四级-完型填空技巧

四级完型填空题的解题方法与技巧,全力以赴，以态度改变人生；永不言败，以执着成就未来。,ClozeforCET-4自信才能成功，而自信是建立在对事物深刻认识的基础之上的。,一、完型填空题的设计,填空(Cloze)又称综合填空，其命题原理是格式塔心理学。格式塔心理学强调整体感知，完形填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境(context)对英语的整体感知能力。一篇完形填空测试考生的什么能力，这与短文的空格设计密切相关。如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格；如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空格为语义空格。目前，完形填空试题的题目难度不断加大，重点从传统项目题逐渐转到对整体预感的测试和整个语篇的理解，所以根据上下文选择词汇的题目比例正在增大。,一、完型填空题的设计,设计者遵循一定的要求和准则，以保证测试的信度和效度。所给的空有规则的排列，大约在近250字的文章中每隔816字就有一个空格，而且是按照一定的间隔并根据语法或词汇测试的标准设计的。这些空格表面看起来没有什么意义，实际上综合了词汇、语法结构以及阅读理解所要测试的内容，它不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。所以难度较大，往往成为学生失分较严重的题项。,一、完型填空题的设计,从内容看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文等众多文体体裁，而题裁更涉及到社会领域的方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、医学、天文、体育、科技等等。所以考生具备大量的背景知识也是格外重要的。,二、完型填空题的做题步骤,完形填空的测试点及解题方法从表面来看，就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出来。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。根据完形填空这一测试特点，一般采取以下五个步骤逐一进行。,步骤一，通读全篇，把握总的思想，了解知识背景。,完形填空题在出题时有这样一条准则：去掉20个空不影响对整篇的理解，而且一般而言，短文的前两句话不应设题。我们应该细读文章首句，因为这是我们了解文章的“窗口”。这样，我们就可以判断体裁、把握背景、推测大意、主题或结构。这一点很重要。在阅读文章的过程中，学生积极搜集头脑中已有的相关知识，结合文章内容形成对文章的整体把握，我们称之为图式。图式能够帮助我们对文章内容产生期待，能够简化推断，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。比如，,Threegirlswentwalkinginthewoods.Theywereenjoyingthemselvessomuchthattheyforgotthetimeandstayedtoolong.Adragonkidnapped1.诱拐(小孩等)2.绑架;劫持them.Astheywerebedraggingoff.Theycriedforhelp.Threeheroesheardthecriesandsetofftheirhorsestorescuethegirls.,Onepossibleresult:Theheroescameandfoughtwiththedragonandrescuedthegirls.Thentheheroesreturnedthedaughterstotheirplaces.Maybe,youcanguessthatthethreegirlsmarriedthethreemenrespectively.如果我们对文章非常熟悉，那么文章内容与你头脑中的图式相结合，你解题将会势如破竹，一发不可收拾。又如：,Writinginadiary,watchingtelevision,talkingwithfriends,speakingonthetelephone,andreadingamenu-whatdotheyhaveincommon?.Thus,_maybedefinedasthemeansbywhichpeopleexchangefeelingsandideaswitheachother.A.informationB.learningC.communicationD.acquisition,步骤二，选择答案。,有两中选择答案的方法：一，可以不看选项，自己猜测正确答案，然后再在选项当中选择最接近自己猜测的一项。二，可以将选项带入空格内检测。按照先易后难的原则，即首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的直接的明显的答案。这就增强了信心，减轻了心理压力。然后瞻前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。另外，要牢记文章的中心思想，每个空白处的含义应与前后句的意义联系起来理解。,步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索。,文章前面的空格提出的问题很有可能要到文章的末尾才才能找到答案。所以，对于那些难度颇高的空格只有在字里行间寻找线索。一定要上下连贯，合乎逻辑。步骤四，回头补缺我们不提倡在一个题上耽误太多的时间。如果有一个不会我们可以暂时放过，继续思路做下面的题，等通篇做完后再回过头来考虑这个选项。切忌，一定要保证思维的连续性和统一性。,步骤五，核实答案。我们可以从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查：1)所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调；2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配；3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式)；4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。5)保持自信，不要轻易否定以前选过的选项。必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信第一印象。,三、完型填空题的考察内容,词汇第一、词义辨析（词）（单词的掌握，基本义）例1That“somethingspecial”wasmencreativeindividualswhocouldinventmachines,findnew75ofpower,andestablishbusinessorganizationstoreshapesociety.A)origins(由来,出身)B)sourcesC)basesD)discoveries,第二、形近词辨异例1Speakingquicklybutalmostinawhisper,she75everyonethatthepilothadfaintedandaskedifanyofthepassengersknewanythingaboutmachinesoratleasthowtodriveacar.A)inquiredB)insuredC)informedD)instructed例2Following88,themanguidedtheplanetowardtheairfield.A)impressionB)informationC)inspectionsD)instructions例3Neveraskachildwhetherhelikesordislikesafoodandneverdiscusslikesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow66elsetodoso.AeverybodyBanybodyCsomebodyDnobody,