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1957 四速轮 锻模 切边 冲孔 复合 设计

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1957_四速轮锻模和切边冲孔复合模设计,1957,四速轮,锻模,切边,冲孔,复合,设计

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黄河科技学院毕业设计(文献综述) 第 6 页 锻造加工技术摘要：本文介绍了锻造加工技术的历史沿革与发展、锻造加工金属零件的优势、锻造方法的分类，锻造工艺的作用及锻件的应用范围，我国锻压技术面临的任务与挑战等内容。通过这些对锻造加工技术有一个大致的了解，为设计做准备。关键词：锻造，模具设计 前言锻造是金属材料加工技术之一，在现代制造业中占有重要地位。锻造一般属于体积成形，是通过金属体积的转移和分配，来获得金属零件或接近于零件尺寸的毛坯，锻造的产品称为锻件。模锻是适合于大批量生产锻件的锻造方法。模锻时，使用特制的，开设有与锻件形状一致或相近的型腔（模膛）的锻模，将锻模安装在锻造设备上，金属毛坯置于锻模的模膛中，锻造设备通过锻模对毛坯施加载荷，使毛坯产生塑性变形，同时变形流动又受到模膛空间的限制。1.锻造加工金属零件的优势锻造是一种借助工具或模具在冲击力或压力作用下加工金属机械零件或零件毛坯的方法。与其他加工方法相比，锻造加工生产率最高，锻件形状、尺寸稳定性好，并有最佳的综合力学性能。锻件的最大优势是韧性高、显微组织合理，件与件之间性能变化小。锻件的优势是由于金属材料通过塑性变形后，消除了内部缺陷，如锻合空洞，压实疏松，打碎碳化物、非金属夹杂并使之沿变形方向分布，改善或消除成分偏析等，得到了均匀，细小的低倍和高倍组织。而铸造工艺得到的铸件，尽管能获得较准确的尺寸和比锻件更为复杂的形状，但难以消除疏松、空洞、成分偏析、非金属夹杂的缺陷；铸件抗压强度虽高，但韧性不足，难以在拉应力较大的条件下使用。机械加工方法获得的零件，尺寸精度最高、表面光洁，但金属内部流线往往被切断，容易造应力腐蚀，承载拉压交变应力的能力较差。2锻造加工方法分类与锻件的应用范围锻造可分为自由锻，模锻和特殊成型方法三大类：自由锻是在锻锤或压力机上使用简单或通用的模具使胚料变形获得所需形状和性能的锻件。它适用于单件或小批量生产。模锻是在锻锤压力机上使用专门的模具使胚料在模膛中成形获得所需形状和尺寸的锻件。它适用于成批或大量生产，按照变形情况的不同，又区分为开式模锻，闭式模锻，挤压和体积精压等，特殊成形的方法通常用专用设备，使用专门的工具或模具使胚料成型，获得所需的形状和尺寸的锻件，它适用于产品的专业化生产。目前，生产中采用的特殊成型方法有电镦，辊轧，旋转锻造，摆动碾压，多向模锻和超塑性锻造等。 锤上模锻是在压力作用下，毛坯在锻模型腔中被迫产生塑性变形，从而获得比自由锻更高质量的锻件。它是大批量锻件的生产方法，具有以下特点：1 金属在型腔中的变形是在锤头的多次打击逐步完成的，锤头的冲击力使金属变形，可以利用金属的流动惯性，有利于金属充满型腔；2 在锤上可以实现多种工步成形，锤头打击速度快，生产效率高。3 由于锤锻模的导向精度不高，锤头形成不固定，模锻件的尺寸精度不高；4 由于无顶处装置，锻件出模困难，模锻斜度可适当大些；5 生产操作方便，劳动强度比自由锻小。热模锻压机的机架和曲柄连杆刚性大，滑块导向精度高，有顶料装置，滑块的压力基本上属于静压性质，工作时震动和噪音较小，因此与锤上模锻相比锻压机上模锻件具有以下优点:第一，机械加工余量和短剑公差小。第二，模锻斜度小。第三，锻件各处的机械性能较为一致，流线分布较均匀。另外，热模锻压力机生产率比较高，易于实现锻造过程的机械化和自动化，对工人的操作技巧要求较低，能减轻劳动强度，但也有一些缺点，具体如下： 在锻造过程中金属沿水平方向上流动较为强烈，形成较大飞边。 .滑块行程不能调节，不宜进行拔长，滚挤等制胚操作。 采用闭式模锻工艺时，对下料重量准确程度要求较高，否则发生闷车，中断生产，甚至损坏设备。 坯料加热质量要求高。 热模锻压力机主机价格昂贵，并且要配上必要的监控设备和附高装置（如吨位指示器，氧化皮清除装置等）才能正常发挥效能。此外，对于不能在一次行程完成制胚的锻件（如连杆等长轴类锻件）的生产，还需配置制胚设备（如辊锻机等）。因此，采用热模锻压力机的工艺设备一次投资费用大。 模具结构比较复杂，精度高。模具的制造，使用和维修要求较锤上模锻高。综上所述，热模锻压力机在一定条件下可以用于锻造各种形状的高质量锻件，以满足成批大量或专业化生产的需要。锻件的应用范围很广。几乎所有运动的重大受力构件都由锻造成形，不过推动锻造（特别是模锻）技术发展的最大动力是来自交通工具制造业汽车制造业和后来的飞机制造业。锻件尺寸，质量越来越大，形状越来越复杂精细，锻造材料的日益广泛，锻造的难度更大。这是由于现代重型工业，交通运输业对产品追求的目标是长的使用寿命，高度的可靠性。如航空发动机，推重比越来越大。一些重要的受力构件，如涡轮盘，轴，压气机叶片，盘，轴等，使用温度范围变得更宽，工作环境更苛刻，受力状态更复杂而且受力急剧增大。这就要求承力零件有更高的抗拉强度，疲劳强度，蠕变强度和断裂韧性等等综合性能。3锻造业的历史沿革与发展锻造在机器制造业中有着不可替代的作用，正如前面所论述的，由锻造方法生产出来的锻件，其性能是其他加工方法难以与之匹敌的。锻造的生产效率是相当高的，一个国家的锻造水平，反映了这个国家机器制造业的水平。几千年前，锻造技术就被人们所掌握。早期的锻造产品是武器，首饰和日用品，其中最为著名的要数陕西秦始皇兵马俑坑出土的公元前200年以前锻制的三把合金钢宝剑，其中一把至今仍光艳夺目，锋利入昔。锻造真正获得较大发展是在工业化革命时期，1842年，内史密斯发明了双作用锤，这种锤具备现代直接在活塞杆上固定锤头的锻锤结构的所有特点。促使锻压真正成为一门学科是屈雷斯卡和密赛斯先后在1864年和1913年发现了金属进行塑性变形的条件，即屈服准则。锻压经过100多年的发展，今天已成为一门综合性学科。它以塑性成形原理，金属学，摩擦学为理论基础，同时涉及传热学，物理化学，机械运动学等相关学科，以各种工艺学，如锻造工艺学，冲压工艺学等为技术，与其他学科一起支承着机器制造业。锻压这门较老学科至今仍朝气蓬勃，在众多的金属材料和成形加工的国际，国内学术交流会上仍十分活跃。4锻压技术面临的任务与发展我国的经济体制发生了根本的变化，有过去的计划经济过渡到现在的市场经济。锻压生产虽生产效率高，锻件综合性能高，节约原材料和机械加工工时；但生产周期较长，成本较高，处于不利的竞争地位。铸造，焊接，机械加工都加入了竞争。锻造生产要跟上当代科学技术的发展，须要不断改进技术，采用新工艺，新技术，进一步提高锻件的性能指标；同时要缩短生产周期，降低成本，使之在竞争中处于优势地位。当代科学技术的发展对锻压技术的完善和发展有着重大影响，这主要表现在以下几个方面。首先，材料科学的发展对锻压技术本身的完善和发展有着重大的影响，这主要表现在以下几个方面。首先材料科学的发展对锻压技术有着直接的影响。材料的变化，新材料的出现必然对锻压技术提出新的要求，如高温合金，金属间化合物，陶瓷材料等难变形材料的成型问题。锻压技术也只有在不断解决材料带来的问题情况下才能得以发展。其次，新兴科学技术的出现，当前主要是计算机技术在锻压技术各个领域的应用。如锻模计算机辅助设计与制造技术，锻造过程的计算机有限元数值模拟技术，无疑会缩短锻件的生产周期，提高锻件设计和生产水平。第三，机械零件性能的更高要求。现代交通工具如汽车，飞机，机车的速度越来越高，负载越来越大。除更换强度更高的材料外，研究和开发新的锻造技术，挖掘原有材料的潜力也是一条出路，如近年来出现的等温模锻，粉末锻造，以及适应不同温度载荷的双性能锻件锻造工艺等。