定语从句归纳.ppt

对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了，如：agoodbook，形容词good用来修饰书book。我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词，这种句子叫做形容词性从句，它起修饰名词的作用，又被叫做定语从句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前，而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词，如：Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?这句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科学家吗?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是：你认识今天下午给我,们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里scientist叫作先行词，而who叫作定语从句的引导词。who在定语从句中起主语的作用，who的数与它的先行词相同。又如：YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo这里先行词是everything，而thatIdo是定语从句，此句应译为：你必须作我所作的一切。that叫作定语从句的引导词，在句中作do的宾语。引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where，why，how。不论关系代词还是关系副词，都应放于先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用，充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语，而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。,that的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly这里先行词是machine而that是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。这句译为：飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如：Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday这里先行词是book，关系代词用that，它在定语从句中作lend(借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，即：Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterdaywhich关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如：Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks这里shop是先行词，which在从句中作主语。又如：Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderful这里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定语从句是修饰主句的主语book，即我昨晚读的那本书，which在定语从句中作read的宾语，可以省略。,who，whom，whosewho在定语从句中作主语，whom是who的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，而whose则是形容词性物主代词，在从句中作定语，如：ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。Who在定语从句中作主语。又如：Whosthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而whom作定语从句中介词to的宾语，可以省略，而在现代英语中，句首的whom也常常可用who代替。Thisisourclassmate，Mary，whosehomeisnotfarfromourschool这是我们的同学玛丽，她的家离我们学校不远。为了便于理解，我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。,Isawtheman.HeclosedthedoorIsawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor2ThegirlishappyShewontheraceThegirlwhowontheraceishappy3ThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrowThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina(要注意的是先行词是students则who的数也应看作复数。)4WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectivedauseWearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause5ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairportThetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly,6ThebookwasgoodIreaditThebookthatIreadwasgoodThebookIreadwasgood7ThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterdayThepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice8ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolenThemanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice9IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsIcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears10IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeeting,IhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以写作：ThatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyearsHewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的关系代词whom可以用主格取代，而lookfor是短语动词也不可将for放于定语从句之前。that作关系代词作介词宾语时，不能紧跟介词，而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。,如：Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool这时不可用aboutthat请看下面例句：1ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoitThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting2ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterdayThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind3ImustthankthepeopleIgotapresentfromhimImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom,4ThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatitThepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful5ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthimThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere除关系代词外，还有关系副词，when，where，why，其中when用来指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWall而where则指地点，如：Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives请看下面例句：,1ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthereThecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful2ThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthereThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou3ThetownissmallIgrewupthereThetownwhereIgrewupissmall4ThatisthedrawerIkeepmynewpapersthereThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers5MondayisthedayWewillcomethenMondayisthedayWhenwewillcame,6isthetimeMyplanearrivesthenisthetimewhenmyplanearrives7istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethenistheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace8JulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthenJulyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉的话，主句的意思就不完整，意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词，如：Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited,非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对其附加说明，也就是讲即便去掉定语从句，句意也不受影响，仍然