例4A.encourages(鼓励)B.enables（使能够）C.enforces（强制）D.ensures（确保）例5A.attraction(吸引力)B.attention（注意力）C.affection（爱情，亲密）D.motion（动作）例6(兼考搭配关系)A.interfered（in干涉）B.interrupted（打断，中断）C.discouraged（from不鼓励做）D.disturbed（打扰，干扰）例7A.desired(渴望，想得到)B.revised（修订，修正）C.required（需要，要求）D.deserved（值得，应得）,第三、词语搭配,例1Themanhadtocircletheairportseveraltimesinordertobecome85withthecontrolsoftheplane.A)intimateB)familiarC)understoodD)close例2Didyoueverhavesomeonesnameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit?Whenthishappensagain,donottrytorecallit.Dosomething73foracoupleofminutesandthenamemaycomeintoyourhead.simpleB)apartC)elseD)similar例3Alandfreefromdestruction,pluswealth,naturalresources,andlaborsupply,allthesewereimportantfactorsinhelpingEnglandtobecomethecenterfortheIndustrialRevolution.Buttheywerenotenough.Something73wasneededtostarttheindustrialprocess.A)elseB)nearC)extra额外的，不包括其中的D)similar,例4Takeit_69_grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobablywillA.withB.asC.overD.for例5Butthesevariousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantways_68_humanlanguage.A.aboutB.withC.fromD.in例6thegreattit(山雀)isacase_77_point.A.in(point)(相关的，适用的)B.atC.ofD.for,语法：（句）,第一、指代关系例1Theforeignresearchscholarusuallyisolates76inthelaboratoryasameansofprotection;However,whatheneedsistobefittedintoahighlyorganizeduniversitysystemquitedifferentfrom79athome.76.A)himselfB)oneselfC)himD)one79.A)thoseB)whichC)whatD)that例2Notwospeakersspeakinexactlythesameway.Wecanalwaysheardifferences74them,74.A)betweenB)amongC)ofD)from,例3Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitwith_73_.A.oursB.theirsC.anotherD.others例4Theyalsosuggestthatourreadersdonotcallfor(要求，提倡)friendsonlyamongthosewhoaremostlikethem,butfindmany_78_differinrace.78.A.peopleB.whoC.whatD.friends,第二、虚拟语气例1Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplainhowauniversitylibraryworks;Theyexpectstudents,particularlygraduatestudents,tobeabletoexhaustthereferencesourcesinthelibrary.Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneedit,but84thattheirstudentsshouldnotbetoodependentonthem.84.A)hateB)dislikeC)likeD)prefer例2Ageographermightbedescribedasonewhoobserves,records,andexplainsthedifferencesbetweenplaces.Ifplaces87alike,therewouldbelittleneedforgeographers.87.A)beingB)areC)beD)were例3but_63_youweretomovetheskinyouwouldnottellanythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.A.sinceB.ifC.asD.while,第三、倒装知识要点:倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：,1、否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构（hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,little,nowhere,notonce，undernocircumstances,innoway，nosoonerthan）用于句首时所导致的倒装。如：Vitaminsdonotprovideenergy,_42_dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.A.eitherB.soC.norD.never,2、虚拟倒装。指在IF引导的虚拟条件句中，将IF省略，把should,had,were提至主语前，形成倒装。e.g.WereIyou,Illneverpromisetodothat.3、强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装：句子结构要求倒装：如：a.so倒装句b.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语：only,often，then,soc.以某些表示否定的副词开头作状语；little,hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,nowhere,notonced.某些表示否定的副词短语开头作状语:undernocircumstances,innoway,nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/beforee.As作“虽然但是”解时用半倒装。4、省略倒装。