我国已能用整体毛坯生产钛合金双性能压力机盘。目前，锻造业面临的问题大概可以概括为以下几个方面。1装备水平低，其主要表现为设备老化，精确度低。因为锻造设备一次性能投资大，所以更新速度慢，设备配套跟不上，给新工艺，新技术的实施带来一定难度。2管理体制需要理顺，生产厂点过多，力量分散。3机器制造厂家封闭式经营生产，有的只顾眼前利益，宁可本厂机加工或焊接等工艺制造，也不愿拿出去让外厂锻造，其结果使产品缺乏竞争力。有的行业，本不具备生产锻件的能力，为了部门利益，也上锻造生产线，更谈不上技术进步。4科学研究投入少，接受新技术新工艺迟缓，其结果导致搞科研也搞生产，生产厂家的问题无人去解决。锻造业既面临着发展机遇也面临着挑战，要想有较大的发展，锻造工艺技术必须要先行发展，不断完善和提高，这也是摆在从事锻压技术的每一位工程技术人员，管理人员和科研人员面前的共同任务。5关于本次毕业设计随着科学技术的发展，锻压设备不断创新，品种繁多。但在锻锤上模锻仍占居主要地位。该四速轮锻件采用空气蒸汽两用2T模锻锤锻打成形，在250T切边压床上进行切边冲孔。需要设计锻件图一张，锤锻模图纸一份，切边冲孔复合模一套，编写工艺卡片等。锻造工艺过程的制定：根据零件图绘制锻件图；1 确定模锻工序和辅助工序（包括切除飞边，清除毛刺和校正等），决定工序间尺寸；2 确定加热方法和加热规范；3 确定胚料尺寸，质量以及允许公差。选料方法如下：4 选择设备；5 确定模具润滑，冷却方法；6 确定锻件冷却方法和规范；7 确定锻件的热处理方法；8 确定清除锻件表面的氧化皮的方法；9 提出锻件的技术要求和检验要求。锻模的设计步骤：1 确定模膛的形状和尺寸；2 确定胚料在模膛中的定位方法；3 确定从锻模中迅速取出锻件的方法；4 确定模膛的压力中心和模具加工中心；5 确定模具工作部分和工作零件的结构，材料，强度和核算强度；6 进行模具的整体和零件设计，选定零件的材料，进行必要的强度计算；7 确定模具零件的加工精度，表面粗糙度等级和技术条件。设计时间的分配：1周2周 收集设计资料并画出锻件图和工艺卡。3周4周 完成英文资料翻译5周6周 进行模锻设计7周10周 绘制切边冲孔复合模的零件图和装配图11周 修改整理，准备答辩。参考文献1 张志文.锻造工艺学M.北京：机械工业出版社,1983.2 王祖堂.锻压工艺学M.北京：机械工业出版社,1983.3 胡亚民，华林.锻造工艺过程及模具设计M.北京：北京大学出版社，2006.4 郝滨海.锻造模具简明设计手册M.北京：化学化工出版社,2005.5 姚泽坤.锻造工艺学与模具设计M.西安：西北工业大学出版社,1998.6 李尚健.锻造工艺及模具设计资料M.北京：机械工业出版社,1991.7 青岛青锻镦压机械有限公司制造世界最大规格双盘摩擦压力机N.青岛时报.2007年2月5日8 中国机械工程学会锻压学会M.锻压手册。北京：机械工业出版社，1993.9Hiroyuki Saiki，Yasuo Marumo，etcEffect of surface structure on the resistance to plastic Deformation Materials Processing Technology 200110Hu，Zhong，Elastic-plastic solutions for spring-back angle of pipe bending using local induction heating Journal of Materials Processing Technology 200011AHStreppel ereSuitability of Sheet Bending Modeling Techniques in CAPP Applications Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,1993，3612PPanian，IUrankar ctcImprovement of hot forging tools with duplex treatment Surface And Coatings Technology 2002 毕业设计文献综述 院（系）名称工学院机械系 专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名 牛志伟 指导教师 李齐德2012年 03 月 10 日黄河科技学院毕业设计(文献翻译) 第 12 页 /p-113971110.htmlAbstractThis paper describes our forging technologys development, particularly the latest technology development of the equipment hydraulic forging hammer and several examples of the hot forging process of application in several typical parts and describes the trend of hydraulic hammer forging industry in the future.Keywords: hot forging technology ; forgings ; forging ; development and application of technology ; forming equipment ; hydraulic ;and new development IntroductionChinas accession to the WTO, the international market, Globalization is bound to the process enormous business opportunities to Chinas manufacturing industry, particularly in the automobile and aerospace industry; State Development Planning commission, The Ministry of Science and Technology issued the “current priority to the development of the high-tech industry focus areas Guide” has identified priority areas of the automobile is mainly connected in the automobile parts manufacturing industry. Auto industry, the “small, lightweight and high-speed” The direction of development, provides great opportunities for the development of the auto parts 60% is forging methods of production. The expert analysis; the United States, Japan, Germanys auto industry is so advanced, benefit from the forging technology and equipment of the leading position. Chinas forging