《I-Marketing》 南京大学mkt4.ppt

,TheEconomicEnvironment,Chapter4,INTERNATIONALMARKETING,TheForeignMarketEnvironment,GroupofFiveUnitedStatesBritainFranceGermanyJapanGroupofSevenTheGroupofFive,plusItalyCanada,GroupofTenTheGroupofSeven,plusSwedentheNetherlandsBelgium,MarketCharacteristics,PopulationdemographicsAgedistribution,lifeexpectancies,householdsize,urbanizationIncomeDistributionoflow,medium,andhighincomesGrossdomesticproductpercapitaPurchasingpowerparityConsumptionpatternsIncomespentonnecessitiesandluxuriesProductsaturationordiffusionProductformdifferences,MarketCharacteristicscontinued,AvailabilityandqualityofinfrastructureRailtrafficnetworksfordistributioncapabilitiesCommunicationsystemsformarketingEnergy(electricalandfuel)consumptionForeigninvolvementintheeconomyDegreeofforeigndirectinvestmentincountryorinaspecificindustryRulesgoverningforeigninvestmentImpactoftheeconomicenvironmentonsocialdevelopmentUrbanization,lifeexpectancy,literacyrates,etc.PhysicalQualityofLifeIndex(PQLI),RegionalEconomicIntegration,LevelsofeconomicintegrationFreeTradeAreaGoodsandservicesarefreelytradesamongallmembers.Eachcountrymaintainsitsowntradebarriersvis-visnonmembers.CustomsUnionMembersestablishacommontradepolicywithrespecttononmembers.CommonMarketFactorsofproductionmobilityisemphasized.AcommonexternaltariffisadoptedEconomicUnionIntegrationandharmonizationofeconomicandmonetarypoliciesisachievedleadingtopoliticalunion.,TheFreeTradeArea,EliminatestariffandquotabarriersamongmembercountriesEachcountryisfreetosetitsowntariffandquotabarriersagainstnonmembercountriesCanbeformedforcertainclassesofgoodsorservicesonly,TheCustomsUnion,TariffandquotabarriersamongmembercountriesareeliminatedMembercountriesestablishcommontariffandtradebarriersagainstnonmembercountriesTariffrevenuesaresharedamongmembersaccordingtoaprescribedformula,TheCommonMarket,NotradebarriersamongmembernationsNorestrictiononthemovementoflabor,capital,ortechnologyacrossbordersMembercountriesestablishcommontariffandtradebarriersagainstnonmembercountries,TheEconomicUnion,hasallthecharacteristicsofacommonmarket,harmonizestaxation,harmonizesgovernmentspending,andharmonizesmonetarypolicies,establishesacommoncurrency,EconomicIntegrationinRegionalMarkets,FreeTradeArea,EconomicUnion,CustomsUnion,CommonMarket,HarmonizationofEconomicPolicies,FactorMobility,CommonExternalTradePolicy,TheMaastrichtAgreement,CreatedtheEuropeanUnionstartinginJanuary,1994.EstablishedEuropeanCommunitycitizenship.EstablishedaCentralBankandasystemtomanagemonetarypolicy.Establishedpricestability.EstablishedacommitmentbymembercountriestoreducegovernmentaldeficitsRecommendedasinglecurrency,theEuro,becomethecommoncurrencyin1999.,EuropeanIntegration,Expectedeconomicgrowthfrom:EliminatingtransactioncostsEconomiesofscalewillbeattainedasproductionbecomesconcentratedMoreintensecompetitionfromEUcompaniesOperationsfromonecountrycanbefreelyexpandedtoothercountries.Productscanbefreelysoldacrossborderstomillionsofnewconsumers.,FortressEuropeMayDevelop,EUintegrationmayresultinincreasedrestrictionsontradeandinvestmentbyoutsiders.,EconomicIntegrationintheAmericas,TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)createdtheworldslargestfreemarket.390millionU.S.,Canadian,andMexicanconsumers,TheMaquiladoras,PlantsinMexicothatmakegoodsandpartsorprocessfoodforexportbacktotheU.S.,OtherEconomicAlliances,ImportSubstitutionAsasteptodevelopeconomicgrowthinsmalldevelopingcountries,newdomesticindustriesareencouragedtoproducegoodsthatwereformerlyimported.,OtherEconomicAlliancesintheAmericas,SouthernConeCommonMarket(Mercosur)AndeanCommonMarket(ANCom)CentralAmericanCommonMarket(CACM)CaribbeanCommonMarket(CARICOM)CaribbeanBasinInitiative,FreeTradeAreaoftheAmericas(FFTA),AnagreementtoformaregionaltradingzonestretchingfromPointBarrow,AlaskatoPatagonia,Argentina.,IntegrationinAsia,Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)EastAsiaEconomicGroupSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation(SAARC),IntegrationinAfricaandtheMiddleEast,EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)Afro-MalagasyEconomicUnionEastAfricaCustomsUnionWestAfricanEconomicCommunityMaghrebEconomicCommunityGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC),EconomicIntegrationandtheInternationalMarketer,AssessingopportunitiesandproblemsMarketersmustenvisiontheimpactofintegrationonthefirmsmodeofmarketentry(localproduction)increasedscaleofentry(interregionaltrade)thetargetedmarketsreadinessforchangeanddevelopastrategicresponsetobuildlong-termsustainablecompetitiveadvantagethroughexpansion,acquisitionsandalliances.,DeterminingMarketPotential,AfteranalyzingtheGDPandthepercapitalGDPfromtheprovideddataintable4.3,determineifthereisastrongcorrel