How do animals learn

mistake.for.,Howdoanimalsknowhowtorecognizetheirmothers?,HowDoAnimalsLearn?,Lucy,Skim,1Howmanypartscanthispassagebedividedinto?,ThreeorFourparts.,2Pleasemakeanoutlineofthispassage.,Introduction:Animalbehavioriseitherinnateorlearned.,Theinnatebehavior(para.2-3),Thelearnedbehavior(para.4-8),Theconclusion:Learningallowsanimalstobeadaptableinanewenvironment.,Mainideaanddetails,TaskconPage82,Animalbehavior,learnedbehavior,innatebehavior,habituation,imprinting,trialanimalsarebornwithit,learningfrompastexperiences,doingsomethingmanytimesandfinallysucceeding,Matchtheexampleswiththecorrecttypesofbehavior.,1.Everyfall,manybirdsflyfromNorthAmericatoSouthAmerica.instinctivebehavior,2.Imagineamotherduckinalake.Fourorfivesmallducklingsareswimmingafterher.Theyknowtofollowher.imprinting,3.Younghorsesareoftenafraidofnoisystreet.Butafterawhile,theylearntopaynoattentiontothenormalsightsandsoundsofacity.,4.Whenapersonlearntorideabicycle,sheprobablyhastofalloffmanytimesbeforeshecanridesuccessfully.,habituation,trialanderror,5.Manykindsofyoungbirdsandmammalsobservetheirparentsandlearnwhattoeatandhowtoeatit.,6.In1900,Ivan,aRussianbiologist,studiedconditioningindogs.Ivanrangabelleverytimehegavethedogfood.Soonthedogstartedtoassociatethesoundofthebellwiththesmelloffood.Aftersometime,itsalivatedwhenitheardabellalone.withoutfood.,association,association,Application:task1,InthepassageAnimalTales,wereadaboutanoctopusandatiger.Whattypeoflearningdidtheoctopususetoopenthejar?Whydidthetigerthinkthathewasapig?(Inotherwords,whatkindoflearningwasgoingon?),Theoctopuslearnedtoopenthejarthroughassociation,specificallythroughobservationofthezookeepers.,Hewasinfluencedbythelearnedbehavior-imprinting.,Whatareseveralkindsofbehaviorthathumansusetolearnlanguage?,Trialanderror,association,andinsight.,Application-task2,TaskEonPage84,HowDoAnimalsLearn,Behavioristhewaythatanimalsact.Forexample,howdotheyprotectthemselvesfromdanger?Behavioriseitherinnateorlearned.Muchbehaviorisinnate;thatis,animalsarebornwithit.Theinnatebehaviorisabiologicalinheritance.Someinnatebehaviorsaresimple,suchasareflexorafight-or-flightresponse.,theway后面的定语从句（that,inwhich,),我不喜欢他和我说话的方式。,Idontliketheway(that/inwhich/)shetalkedtome.,她教化学的方式很有趣。,Theway(that/inwhich/)sheteacheschemistryisintresting.,Wehadagoodlaughoverthestrangeway(that/inwhich/)Mattsolvedtheproblem.,HowDoAnimalsLearn,Behavioristhewaythatanimalsact.Forexample,howdotheyprotectthemselvesfromdanger?Behavioriseitherinnateorlearned.Muchbehaviorisinnate;thatis,animalsarebornwithit.Theinnatebehaviorisabiologicalinheritance.Someinnatebehaviorsaresimple,suchasareflexorafight-or-flightresponse.,keepsbfromdefendsbfrom,bear,bore,born/borne,EmmaboreasoncalledKarl.,givebirthto,Heisabornteacher.,Sheinheritedalargeamountofmoneyfromherfather.,Thefamilywasofteninflight,hidingoutinfriendshouses.,Whensomethingsuddenlypassesinfrontofyoureyes,youblink.Thisisareflex.Thinkaboutatimewhenyouwereveryafraid.Yourheartbegantobeatfaster,andyoubegantobreathefaster.Yourbodywaspreparingfordanger.Youwerehavingafight-or-flightresponse.Youhadnocontroloverit.,wink,Hedidntsleepawink.Hedidnotgetawinkofsleep.,beatitswings,beatsbinacompetitionorelection,Thefireis_ofcontrol.Thefireis_mycontrol.He_controlofhiscar.Heis_controloftheclub.Heis_chargeoftheclub.,out,under,lost,in,in,Another,morecomplex,kindofinnatebehaviorisinstinct.Manyanimalshaveastrongsenseofterritory-aplacethattheyown.Forexample,amalesealionprotectshisareaofbeachbyattackingothermalesealionsthatcomeontoit.Thisisterritoriality.Someanimalsmigrateseasonally.Thisismigration.,Itistheonlyrepublicwhichhasnoterritorialdisputeswiththeothers.,immigrate,HeimmigratedfromIndiaatage18.HeimmigratedtoIndiaatage18.,immigrant,Learnedbehaviorincludeshabituation,imprinting,trialanderror,associationandinsight.Younghorsesareoftenafraidofnoisystreets.Butafterawhile,theylearntofeelcomfortableinthenewsituation.Thisisanexampleofhabituation.Someaninalsdonotinnatelyknowhowtorecognizeothermembersoftheirownspecies.,Sheofferedsomereallyinteresting,insightfulobservations,extinctspecies,Theylearnthisinthefirstdayortwooflife.Thiskindoflearnedbehaviorisimprinting.Ananimaltriestodosomethingmanytimesbeforeitissuccessful.Thiskindoflearnedbehavioristrial-and-error.Twoformsofassociationisconditioningandobservation.Manykindsofyoungbirdsandmammalswatchtheirparentsdosomething.Then,theyfollowthem.Thisisanexampleofobservation.,Themostdifficult,complex