industry must adapt to international competition after WTO accession, so we must arm ourselves with new and high technology and upgrade ourselves, unswervingly follow the self-physically strong path of the “sophisticated, specialization and modernization”. At present, the development of Chinas automobile industry has become a diversified trend, particularly the development of family cars, to meet the demands of different consumers, the car market has become a multi-brand, multi-species common development pattern, so forgings will inevitably lead to the diversification of demand, in order to meet market demand. Forging industry should give priority to how to make production more flexible to accommodate multiple varieties and Small Batch “timely production” requirement in nearly 10 years. The forging industry sectors technology progressForging Industry major technology advances in performance of new materials, new techniques and new equipment. Application of new materials. According to the information shows that the production in Germany at forging increasingly widespread use of micro-alloy steel. Due to Process in the follow-up to cancel the heat treatment process, the forging of such costs has dropped, Steel used in the manufacture of forgings Forging immediately after rapid cooling, so cyanide will be enhanced by fine-grained, thus decided the forgings better mechanical properties. Lightweight vehicles also will lead the high proportion of employ magnesium, aluminum, titanium increasing. At the sometime non-ferrous metal forgings demand is rising. Alloy has a lower temperature in forging. Moreover it has a small temperature range, between its starts and ends. So that Forming velocity and the forming equipment which corresponded to are higher compared with the ordinary Forging. The application of new materials improve the forging equipment and process requirements, and thus their value to their products has been high. According to statistics, the United States. Canada accounted for forging 5% of the total steel forgings sales accounted for forging total sales of 20%.Application of new technology. The so-called “precision” that is widely used for net shape technology, through the application of new technology to achieve little without the purpose chip. For instance the shaft wedge rolling, roll forging technology; Disk-type parts Warm Forging technology, placed crushed; fork parts of the pieces, multi-mode Boring forming technology; complex parts powder forging technology, and so on. The so-called “professional” is the new techniques in terms of various types parts manufacturing relative specialization. Application of new technology will not only save a great amount of material, but also enhance the production efficiency, improve the forging internal and external quality.Application of equipment. As new materials, new technology application, corresponding to the forming equipment obtained a broad space for development; forging equipment is developing gradually to the high efficiency, high accuracy, high reliability, low energy consumption direction. China forging industry factories scattered, backward technology, forging aging equipment, general Forgings production capacity is very surplus, but the capacity is obviously inadequate, that can