2021版高考英语一轮复习 语法 名词和冠词导学案 新人教版

名词和冠词一、名词考点一单数可数名词变为复数形式的规则1.规则变化一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s;以-s,-x,-sh,-ch(ch发音为t时)结尾的在词尾加-es;以辅音字母+y结尾的,把y变成i,再加-es;以-f或-fe结尾的多数变f或fe为v再加-es。2.不规则变化(1)变内部元音footfeet脚manmen 男人womanwomen女人toothteeth 牙goosegeese鹅gentlemangentlemen 绅士(2)单复数同形的名词sheep绵羊deer 鹿chinese中国人japanese 日本人swiss瑞士人means 方法series系列species 种类works工厂head 头(量词)(3)常以复数形式出现的名词clothes衣服glasses 眼镜chopsticks筷子trousers 裤子goods商品;货物contents 目录sands沙滩woods树林times时代lines 台词surroundings环境belongings 财产earnings收入arms 武器manners礼貌forces 武装力量(4)有两种复数形式的名词people人民people民族peoplesfish鱼(条数)fish鱼(种类)fishes(5)集体名词的数只表示复数意义的集体名词people人,人们police 警察cattle 牛侧重成员时表示复数意义,侧重整体时表示单数意义的集体名词这类集体名词侧重于成员时,表示复数意义,不再变复数形式;侧重整体时表示单数意义,表示多个这样的集体时有复数变化形式。class班级family 家庭team 队army 军队government 政府考点二名词所有格1.s所有格表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s或,表示所有关系。my sisters telephone number 我姐姐的电话号码(1)表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加s或;表示两者或多者共有时,在最后一个名词词尾加s或。toms and jims fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲tom and jims father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers 在理发店at my uncles 在我叔叔家2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the window of the room 房间的窗户3.双重所有格构成名词+of+s所有格/名词性物主代词a friend of jacks杰克的一位朋友some friends of mine我的一些朋友用法表示部分概念,被修饰词前通常有限定词a(n),one,some,many等some friends of my sisters will join us in the game.我妹妹的一些朋友将和我们一起做游戏。带s所有格的名词必须是明确限定的、指人的a book of marys玛丽的一本书考点三名词作定语名词作定语往往是说明被修饰词的材料、用途、类别等,作定语的名词通常用单数。gold chain金链子coffee cup 咖啡杯mountain village山村winter holiday 寒假二、冠词考点一不定冠词的用法1.不定冠词后面的单词的发音是以辅音音素开头时,不定冠词用a。例如:a student,a european country。而不定冠词后面的单词的发音是以元音音素开头时,不定冠词用an。例如:an apple,an honest boy。2.表类别或泛指。a child needs not only food and clothes,but love as well.3.当抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时(即抽象名词具体化),前面用不定冠词。the party held last weekend was a great success.4.表示“一”或“每一”概念。tom drives his car at 60 miles an hour.5.表示不明身份或说话人不清楚的人或事物。常译作“一个的人/物”。a smith called you just now.6.不表示顺序而是表示“又一,再一”的序数词前用不定冠词。they have a second house in the country.7.knowledge/grasp/command/collection/understanding等抽象名词后接of.时,前面用不定冠词。he has a good knowledge of english.8.独一无二的事物前有修饰成分时可用不定冠词。a full moon一轮满月a brand-new world一个崭新的世界9.表示三餐、星期、月份、季节等的名词前有形容词修饰或表示特定含义时前用不定冠词。i remember it was on a rainy monday that he left his hometown.10.不定冠词的特殊位置:不定冠词与such/what连用时,习惯上置于它们之后;当一个单数可数名词前有rather/quite修饰时,不定冠词习惯上放在这些词之后。i have never met such a kind teacher like her.it was rather a success.考点二定冠词的用法1.特指双方都知道的或上文中提到的人或物。what a pity that you couldnt be there to receive the prize!2.用在形容词或分词前,表一类人或物。many of the injured are still in a serious condition.3.用在姓氏名词的复数形式前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。i paid a visit to the turners last week.4.用在方位名词、西洋乐器名词和宇宙中独一无二的事物前。the east东部play the piano弹钢琴the universe宇宙 the moon月亮5.用在序数词、比较级(两者相比较,表示特指的时候)、最高级和形容词only,very (恰好的),same前。its the first time that i have visited qingdao.which story is the more interesting of the two?we were the only people there.6.用于固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位”中。hit sb.in the face/on the nose 打某人的脸/鼻子7.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the foreigners who come to china all want to travel to the great wall.8.用在表示世纪、年代的词前。the book was published in the 1980s.9.the用于表示时间或度量单位的名词前,如:by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这些名词跟by连用时不加冠词。workers are usually paid by the hour.these goods are sold by weight.10.用在江、河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前。the yangtze river is what i want to visit most.定冠词用法口诀特指、熟悉和重提,复数姓氏、最高级;独一无二和年代,序数词、方位和乐器;普通名词专有化,固定结构要牢记。含有冠词的某些固定短语:make the best/most of充分利用by the way顺便说一下in the way挡道on the spot在现场on the whole总的来说all of a sudden突然for the time being暂时in a word总而言之do sb.a favour 帮某人一个忙in a low voice低声地in a hurry匆忙考点三零冠词的用法1.物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、国名、人名前通常不用冠词。by getting close to nature,you can really get refreshed.school,hospital,church等词表示抽象意义时,其前常不用任何冠词;但是当这些词表示场所时要加冠词。he is very ill and has to go to hospital.i am going to the hospital to visit a sick friend.2.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指或类指时。it isnt worthwhile spending so much time on minor problems.bicycles are still a popular means of transport in china.3.名词前已有限定词时。his car is much more expensive than mine.4.表示三餐、球类、棋类、学科、季节、年、月、星期等的名词前。he has milk and bread for breakfast every day.of all the subjects,i like physics best.autumn is a harvest season.5.表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时,其前通常不用冠词。dr.peter spence,headmaster of the school,told us,“a fifth of pupils here go on to study at oxford and cambridge.”6.as,though引导的让步状语从句中的表语置于句首且表语是单数可数名词时。boy as/though he is,justin has traveled to quite a few countries.7.与by连用的表示交通工具和通讯方式的名词之前。its quicker by air than by sea.i sent the letter by airmail.含有零冠词的某些固定短语:lose heart灰心on business 出差out of work失业on holiday 度假at risk有危险on fire 着火under repair处于维修中heart and soul 全心全意in danger处于危险中in (out of) order秩序井然(无序)at dusk/noon/dawn/daybreak/midnight在黄昏/正午/黎明/拂晓/午夜零冠词用法口诀代词限定名词前,专有名词不可数。学科交通三餐饭,季节星期月份前。棋类球类语言前,称呼习语和头衔。as/though倒装较特殊,零冠词用法要记全。1.for japan,the (number) are more striking -22 in 1950,46 today and 53 in 2050.(2020年1月浙江)2.everybody wears same style of clothes.uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.(2019年6月浙江)3.few people i know seem to have much desire or time to cook.making chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. (2018年6月浙江)4.researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in(weigh) problems.(2018年6月浙江)5.a child born in the us today has very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.(2020年1月浙江