涉及词语包括so,neither,nor例_70_doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.A.OnlyB.OrC.NorD.So,第四、从句和强调句型,例1ThewordgeographycomesfromtwoGreekwords,ge,theGreekwordfor“earth”andgraphing,75means“towrite”.A)whatB)thatC)whichD)it例2butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,_75_means“danger!”A.thisB.thatC.whichD.it例3Thesesecondaryroutesmaygoupsteepslopes,alonghighcliffs,ordownfrighteninghillsidestotownslyingindeepvalleys.Throughtheselessdirectroutes,longerandslower,theygenerallygotoplaces88theairiscleanandthescenery(风景)isbeautiful,A)thereB)whenC)whichD)where,第三、语篇考查（篇）,例1TheUnitedStatesiswell-knownforitsnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpadrivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime.Althoughthesewidemodernroadsaregenerallysmoothandwellmaintained,with73sharpcurvesandmanystraightsections,adirectrouteisnotalwaysthemost_75_one.Largehighwaysoftenpass76scenicareasandinterestingsmalltowns.73.A)littleB)fewC)muchD)many75.A)terribleB)possibleC)enjoyableD)profitable76.A)toB)intoC)overD)by,例2Whenresearchisassigned,theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith79guidance.Itisthestudentsresponsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplainhowauniversitylibraryworks;79.A)maximumB)minimumC)possibleD)practical,四、完型填空题的相应对策针对出题者的考察内容，我们有以下相应的对策：第一种：词义与词形辨析四级完形考察词汇不外乎同义词、反义词、形近词，和词的精确用法。我们应该了解高频词的近义词、反义词，形近词和词汇的基本义。例如，1)Geographerscompareandcontrast_placesintheworld.A.similarB.variousC.distantD.famous,2)Thefindings_thatissuesoftrustandbetrayalarecentraltofriendship.A.secure(保护)B.assure（保证）C.confirm（证实)D.resolve（决心，解决）3)Thebigshops,beautifullydecoratedandbrightlylit,stayopenlongafterdark.ShopownerslikeChristmasbecauseitisatimewhenpeople_presents.A.changeB.exchangeC.transfer（转移）D.transform（转变）,第二种：运用上下文逻辑关系填词。,对上下文逻辑关系的考察是完形填空题区别于单纯句子理解的要点之一，也是处理语篇的重要特点。这就牵扯到有关语篇知识，这也是四级考察学生综合运用语言能力的题型之一。语篇结构，顾名思义，是指在一定的情景下，作者的谋篇布局、衔接连贯、提供信息等等。为了把文章很好的组织起来，作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、连接外，还会运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达并列、转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充等关系。下面我们给大家一些常考的连接词：,表示并列关系的：and,ontheonehand,ontheother,(也可表对比)表示转折关系的：however,nevertheless,still,though,yet,inspiteof,atanyrate,inanycase,etc.表示对比关系的：onthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,incomparison,bycomparison,conversely,etc.表示补充关系的：also,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,inaddition,whatsmore,notbut,notonlybutalso,etc.表示让步关系的：although,though,nomatter,evenif,表示原因关系的：because,since,as,for,nowthat,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,inasmuchas,onaccountofthefactthat,forfearthat,onthegroundthat,etc.表示结果关系的：so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,etc.表示列举关系的：first,second,third,firstly,secondly,next,inthefirstplace,foronething,tobeginwith,toconclude,etc.,1)Therearefourtypesofblood._typesarefoundineveryrace,andnotypesisdistincttoanyrace.A.AllB.MostC.NoD.Some(上下文)2)Theforeignresearchscholarusuallyisolateshimselfinthelaboratoryasameansofprotection;_whathereallyneedsistobefittedintoahighlyorganizeduniversitysystem.A.otherwiseB.moreoverC.howeverD.also（逻辑关系）,3)Earthsanimalsaredisappearingfasterthantheyreproduce.Becausethereistoolittleresearchandtoomuchignorance,_isawareofhowmuchwearelosing.A.anyoneB.nooneC.someoneD.eitherone4)Thisact(法案)wasformedtoprotectendangeredspecies._,landdevelopersandfactoryownersdisagree.A.HoweverB.FurthermoreC.ThereforeD.Though,第三种：固定搭配,1)Wejudgeraceusually_thecoloringoftherace:awhiterace,abrownrace,ayellowraceandablackrace.A.inB.fromC.atD.on2)Unlikeothersocialrolesthatweareexpectedto_1_-ascitizens,employees,membersofprofessionalsocietiesand_2_organizations,ithasitsownprinciple.A.keepB.doC.showD.playA.allB.anyC.otherD.those,第四种：结构识别,but,notonlybutalso,someothers,等词组结构和一些重要的句型结构。Thereisnodoubtthat,so/suchthat,thesameas,itisthat强调句型等等。