achieve the standard of DIN7526E precision forgings level of productivity which Germany will be able to achieve. With a big gap between the foreign, in order to meet demand of the international market and forging industry promote a reform of specialization; requirements in a timely manner; At the same time, forging industry should vigorously promote the reform process, and use new equipment, actively realize modernization forging industry has become large enterprises forging go out into the world and meet the world and compete with the peer. Forging hammers status and adaptability in the modern industrial technology development Forging hammer is a multi-forging machines pioneer which has been 100 years of history. Despite various forging new techniques and new equipment are constantly emerging, forging hammer still plays a very important role because of its simple structure, convenient operation, Forming fast, strong adaptability and the advantages of low investment. Especially the emerging of the programmable hydraulic forging hammer, that has made forging hammer a renaissance in modern technology development.Hammer has a distinct advantage against faster, thus mold exposure time is short. So it is particularly suited to the requirements of high-speed deformation mold filling occasions. For example, with thin bars plate, the complex shape and weight tolerances are required forgings. Because of its rapid and flexible operating characteristics, its adaptability is very strong, and it was known as the “universal” equipment. Therefore forging is particularly suitable for multiple varieties and small batch production. Hammer is the optimal cost-forming equipment.Hammer Rapid Prototyping characteristics has been brought into full play nit only in the hot forging forming technology, but also Cold Forming in the application of the process. According to relevant data and research results showed that the higher the speed of deformation can improve plastic deformation of metals, their reasons are : work hardening rate of deformation greater than the speed, causing material deformation and can continue to rupture; Moreover, metal and die between the friction coefficient with the deformation speed down, bringing metal flow faster, easy filling forming; higher deformation rate, not only reduce the deformation resistance, and can reduce the deformation of the in homogeneity.Hammer characteristics of the rapid prototyping applies equally to powder forging technology. To reduce Performa and die surface contact time, avoid the work piece chilling which will lead to incompletely dense. To reduce forging surface or local low-density surface layer thickness, use higher speed and higher precision of hydraulic forging hammer deformation which can achieve greater speed, tool life, and lowering the deformation resistance. All of these lead that performs are easily filled with mold cavity to ensure the quality and accuracy of forging purposes. Forging hammer new developments in technology Since forging hammer the omnipotent properties Hammer technology is complete day by day with the development of science and technology, especially modern electric hydraulic control technology. The modernization program controlled hydraulic forging hammer has become highly