisthemantoseeyou.9.Imgladtoseeyou.10.Iwenttoseeyou.11.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,12.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.13.Heenjoysswimming.14.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.15.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.16.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.17.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.,(作主语）,(作宾语）,(作宾补）,(作表语）,(作状语）,(作定语）,动词不定式（TheInfinitive）,一.动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,肯定式：todosth否定式：nottodosth.被动式：tobedone完成式：tohavedone进行式：tobedoing完成被动式：tohavebeendone,二.动词不定式的句法作用法,动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成分。,动词不定式,Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。,Iwanttoseeyouthisevening,Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.,Wefoundahousetolivein.,ShecameheretostudyEnglish.,Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,(1)作主语,不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,Toseeistobelieve,Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.,注：常用it做形式主语，将todo放在谓语之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It+谓语+todo,Ittakesusanhour_gettherebybus.,句型2：Its+n.+todo,Itsourduty_helpthepoor.,Itisagreatenjoyment_spendourholidayinthemountains,句型3：Itis+adj+for/ofsb+todosth.,Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth,（是形容人的品质的）,（是形容事物的性质的）,Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.,Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.Itsimpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.,Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.,youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.,常见动词有：,(2)作宾语,Iwanttoknowthismatter.,like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等,Idontexpecttomeetyouhere.,1).,接不定式做宾语,1.Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?2.Hesaidhewished_(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised_(give)meahand.,2).常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explainknow,show,discover,see(understand)Hetaughtushowtousethetool.Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.Ihopeyoulladvisemewhattodo.,Idontknowhowtogetthere.,Ihaventdecidedwhethertogoorstay.,beginstartcontinue,+,tododoing,注意下列动词,likelovehatepreferlearn,+,tododoing,rememberforgetregret,+,tododoing,trymeanstopgoon,+,tododoing,1.Boys,dontforget_thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest3.Remember_thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff,(3)作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),1.Mothertoldme_comebackbefore10oclock.2.Illgetsomeone_repairtherecorderforyou.3.Whatcausedhim_changehismind?4.Iwishyou_comeassoonaspossible.5.Heaskedme_dotheworkwithhim.,adviseallowaskbegcauseexpectencourageforcegethateinviteorderwishobligewantwarnremindpromisepermitpersuaderequest,sb.todo,blad,seewatchlookathearlistentofeelnotice,+,sb.,+,dodoingdone,makelethave,sth.,done,sb.be,seenwatchedlookedatheardlistenedtofeltnoticed,+,todo,madelet,Eg:Ioftenhearthem(sing)thissong.,Didyounoticeanyone(come)in?Iwouldhavehim(wait)formeforalongtime.Lookatthehorsejump.,注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：,Heisoftenheard_thesong.,Hewasseen_theroom.,tosing,toenter,3.it作形式宾语,Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting,Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,Subject+find/think/feel/make/considerit+adj/n+todosth.,1.Wethought_better_startearly.2.Doyouconsider_betternot_go?3.Ifeel_myduty_changeallthat.4.Wethink_important_obeythelaw.5.Iknow_impossible_finishsomuchhomeworkinaday.,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Letme_(help)you_(water)theflowers.2.LittleSandywouldlove_(take)tothecinemathisevening.3.Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate_(cry),todayhewasmade_(cry)byhisdeskmate.4.Isawhim_intothesmallstore.A.wentB.goingC.togoD.hasgone5.Telltheboy_outofthewindow.nottolookB.tonotlookC.dontlookD.notlook,help,(to)water,totake,cry,tocry,(4).不定式作定语Ihavesomethingtotellyou.不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Doyouhaveanythingtowashtoday?Doyouhaveanythingtobewashedtoday?(区别主被动）不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容Ihavenochancetogothere.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语Sheisthelasttoleavetheroom.不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词Heislookingforaroomtolivein.,1.Thehouseisnotbigenoughforusall_.