Richasourcountryis,thequalitiesofourlivingarebynomeanssatisfactory.Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyoumake.,1）Theyalsosuggestedthatourreadersdonotlookforfriendsonlyamongthosewhoaremostlikethem,_findmanywhodifferinrace.A.onlyB.andC.butD.then2）Letslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethananythingelse,_62_distinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.A.thatB.itC.asD.what,第五种：一些重点单词的特殊用法,Professorsshould_repeatinginlecturesmaterialthatisinthetextbook.A.refuseB.prohibitC.preventD.avoidDespitethegrowingrateofdivorce,couplesarenowtakingadifferentapproach_thoseweddingvows(誓言).A.makingB.makeC.tomakingD.tomake,第六种：语法大项。,对语法的考察主要集中在定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、主谓一致、逻辑主语、宾语，句型句式等内容上。学生应加强对此类语法的复习。1）ThekingplacedwealthandpoweratWagners(德国歌剧家)disposalandmadepossiblethebuildingofaplace-house,_Wagnersworkscouldbeperformed(表演).A.andB.becauseC.thereD.where2）Formallearningisde-contextualizedfromdailylifeandindeed,_ScibnerandColehaveobserved,mayactually“promotewaysoflearningandthinking”.A.likeB.asC.whatD.which,五、完型填空的解题技巧,技巧一：词汇手段（利用词汇复现）1、原词复现例1：butitisthesubconscious(下意识的)78thatgotoworktodigupadimmemory.Meanwhile,deepermentalactivitiesinthesubconsciousmindaretakingplace.A)deedsB)activitiesC)movementsD)procedures,2、同根词复现,例1：Evenifagradeisnotgiven,thestudentis77forlearningthematerialassigned.Itisthestudentsresponsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.A)criticizedB)innocentC)responsibleD)dismissed,例2：IndiaorWestAfrica,wherethereisalong81ofspeakingEnglishforgeneralcommunicationpurposes,youshouldOntheotherhand,ifyouliveinacountrywherethereisnotraditionaluseofEnglish，A)customB)useC)traditionD)habit,例3：Thesefirmscompeteforsales.Theytrytolearnjustwhatthedemandwillbesothattheycansupplyexactlywhattheconsumerswant._keepsthequalityofgoodsfromfallingverylow.A.NeedB.CompetitionC.DemandD.Consumer,3、上下义或同义词复现,例1：Boththevisitingprofessorandhisstudentslackbackgroundineachotherscultures.Some82ofwhatisalreadyinthemindsofAmericanstudentsisrequiredbytheforeignprofessor.A.conceptB.feelingC.planD.intelligence,例2：Asaresult,thetriphadtobecanceled,andtheyreturnedhome_andunhappy.A.disappointedB.disappointedlyC.tiredD.tiredly,4、解释型复现,例1：Ournewhouseisvery_formeasIcangettotheofficeinfiveminutes.AadaptableBcomfortableCconvenientDavailable,技巧二：同现,词汇的同现关系指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，一定的词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成了词汇链，因此，每当我们遇到了其中的一个词语时，根据情境便会联想到词汇套中的其他词语。比如，提到教室一词，下面出现的词可能就是：blackboard,desk,students,chair,floor,lights,etc.,例1：Mygrandmotherworkedhardallday,makingbutter,washingclothes,cleaningthehouse,andeven_inthefieldwhenhelpwasscarce.A.workedB.workingC.didD.doing例2：Forexample,therewasthetimeIcalledina_tofixmyair-conditionerbeforeitwastoowarm.A.workerB.fixerC.repairmanD.painter,例3：Iusuallyhavetheproblemofparentscominginandtellingmehowtheyreally_theirkids.Theytellmetheystandoverthemwhentheydotheirhomework.Theychecktheirworkandmakeabigfussovertheirgrades.TheycriticizethekidsovereverythinghavingtodowithschoolA.likeB.treatC.hateD.make,技巧三：同性元素相斥,例:Itwasalightweight,18-poundcraft,carryingnotanimalsbutsensitiveinstrumentstostudytheintensebands(波段)ofenergyinspace_theVanAllenradiationbelts.A.calledasB.thatisC.namedasD.knownas,Withinthenextfifteenyearsmanhadgonetothemoon,searchingbeneathits_anddustysoilforsignsoflife.A.wetB.dampC.moistD.dry,damp:指吸进或覆盖着一点水份，常表示潮湿得使人不舒服。moist:指微湿，侧重不干，但并非湿得使人不快。wet:普通用词，指各种潮湿的状态。,技巧四：巧用图式,APelican鹈鹕holdsmanyfishinits71.72maylasta73,buttheywontlastaweek.Apelicanisnearlyastallasyou,anditsbeak喙isaslongasyoura