定语从句 概念与练习

定语从句,明确几个概念什么是定语从句？定语从句从汉语的角度如何理解？什么是先行词？什么是关系词？在复合句中修饰名词或代词（即先行词）的句子叫定语从句。在汉语中一般理解为“的”引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。,如何把两个句子合并为含有定语从句的主从复合句？不是任何两个句子都可以合并为定语从句的。只有两句中含有相同或相关的词时，才可有可能合并为定语从句。合并时一般遵循以下步骤：1.找出两句中的相同或相关词。2.确定主从句的关系。3.主句中的相同或相关词为先行词，把从句中的相同或相关词替换为关系词，并把它前移到先行词的后边，然后把从句的其他部分放在关系词的后边。,定语从句的构成,先行词关系代词从句所缺成分主语人宾语定语主语物宾语定语,who/that,(whom/that),whose/ofwhom,whose/ofwhich,which/that,（which/that）,TheboyisJohn.Theboyissmiling.,TheboyisJohn.Theboyhasabookinhishand.,Theboywho/thatissmilingisJohn.(主语),Theboywho/thathasabookinhishandisJohn.,TheboyisJohn.Helikesplayingfootball.,Theboywho/thatlikesplayingfootballisJohn.,Themanisateacher.Everyonelikeshim.,Theman(whom/that)everyonelikesisateacher.(宾语),Thewomangotthejob.Wehelpedherinthestreet.,Thewoman(whom/that)wehelpedinthestreetgotthejob.,Theteacherwillgiveusatalktomorrow.Wemethimyesterday.,Theteacher(whom/that)wemetyesterdaywillgiveusatalktomorrow.,Ilikethebook.ThebookwaswrittenbyLuxun.Ilikethebookthat/whichwaswrittenbyLunxun.Doyouknowtheschool?Theschoolwassetupin1969.Doyouknowtheschoolthat/whichwassetupin1969?Ilikethebook.Helentmethebooklastyear.Ilikethebook(that/which)helentmelastyear.Doyouknowtheschool?Ivisitedtheschoollastweek.Doyouknowtheschool(that/which)Ivisitedlastweek?,Ilikethebookverymuch.Thecoverofthebookisred.,Ilikethebookofwhichthecoverisred.定语,Ilikethebookwhosecoverisred.定语,Thisistheboy.Theboysfatherisaworker.,Thisistheboywhosefatherisaworker.,Thisistheboyofwhomthefatherisaworker.,Idontlikethehouse.ItswallsarewhiteIdontlikethehousewhosewallsarewhite.,Idontlikethehouseofwhichthewallsarewhite.,先行词关系代词从句所缺成分主语人宾语定语主语物宾语定语,who/that,(whom/that),whose/ofwhom,whose/ofwhich,which/that,（which/that）,先行词关系词从句所缺成分时间主语/宾语时间状语地点主语/宾语地点状语原因主语/宾语原因状语方式主语/宾语方式状语,which/that,which/that,which/that,which/that,when,*/that/inwhich,where,why,Iwillneverforgettheday.Wewenttothefactoryonthatday.Iwillneverforgetthedayonwhichwewenttothefactory.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwewenttothefactory.Doyouknowthefactory?Myfriendworkedinthefactoryfiveyearsago.Doyouknowthefactoryinwhichmyfriendworkedfiveyearsago?Doyouknowthefactorywheremyfriendworkedfiveyearsago?,Thisisthereason.Helefthomeforit.Thisisthereasonforwhichhelefthome.Thisisthereasonwhyhelefthome.Idontlikehisway.Heusuallytreatothersintheway.Idontlikehisway*heusuallytreatothers.Idontlikehiswaythatheusuallytreatothers.Idontlikehiswayinwhichheusuallytreatothers.,定语从句解题技巧1.一分是指说首先把句子拆为主句和从句。2。二找是分别找出先行词和关系词3。三还原是指通过观察从句所缺的成分把先行词转化为关系词还原到从句中。因此准确把握从句究竟缺少什么成分是做好定语从句的关键。,一分，二找，三还原,1)Theboy_visitedourschoolyesterdayisJack.2)Theboy_wesawyesterdayisJack.3)Heistheboy_wenttoschoolwithme.,4)Theperson_Italkedwithisourteacher.,Who/that,(whom/that),Who/that,(whom/that),who/that指人,在从句中作主语,whom/that指人,在从句中作宾语(可省略),1)HarryistheboymotherisourMathsteacher.2)Lookatthetreeleavesareblack.,5)Pleasepassmethebook_coverisred.,3)Hehelpedtheman_carhadbroken.,4)Helivesinahouse_windowsopensouth.,Whose,whose,whose,whose,whose,whose:指人或物，在从句中作定语，表示的,1)Lookatthetrees_wereplantedlastyear.,2)Themachine_heisoperatingismadeinAmerica.,3)Isthisthelibrary_youborrowthebookfrom,which/that,(which/that),(which/that),which/that指物，在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略),1)Illneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.,2)Isthistheweek_Ivisitedthecity?,试比较：,Iwillneverforgettheyear_wespenttogether.Iwillneverforgettheyear_weworktogether.,when/onwhich,when/inwhich,(which/that),Inwhich/when,When：指代时间，在从句中作时间状语想当于介词+which,1)Pleaseputtheletteronthedesk_hecaneasilyfindit,Thisisthefactory_Ivisitedyesterday.,Thisisthefactory_Ipaidavisit.,2)Thisisthefactory_myfatheronceworked.,试比较：,where/onwhich,where/inwhich,(which/that),where/towhich,Where：指代地点，在从句中作时间状语想当于介词+which,Thisisthereason_hedidntcometothemeeting.,Thisisthereason_hewaslate.,Thisisthereason_hegavetome.,试比较：,Why/forwhich,Why/forwhich,(which/that),When：指代时间，在从句中作时间状语想当于介词+which,1.Thisistheroom_Ivisitedyesterday.Thisistheroom_Ileftthebookyesterday.2.Iwillrememberthedays_wespenttogether.Iwillrememberthedays_westayedtogether.3.Thisisthereason_Igavetotheteacher.Thisisthereason_Iwaslateyesterday.,which/that/不填,where/inwhich,which/that/不填,when/inwhich,which/that/不填,why/forwhich,4.Thisisthebus_Itakestoschool.Thebus_Igotoworkbrokedown.5.Isthisschool_youoncestudiedin?Isthistheschool_youoncestudiedin?Isthistheonlyflat_youoncelivedin?Isthistheflatin_youoncelived?Isthistheflat_youoncelived?Isthistheonlyflat_youoncelived?,(which/that),theone（that）,(which/that),(that),which,where/inwhich,where,onwhich,1.Doyouknowthedifficulty(that)Ihad_outtheproblem?A.toworkB.workingC.workedD.work3.Istherearestaurantaround_Icanhavesomethingtoeat?A.whichB.whereC.thatD.what4.Theschool_Istudiedtenyearsagois_wevisitedyesterday.A.where;thatB.that;whichC.where;theoneD.which;that5.Pleasepassmethedictionary_coverisblack.A.whichB.itsC.whoseD.whichof,B,B,C,C,6.Haveyouvisitedthehouse_thefamouswriterwasborn.A.inthatB.whereC.whenD.onwhich7.Doyoustillremembertheday_wefirstmet?A.thatB.onthatC.whereD.when8.Ishallneverforgetthosedays_IlivedinthecountrywiththefarmersA.that.B.when.C.which.D.when.9.AfterlivinginParisforfiftiesyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when10.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where,B,D,B,B,C,定语从句的注意事项一.关系代词作宾语通常省去。Theperson(who)Inoddedtomadenoanswer.Theday(that)wewerelookingforwardtocamefinally.Thehouse(that)hehadhadhadbeentakenawayfromhimbythetimeheretunedtohiscountry.Hedideverything(that)hecould(do)tohelptheorphan.Whatisthebestway(that)youcanthinkoftosolvetheproblem?,注意下列两种情况不可省去。1。非限制性定语从句中试比较Thisisthecity(which/that)IvisitedfiveyearsagoThisisthecity,whichIvisitedfiveyearsago.2.介词前置时试比较Thisisabook(that/which)wecanlearnalotfrom.Thisisabookfromwhichwecanlearnalot.,二，关系代词常用that的情况1.先行词为不定代词something,everything，anything，nothing,little，much，all，few,none等等。Finally,hehandedeverything(that)hehadstolen.All(that)youhavedoneishelpfultous.2.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时Thisistheverybook(that)Iwant.Thatisthefirstfilmthatwasdirectedbyhim.,3.先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast修饰时。HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.4.先行词同时指人和指物时。Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.5.关系代词在从句中作表语时Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.6.Who,which引导的句子中避免混淆时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere?Whichofthebooksthatyouhavereadisthemostinteresting?,1.Thisisall_Iknowaboutthematter.A.thatB.whatC.whoD.whether2Isthereanythingelse_youwant?A.whichB.thatC.whoD.what3.Thelastplace_wevisitedwastheGreatWall.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it,4.Pleasetakethesecondchair_isoverthere.A.whereB.whichC.whoD.that,5.Isoxygentheonlygas_helpsfireburn?A.thatB./C.whichD.it,6.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything_hehadstolentothepoliceA.whichB.whatC.whateverD.that,Heboughtabook_couldgivehimmuchknowledgeand_couldhelphimtokillthetime.Iwillneverforgetthedayson_Istayedwiththefarmers.Shanghai,_isdevelopingveryfast,isfamousintheworld.,三.