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_?A.tocutthefruitwithB.tocutthefruitC.cuttingthefruitD.cuttingthefruitwith3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.Pleasefindapieceofpaper（写上）.4.Excuseme，couldIuseyourpenforamoment？Ihavenopen（写）.,towriteon,towritewith,注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：,Heislookingforaroomtolivein,Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith,(5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,IcameheretoseeyouWewereveryexcitedtohearthenewsHehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.Tolookathim，youwouldlikehim,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),不定式时态、语态的用法,Hewantedtoseeyou.WhenIcamein,hepretendedtobereadingabook.HeissaidtobewritinganovelHeissaidtohavewrittenanovel.Imsogladtohaveseenyou.,SheaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.(宾语)ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.(主补）Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.(主语),句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被动关系，也还要用主动语态1,GivehimsomebooktoreadDoyouhaveanyclothestowash?“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”askedthemaid2,S+be+easydifficulthardpleasantinterestingexcitingcomfortable+todoThisquestioniseasytoanswerTheboyisdifficulttoteach3,Themanageristoblame.Thereasonisnotfartoseek.4,Therebe句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同Thereisnothingtodonow(wehavenothingtodonow)现在没事干Thereisnothingtobedonenow(wecandonothingnow)现在没什么办法Thereisnothingtosee(nothingisworthseeing)没有东西值得看Thereisnothingtobeseen看不见有什么东西,Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_onabigrocktoseetherisingsun.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest,C,Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone,D,Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_upfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrowIveheardhim_aboutyouoften.A.talkedB.talksC.talkD.totalk,A,C,meantododoing,Ifyouthinkthattreatingawomanwellmeansalways_herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.(06湖南)A.getsB.gotC.togetD.getting,D,打算做,意味着,动名词（gerund）,一.动名词的基本构成,二.动名词的性质,动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：,1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰,Ihopeyoudontmindmysayingit.,2.动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语,Areyoufororagainsthavingthemeeting.Iinsistedonleavingatonce.,三.动名词的功用,1.可作主语,Seeingisbelieving,Readingnewspaperscanincreaseourknowledge.,nousenogoodnofunIts+ashame+doingawasteoftime/moneyuselessdangerousThereisno+doing.,Itisnousecrying.ItisnogoodobjectingLookingafterthepatientsisanursesjob.Itsdangerousplayingwithfire.Itsawasteoftimecopyingothershomework.Thereisnojokingaboutthematter.,2.可作宾语,S.+vt.+doing,Haveyoufinishedreadingthebook?Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.,在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：,避免错过(少)延期avoidmissdelay/postponepostpon建议完成(多)练习suggest/advisefinishpractise喜欢想象禁不住enjoy/appreciate/imagine/resist/canthelp承认否定(与)嫉妒admitdenyenvy逃脱冒险(莫)原谅escape/envy/risk/pardon/excuse忍受保持(不)在意standkeep/keeponmind,注：在动词advise,allow,forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如,Wedontallowpeopletofishhere.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。,Peoplearenotallowedtofishhere.人们不准在这儿钓鱼。,prefer.to.lookforwardtobeusedtoputoffgiveupS.+keepon+doingsucceedincanthelpfeellikebebusybeworthhavedifficulty/trouble/problem(in),作介词/短语动词的宾语:,S.+v.+prep.+doing,e.g.Shesattherewithout(speak)Ilookforwardto(see)himagain.Areyouusedto(live)therealone?Whenmyfatherheardthenews,hecouldnthelp(laugh).Idontfeellike(go)toseethefilm.Hewasbusy(prepare)hislessons.,主动表被动:,want(需要)need(需要)require(需要)Sth.+doingbeworth(值得),使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形式表达被动含义,tobedone,使用不定式作宾语时，依然用被动形式表达被动含义,Theroomwants(clean).Themethodneeds(improve).Thispairofshoesrequire(mend).Theproblemneeds(workout).Thequestioniswellworth(discuss),1.worthadjtremblingB.frightened;trembledC.frightening;trembledD.frightened;trembling,D,Theproblems_atthemeetingtomorrowarereallyhardtosolve.A.discussedB.todiscussC.tobediscussedD.discussing,C,Theflowers_sweetinthegardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.(2004上海)A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt,B,Mr.Greenstoodupindefenseofthe16-year-oldboy,sayingthathewasnottheone_.(2006安徽)A.blamedB.blamingC.toblameD.tobeblamed,C,Thesquirrel(松鼠)wasluckythatitjustmissed_.