efficient, energy-saving, high-precision, highly reliable, forging new equipment.Program-controlled hydraulic forging hammer, with a unique hydraulic transmission structure, make it possible the short trip within the huge energy. That is the high-speed train trip short and the high frequency of continuous forging become a reality. Hammers flexible, rapid characteristics get the full play.Program-controlled hydraulic forging hammer, the overall using of U-shaped cast steel anvil bed will facilitate the wide Cycle Guide structure, and the convenience of Die fixed, adjusting the structure which provide a guarantee to the precision forgings asked. The gap of up to hammer Guide is 0.2 mm, and its precision against rigid, combat efficiency and accuracy performance will remain much better than steamed air hammer, the first of its work force state Special hammer bar the force will be greatly improved; simple structure is forging hammer with high reliability preconditions.Program-controlled hydraulic forging hammer, with the sophisticated poppet valve control technology, composite cylinder drive technology, Double defense technology and the leakage of hydraulic integration technology, let the oil pipe connect to the achievement of a system much simpler structure. Application of new technology has greatly improved the reliability of the equipment operation, which laid the foundation for it being successfully applied in the forging industry.Program-controlled hydraulic hammer is known as forging modern equipment not only because of its simple and reliable structure, fast and flexible operating characteristics, but also equipped with modern online pressure, temperature, Cleanliness and other electronic surveillance systems and procedures which can be realized against the energy-controlled system. Good operating environment hydraulic system hydraulic hammer is the normal prerequisites; Precision strike energy control systems, not only reduce the surplus energy t combat against the vibration and noise, but also improve the equipments reliability and mold life, Forging a stable quality, lower right operator proficiency requirements. The application of the Program-controlled hydraulic forging hammer forging technology in the modern development Program-controlled hydraulic forging hammers efficient, energy-precision, high-reliability characteristics, make forging hammer forging industry in todays technological progress and development is being revived, and its adaptability is being proved by many practice.Shanghai Automotive Gear Works Car Gearbox governor fork forming, the original using of friction press forming, even among Plectrum thin, Forging temperature dropped quickly. Metal poor mobility, coupled with the slow pace of forming presses, forging forming resistance, the cavity filled with hard, yield was only 80%. KJ after the switch to 25-hydraulic hammer two boring three hammers forging process, forging a chear outline, fullness, the yield up to 97%. 