2020年高考英语二轮复习 名词学案

课题名称名词教学目标：了解名词的各种用法。重点和难点：名次与冠词的综合运用一、 高考考查内容定位名词在高考中占有重要地位。考查内容主要有：抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。此外，还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。二、高考考查内容揭密（一）抽象名词的具体化与冠词1.抽象名词具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。（1）表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用a/an+抽象名词；a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如：A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等；A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。（2）状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。如：take a look/have a sleep/have a life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。经典考题It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. (2020;2020北京卷)A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the； 不填 D. the ；a解析 B 根据句意：（人们）常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了，因此，第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。（3）表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.她在事业上是个成功者，但在婚姻上却是个失败者。2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如：A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。注意：抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时，则在名词前加the经典考题 If you grow up in _large family ,you are more likely to develop_ ability to get on well with_ others.(2020;2020江西卷)A./;an ; the B. a ;the ;/ C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the解析 B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _others 修饰，故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。（二）名词的数和所有格名词的数主要包括名词的可数与不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。1.可数名词的单复数（1）可数名词复数形式的基本变化：（2）不可数名词一般没有复数形式，若计量时，通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做：去买一碗米饭，去沏三杯茶。经典考题The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has _all over the country.（2020;2020辽宁卷）A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses解析B 本题是一个多点考查题。既考查了名词复数形式的不同变化，又考查了名词的辨析。以辅音字母加Y结尾的名词的复数：变Y为i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等结尾的名词的复数：在其后加-es，少数直接加-s。再根据名意可知：这家银行的总部在北京，但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四个名词中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思，合句意。经典考题He gained his_ by printing _of famous writers.A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works解析D 考查名词的单复数。wealth表示财富，是不可数名词；works作工厂、作品讲时，单、复数相同。而work意为“工作”，是不可数名词。经典考题The commander said that two_ would be sent to Iraq front the next day.A. womens doctor B. women doctors C. womens doctors D. women doctor解析 B man/woman作定语修饰可数名词复数时，将它们变为men/women。2.名词所有格名词所有格通常可分为三种：(1).-s型所有格，主要用于生物名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格，如：todays newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词，则在其后加“”。(2).of 短语型所有格，主要用于无生命名词的所属关系，有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。(3).of短语型与-s型并用的双重所有格，即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修饰时，可用“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片，并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfathers(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张，属双重所有格。经典考题_car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it . A. Toms and Jims B. Toms and JimC. Tom and Jims D. Tom and Jim解析C 考查所有格。由下文的they knew how to fix it 可知：两人都在车上，因此，为他们共有。而Toms and Jims即Toms car and Jims car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jins。经典考题 My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are_ . A. some pictures of his B. some pictures of him C. some his pictures D. his some of pictures解析A 考查双重所有格。根据双重所有格“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”原则可知此空应该是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意为：这是他照片中的一些（照片）。经典考题 The railway station is _from our school.A. two hours drive B. two hours driveC. two hour drive D. two hours drive解析 B 考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加“”。（三）名词作定语经典考题The _is just around the corner and you wont miss it.(2001上海卷)A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shopC. bicycles shop D. bicycle shop解析 B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。经典考题 The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of _,so the grandpa went some_ stores.A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoeC. shoe; shoes D. shoe; shoe解析 B 多点考查题即名词的单复数及名词作定语的用法。第一空的名词被a pair of 修饰，表示 “一双“，强调复数，故选shoes,由此，可判断正确选项在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干扰，考生会误选A。其实，名词作定语须用单数形式，some修饰的中心词是stores。(四)集合名词与谓语1.某些集体名词，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数；如果作为一个个成员讲，谓语动词用复数。如：His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看电视。经典考题His family _in Shanghai and his family _all music-lovers.A. live; is B. lives; isC. live; are D. lives; are解析D 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。第一个His family强调群体，故谓语动词须用单数；第二个his family强调每个成员，故谓语动词须用复数。因此，正确选项为D。2.某些集体名词，如：people, police, cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如：The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。但people作民族讲时，用作单数。如：The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。经典考题Many cattle your father is raising now_ kept on the farm.A. is B. was C. are D. were解析C 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。名中your father is raising now已暗示该用一般现在时且作定语，修饰many cattle,而cattle是被看作复数概念的集体名词，谓语动词须用复数。故选C。三、小试牛刀（共20小题， 10分钟完成）1. Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade todayA. a; 不填B. the; anC. the; theD. 不填; the2. Have you see _ pen? I left it here this morning Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a3. Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth centuryA. the; 不填B. the; theC. 不填; theD. 不填; 不填4. Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for foodA. the; aB. 不填; aC. the; theD. 不填; the5. The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool usedA. the; theB. the; 不填C. 不填; theD. 不填; 不填6. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience .A. 不填；theB. 不填；anC. an; anD. the; the7. The sign reads “In case of _fire，break the glass and push _red button ”.A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the；the D. a；a8. When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _ hotel; I can find you _ bed in my flat .A. the; aB. the; 不填C. a; theD. a; 不填9. It is _world of wonders, world where anything can happen .A. a ;the B. a; a C. the ; aD. 不填；不填10. For a long time they walked without saying word. Jim was the first to break _ silence .A. the; a B. a; the C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填11. The Wilsons live in _ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _ 17th century cottage .A. the; 不填 B. an; the C. 不填; the D. an; a12. If you go by _ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get _ first one. .A. the; theB. 不填; aC. the; aD. 不填; 不填13. I cant remember when exactly the Rohinsons left _city. I only remember it was _Monday .A. the, the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a14. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to _ Capital Airport.A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the15. This book tells _ life story of John