在下列情况中不用that，最好用which，引导词前有介词时。b.引导非限制性定语从句时。c.一个句子中若有两个定语从句，第一个用that引导，另一个用which引导,that/which,which,which,which,四。介词+关系代词prep+whom/whichPrep+whose+n若引导词作介词的宾语，介词可以提前构成介词+引导词的形式介词的选择主要取决于（1）先行词的需要（2）从句谓语的需要,Isthisthelibrary_youborrowbooksfrom?,Isthisthelibrary_youborrowbooks?,Theman(whom)InoddedtoisMr.Li.,Theman_InoddedisMr.Li.Thisistheperson_thecasewasfound.,which,fromwhich,towhom,inwhosehouse,如果定语从句中的介词短语是固定搭配(去掉介词，原动词则不具有这个词义)，则介词不能提前。,1)HeisthemanwhoIamlooking_.,2)HeisthemanwhoIamlooking_.,试比较Thisisthestation_wearrivedatlastweekend.,Thisisthestation_wegot_lastweekend.,for,after,which,which,to,Thisisthestation_wearrivedlastweekend.,atwhich,Fillintheblankswithproperprepositions:1.Thesungivesusheatandlight,_whichwecantlive.2.Thestudent_whomweweretalkingjustnowisthebeststudentinourclass.3.Illneverforgettheday_whichshesaidgood-byetome.4.Whocangivemethereason_whichhehasntturnedupyet?,without,about,on,for,Fillintheblankswithproperpreps.Thisisthebook_whichIspent5yuan.Thisisthebook_whichIpaid5yuan.Thisisthebook_whichwecanlearnalot.Thisisthebook_whichweoftentalk.Thisisthebook_whichIwrotedownmanynotes.,on,for,from,about,in,1.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.A.towhomB.whoC.fromwhomD.that,A,2.Thehouse,_Wendydidntpayonecent,nowbelongstoher.A.foritB.onitC.forwhichD.onwhich,C,3.Theplane_IcametoLondonhasflown10,000miles.A.initB.onwhichC.bywhichD.where,B,4.Hisglasses,_hewaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.AwithwhichB.whichCthroughwhichD.withoutwhich,D,5.Heismyson,_abettersondoesnotexist.A.butB.thanwhoC.againstwhomD.thanwhom,D,6.Therichperson,_moneyisnotaproblem,wantedtostayatanexpensivehotel.,forwhom,7.Thisisthetallestbuildinghere,_youcanenjoyafineviewofthecity.,fromthetopofwhich,五.as和which引导定语从句1.as作关系代词，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。(1）当such或thesame修饰先行词时,Suchbooksasyougavemeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou（have）.Suchaninterestingfilmaswasintroducedbythefamousdirectorwaswellworthseeing.Theplacedoesntlookthesameasitwasbeforeliberation.这个地方看上一去和解放前大不一样了。,.Heworethesameuniform_hisclassmates.Heworethesameuniform_hisfriendlenthim.Haveyouboughtthesamebook_Ireferredtoyesterday?你有没有买我昨天说的那本书啊？Haveyoubroughtthesamebook_Igaveyouyesterday?你有没有把我昨天给你的那本书带来啊？(as表示同一类,that表示同一个),as,that,as,that,Itissobigastone/suchabigstone_Icantmove.Itissobigastone/suchabigstone_Icantmoveit.,当先行词与so连用时,关系代词用as.注意so/suchas与so/suchthat的区别,Thisissuchadifficultproblem_Icantlift.Thisissuchadifficultproblem_Icantliftit.,as,that,as,that,(2)表示评注性的语意时，代替一个句子(正如，正像那样。从句位置可置于主句之前或之后，有时也可作为插入语置于句中，一般用逗号和主句隔开。aswecansee,asismentionedabove,asisknowntoall,asweallknow,asisoftenthecase,asindeeditis.等。Asiswellknown，greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.or:Greatchanges,asiswellknown,havetakenplaceinChina.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。(as在定语从句中作主语）,Theyweresatisfiedwiththisdecision，aswasagreedbeforehand.他们对这个决定都满意，这事先已经经过他们同意了。2.which引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面出现的句子。（语意上常表示这一点，这一方面或一定的因果关系）Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,which,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadntexpected.,Bambooishollow,whichmakesitverylight.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.which和as(代替从句)的用法区别：（1）语意上的区别Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,_wehadntexpected.Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,_wehadexpected.(2)形式上的区别：as的句子可以在不同的地方使用，而which的句子只能放在后面。,which,as,Asiswellknown，greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.Greatchanges,asiswellknown,havetakenplaceinChina.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina，asiswellknown.Theelephantislikeaspear,asanybodycansee.GreatprogresshavebeenmadeinChina,whichmakesusproud.1._hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamnextmonth.A.ThatB.AsC.ItD.What2.Chongqingisnotthesamecity_wehaveseeninotherplaces.A.thatB.whichC.不填D.as,3.Robert,isthisyours?Yes,itsjustthesameWalkman_Ilostontheplaygroundyesterday.A.whichB.whatC.asD.that4.Iwanttousethesametools_usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.which5.Jackcametoschoollateagain,_madehisteacherveryangry.A.whichB.whatC.asD.that,六.抽象名词表示时间、地点case，positionsituation,point,stage,occasion,等等。Wewilldiscussanumberofcases_beginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.A.whichB.asC.whyD.where.Hewasdrivingsofastastogethimselfintoadangeroussituation_heislikelytolosethecontroloverhiscar.A.whichB.asC.whyD.where,Youreachapoint_medicinecanthelp.A.whichB.asC.whenD.whereWehavereachedapoint_achangeisneeded.A.whichB.asC.whenD.whereTheaccidenthappenedatthepoint_theA15joinstheM1.A.whichB.asC.whenD.whereTherearesomeoccasions_somethingisonthetipofyourtongue.A.whichB.asC.whenD.where,七.where和inwhichThisisthelibrary_hismotherworks.Thislibraryis_hismotherworks.Isthatfactory_hisfatherworks?Isthatthefactory_hisfatherworks?Isthatthefactory_youvisited?Isthatfactory_youvisited?A.whereB.theonewhereC.theoneinwhichD.theoneE.that/which,A.B.C,A,E,D,where/inwhich,where,八.强调句和定语从句的混用分析：强调句句型：Itis/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分去掉Itis/was.that/who,句子依然成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作一成份。Itwasin1969thatIwenttoBeijing.Itwasinthelibrarythathemadehisfirstdiscovery.(1)Itisinthisroom_Ilivedlastyear.Itistheroom_Ilivedlastyear.(2)Itwasatsevenoclock_hewenttoschoolthismorning.Itwassevenoclock_hewenttoschoolthismorning.,that,where,that,when,-Wheredidyougetthebook?-Itwasinthebookstore_mymotherworks.whichB.thatC.inthatD.Where-Itwasinthebookstore_Igotit.A.whichB.thatC.inthatD.Where-Wherewashebroughtup?Itwasinthevillage_hewasborn_hewasbroughtup.A.that,thatB.that,whereC.where,thatD.where,where,九.Oneof，和the（very,only）oneofoneof表示中的一个，从句谓语用复数，而the(only,very)oneof表示中的唯一的一个，从句谓语用单数。Heisoneofthestudentswho_praised.Heistheoneofthestudentswho_praised.,.Heisoneoftheteacherswho_playingbaseball.(like)Heistheonlyoneoftheteacherswho_playingbaseball.(like)Johnisoneofthestudentswho_EnglishJohnistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_English,like,likes,were,was,know,knows,十.定语从句和同位语从句(1)Thenews_ourvolleyballteamwonthematchmadeusexcited.(2)Thenews_hetoldmeyesterdayisexciting.(3)Theproblem_weshouldanswerfortheaccidentiscleartoyou.(4)Theproblem_hewantedtosolveishard.,分析：that引导同位语从句，在从句中不充当任成份，并且引导的句子是解释说明前一名词的内容，在从句中不可省去，也不可用which替代。that/which引导定语从句，在从句中充当成份，作宾语时可省去，从句起说明主句性质和特征的作用。,that,that/which,that,that/which,TherearetwoboysinPeters，bothof_arewhiteTherearetwoboysinPeters,andbothof_arewhiteTherearetwoboysinPeters;bothof_arewhite,易混淆句型,whom,them,一分，二看，三还原,them,1.Lookout!Dontgettooclosetothehouse_roofisunderrepair.A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.what2.Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,_meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which3.