1000T friction with the press compared with 25KJ hydraulic hammer is energy consumption, its Die life or production cost is far higher than the 25KJ hydraulic hammers. At present, the plant has had four hydraulic hammers forging of the production line.Shanghai surgical instruments plant their Forfex forming, the original mainly rely on friction press, as thin work pieces, forging forming resistance, Flash 1 mm thick, the size precision forgings poor Trimming after forging large deformation. Forging the shape, sizes Road after rely on the accuracy of precision pressure processes to ensure that Precision Grinding after flying edges of the heavy workload. After the use of hydraulic forging hammer, forging speed against energy can be accurately controlled. Forging flying edges up to 0.5 mm, forgings trimming after deformation are very small, the shape and size of accuracy is guaranteed. Trimming is no longer required after the precision pressure processes, and grinding workload is greatly reduced. Hydraulic Hammer application, production line process has been significantly shorted, lower production costs as much as 30%. In addition, because of Hammer, forging a reduction in the number of heating, forging temperature has been lowered, Forging the surface heating caused due to the oxidation of trace elements greatly reduced, forging materials and chemical properties to be assured that avoid the use of the process of corrosion.Wanxiang Group in Hang Zhou Cross hot forging axis, Hammer original technology used later by blocking a single friction press forming technology, has changed in recent years using programmable hydraulic forging hammer forming process, a three materials, process line : Heating-Hammer (blank-Preform-end Forging) hammer forming five-trimming. Because of hammer blow high frequency, each hammer blow energy and combat sequence can be accessed through the procedures set, a production line to operate three can be completed by the original three production lines 15 workload. Liu used a three forging hammer forming process has greatly improved labor productivity, and conservation of the material. An expected three, two fly between edge-sharing, three of the flying edges is the original amount of two flying side volume.Baicheng links connecting rod forging industry, the entire line of imports of program-controlled hydraulic hammer is the hot forging production line, its forming process : heating-roll forging blank-hammer forging (2-boring four hammer Forming)- Trimming. The line heating, roll forging biller system are operated by qutomatic, the full range is operated by 2 workers and its classes output resched more than 4000 At present, the plant has been forging link weth two production lines, Planning in 2003 and then on to s 31.5KJ program-controlled hydraulic forging hammer for of the production line. Former minister of machinery industry He Guan Yuan Zeng pointed out that Chinas forging height of the Baicheng; fully demonstrate its hot forging technology advanced.Shanghai Jiao tong University Forming Engineering has been engaged in the cold, warm forging, powder forging technology research, their latest research results: motor-driven vehicle for the cold forging technology and marketing three motorcycle gear Cold Heading Extrusion Technology, is the successful examples use of hydraulic hammer for Cold Forming. With special forging process of application, high efficiency, energy-saving, high-precision, highly reliable, forging new equipment hydraulic forging hammer short trip to the increasingly widespread application. Concluding remarksAt the popularization