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch,C,Policearenowsearchingforawomanwhoisreportedto_sincethefloodhitthearealastFriday.(06山东)A.havebeenmissingB.havegotlostC.bemissingD.getlost,A,Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told,B,Hehurriedtothebookingoffice,only_thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.(06陕西)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told,B,Hewasbusywritingastory,only_onceinawhiletosmokeacigarette.(08辽宁)A.tostopB.stoppingC.tohavestoppedD.havingstopped,B,_inaredskirtintheopeningceremonyofthe2008OlympicGames,thelittlegirl-LinMiaokewontheheartsofthepeopleallovertheworld.A.DressedB.WornC.DressingD.Wearing,A,“穿戴”：wear/puton/dresswear状态,“穿着”,puton动作,“穿上”,dress动作,“给穿衣”dresssb.状态,sb.bedressedin“坐”：sit/seatsb.sit,Isithere.sb.beseated,Iamseatedhere.sit=beseated,WhenIarrived,Ifoundtheboy_.A.seatingB.seatedC.isseatingD.sitsIfoundtheboywasseatedIfoundtheboywassitting.,B,Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefsbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught,C,_themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement.A.ThepresidentwillattendB.ThepresidenttoattendC.ThepresidentattendedD.Thepresidentsattending,D,Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_attheendoflastMarch.(2007山东)A.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched,B,Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_fortheday.(07重庆)A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished,B,分词时态、语态的用法,如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。Nothavingfinishedhishomework,Tomwasmadetostayatschool.Havingclosedallthewindows,IwenthomeHavingbeeninvitedtotheparty,Tomwasveryhappy.,分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关系时被动的，要用被动语态1.Lookingoutofthewindow,Icanseemanycarsandbuses.2.SeenfromthetopofDragonTower,Harbinlooksmorebeautiful.3.Theteachercamein,_manystudents.(follow)4.Theteachercamein,_bymanystudents.(follow),following,followed,如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。1.Beingrepaired,thebuildingisforbiddentoenter.2.ThehousebeingbuiltnowisaHopeProjectSchool.3.Passingbytheaccidentscene,Isawthemanbadlyhurtbeingcarriedontoanambulance.,Task:completethefollowingsentences,1.“（你有衣服要洗吗）?themaidasked.2._(没有完成作业),TomwasforbiddentowatchTV.3._(正在刷油漆),thehousewasnotallowedtoenter.4._(被邀请参加舞会),Maryfeltexcited.5.Thedifficultmathsproblem_(很难算出）.6.Shewasangryfor_(没有被邀请）totheball.7.Thethiefstoleintothestore_(没人看到）8.Theflat_(出租）9.Themanwhowasondutythatday_(应受谴责）10.Theywereproudof_(被派往西藏去工作）11.Whentheteachercamein,Tom_(假装再看书）12.NiPingissaid_(写了一本名叫“日子”的书）13.SongDandanissaid_(在写一本叫“月子”的书）14._(从窗户往外看),Icanseemanytallbuildings.15._(从山顶往下看),thecitylooksmorebeautiful.16._(他有很多活要干）.Dontbotherhim.17._(他有很多活要干)andyoucango,too.,DoyouhaveanyclothestobewashedNothavingfinishedhishomework,BeingpaintedNothavingbeeninvitedtotheball,isdifficulttoworkout,nothavingbeeninvited,withoutbeingseen,istolet,istoblame,havingbeensenttoworkinTibet,pretendedtobereading,tohavewrittenabookcalled“TheDays”,tobewritingabooknamed“TheMonths”,Lookingoutofthewindow,Seenfromtopofthehill,HehasalotofworktodoHehasalotofworktobedone,Thanksalot!,独立主格结构,一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。独立主格结构（IndependentGenitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。,Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.,Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.,1独立主格结构的形式：,（1）名词/代词+-ing分词及其短语,Themoonappearing,theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjourney.Thepupilsarewalkingslowly,theirteacherfollowing.,（2）名词/代词+-ed分词及其短语,Good-byesaid,wewenthome.Allthingsconsidered,itisagoodplan.,（3）名词/代词+形容词及其短语,Theweather(being)hot,weallwentswimming.Dinnerready,thehostessaskedhergueststobeseated.,（4）名词/代词+不定式及其短语,Themoneytobepaidbythedriver,thepolicewentaway.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.,（5）名词/代词+副词及其短语,Themeeting(being)over,welefttheroom.,（6）名词/代词+介词及其短语,Shestoodthere,bookinhand.Everybodyathome,wesatdowntodinner.,2with+复合宾语结构,这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，with后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，with原有的含意往往不翻译出来。,（1）with+名词/代词+名词Thebravemanfoughtthetigerwithastickhisonlyweapon.Hewascarriedintothehospital,withhisfaceamassofbleedingflesh.,（2）with+名词/代词+介词Theteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookinhishand.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.Familydependants,whenill,enjoyfreemedicaltreatment,withmedicinesathalfprice.,（3）with+名词/代词+副词Hewentoutwithhishaton.Thesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwithherlightson.,4）with+名词/代词+形容词Dontspeakwithyourmouthfull.Theoncelowlyserfsnowwalkwithheadshigh.,5）with+名词/代词+-ing分词Withtheoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardthemountains.Witheveryonesurroundinguswecancertainlysucceed.Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.,（6）with+名词/代词+-en分词Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.Hediedwithhislifesworkstillunfinished.Withhismattersettled,welefttheroom.,（7）with+名词/代词+不定式Theyarehighlymechanizedfarms,withmachinerytodomostofthework.Thiswasaseveretest,withinnumerabledifficultiestobeovercome.Withfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedhere.,3.由Therebeing+主语这种结构多表示原因。例如：,Therebeingalotofbookstoread,heoftenstudiedtillmidnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。,不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：Itsnogoodeatingtoomuchfat.Itsnotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpe2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：IsthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematchShedidntmindJack/Jacks(him/his)cominghere.1._tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomesD.Mikescoming2.Itsnouse_thatyoudidntknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidntattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.,不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：Itsnogoodeatingtoomuchfat.Itsnotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpe2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：IsthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematchShedidntmindJack/Jacks(him/his)cominghere.1._tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomesD.Mikescoming2.Itsnouse_thatyoudidntknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidntattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.,不定式、动名词用作主语,1。直接作主语（1）眼见为实（2）今天早晨做早操对身体无益（3）在这里吸烟很危险,1.Toseeistobelieve2.Todomorningexercisestodayisnotgoodforhealth.3.Tosmokehereisdangerous,（1）眼见为实。（2）天天做早操有益于健康。（3）吸烟不是好习惯。,1.Seeingisbelieving.2.Doingmorningexerciseseverydayisgoodforhealth3.Smokingisnotagoodhabit,不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作,A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.,B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughtyetc.Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.Itsunwiseofhimtoleavehomeatonce.Itswrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.ItswrongofthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.,动名词作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型,（1）广说不做没用（2）做无益的后悔没用（3）吸烟太多无益（4）学好英语是值得做的,4.ItsworthwhilelearningEnglishwell.,2.用it作形式主语，常与nouse,nogood,useless,worthwhile连用,1.Itsnousetalkingtoomuchwithoutdoinganything,2.Itsuselesscryingoverthespiltmilk,3.Itsnogoodsmokingtoomuch,1.Itsnouse_(sit)herewaiting.2.Thereisno_(say)whatwillhappennext.3.Isitanygood_(tell)himthetruth?4.Itisgreatfun_(play)golf.,小结：动名词与不等式作主语时的区别,一、对称原则二、特殊表达三、固定句型四、习惯用法,主语和表语对称,动名词表示经常性、反复发生的动作不等式表示具体的、某一次的动作,Ittakessbsometimetodosth,Itsnouse/nogood/useless/worthwhile+doingItskind/wise/cleverofsbtodosthItsimportant/necessary/hardforsbtodosth,todo表示具体的动作，-ingform表示泛指的动作，通常1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitsis_(bite)nails（指甲）.,作表语,（3）做表语：主语+系动词+不定式,1).其主语多为抽象名词(wish,need),Mywishistobeascientist.Themainthingistokeepourroomclean.,2).,betodo可构成将来时态,表“准备/打算/计划/需要”;,Sheistoreturnnextweek.Itwasabouttoleavewhenitstartedtorain.,2。不定式作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型,（1）你这么说真是太好了（2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了（3）我们学好英语是必要的（4）你们学好英语语法并不难,3.固定句型,1.Itisverykindofyoutosayso.,2.Itsveryfoolishofhimtosaysuchthings,3.ItisnecessaryforustolearnEnglishwell,4.ItsnotdifficultforyoutolearnwellEnglishgrammar,（1）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业（2）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？,1.IttakesLiLeitwoandahalfhourstocompletehishomework.,2.Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishwritingyourcomposition?,不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,Shecoulddonothingbutcry,Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?,Ihavenochoicebuttogo,(4)作定语,不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：,Ihavealotofworktodo.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.TheymadeaplantostudyEnglish.