and application of the “three new” technology, which is characterized by new materials, new techniques and new equipment, have been regarded highly by many forging business. The applications superiority of the highly efficient and energy-saving, high-precision electro-hydraulic hammer has become the consensus in the forging industrys progress and development in the future. Hydraulic hammer technological development has been relatively slow because of the forging hammer manufacturing enterprises economic, institutional and other factors in previous years. Hammer foreign hammer manufacturers have avail them of the opportunity to enter the China market. According to Statistics the past 5 years China has introduced various specifications of the hydraulic hammer nearly 20 Tai. “Who is arming the forging industry in China” is worthy of “forging” thought. Domestically, the institute makes enormous contribution to our steam hammer dual-use energy-efficient transformation. Institute through 10 years of research. But only energy-saving solution is not enough, flexible, fast, high-precision, high reliability is the common requirements of an electro-hydraulic hammer users. We MSC 100 Association Limited is willing to cooperate with enterprises who are interested in Chinas forging technological progress and development, use our own technical superiority, digestion and absorption of advanced forging and clomestic forging hammer design, manufacturing experience to proud the sfficient, energy-saving, high-precision, highly reliable clectro-hydraulic hammer for more user with the starting point and direction of the new technology. At the some time, we want to contribute our strength to the Chinese forging industry hot forging technological advances with the users.摘要本文简述我国锻造工业技术的发展，特别是热模锻设备液压模锻锤技术最新发展及其在几个典型零件热模锻工艺中的应用实例，阐述程控全液压模锻锤在未来锻造工业中的应用趋势。关键词：热模锻技术，锻造，锻件，模锻，发展，应用，技术，成形，设备，液压，新发展一、 引言中国加入WTO，市场国际化，采购全球化必将给中国的制造业带来巨大的商机，特别是汽车，航天制造业；国家计委，科技部共同发布的当前优先发展的高技术产业化重点领域已确定了汽车领域优先发展的重点产业主要集中在汽车零部件制造业。汽车工业的“小型化，轻量化和高速化”发展方向，为中国的锻造行业提供了极大地发展机遇，汽车上的零件60%使用锻压方法生产的。有关专家分析指出：美国，日本，德国的汽车工业如此发达， 得益于其锻压技术及设备的领先地位。我国的锻造工业要适应入世后国际竞争的需要，必须用高新技术武装自己，提升自己，坚定不移的走“精密化，专业化，现代化”的强身之路。我国汽车工业发展目前已呈现多元化倾向，特别是家用轿车的发展，为适应不同消费者的要求，轿车市场已呈现多品牌，多品种共同发展的格局，必然造成了锻件需求的多样化，为了适应市场的需求，锻压行业近十年还应优先考虑如何令生产更具有柔性，以适应多品种，小批量“及时生产”要求。二、锻造行业的技术进步锻造兴业的技术进步主要体现在新材料，新工艺，新设备的应用。新材料应用。据有关资料显示，德国在生产锻件时愈来愈广泛采用微合金钢。由于在工艺过程中可取消后续热处理工序，故这种锻件的成本有所下降，用这种钢制造的锻件在模锻后立即快速冷却，可获得有氰化物强化的细晶粒组织，从而可决定锻件较好的力学性能。汽车轻量化也必然使镁，铝，钛合金的应用比例愈来愈高，有色金属锻件需求愈来愈高。合金的锻造温度低，始、终锻温度区间小，成形速度及与之相适应的成型设备相对普通锻件要求较高。新材料的应用提高了锻造设备，工艺要求，因而其产品的附加值也高。据统计，美国，加拿大占锻件总量5%的合金钢锻件销售占锻件销售总额的20%以上。新工艺应用。所谓“精密化”即广泛采用几净成形技术，通过新工艺的应用达到少无屑的目的。如轴类零件的楔横轧技术，辊锻技术；盘扁类零件的温锻成形技术，摆碾技术；叉类零件的多件，多模镗成形技术；复杂零件的粉末锻造成形技术等等。所谓“专业化”是就新工艺手段而言各种类型零件制造相对专业化。新工艺的应用不仅节约大量的材料，而且提高了生产效率，提高了锻件内在，外在的质量。新设备的应用。由于新材料，新工艺的推广应用，与之相适应的成形设备同样获得了广阔的发展空间，锻造设备正逐步向高效率，高精度，高可靠，低能耗方向发展。我国锻造行业厂点分散，工艺水平落后，锻造成形设备老化，普通模锻件的生产能力很有富余，但能达到德国DIN7526E 级标准的精锻件水平的生产能力明显不足，与国外差距较大，为适应国际市场化需求；大力推行工艺改造，积极采用新型设备，真正实现锻造行业现代化已成众多锻件企业走出国门，迎接世界同行竞争的必由之路。三、锻锤在现代锻造工业技术发展中的地位及适应性锻锤是多种锻压机器的先驱，至今已有一百多年的历史。尽管各种锻造成形新工艺，新设备的不断涌现，但锻锤由于结构简单，操作方便，成形速度快，适应性强，投资少等优点，至今仍然起着非常重要的作用。特别是程控全液压锻锤的出现，使锻锤在现代锻造工业技术发展中又一次得到了复兴。锻锤的特出优点在于打击速度快，因而模具接触时间段，特别适合要求高速变形来充填模具的场合。例如带有薄筋板，形状复杂的而且有重量公差的锻件。由于其快速，灵活的操作特性，其适应性非常强，有人称之为“万能”设备。因而特别适合多品种，小批量的生产。锻锤是性能价格