高考英语《中学英语语法全程复习》之--动词的时态和语态

九. 动词的时态和语态动词时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。从种类上看英语有16种时态，而其中常用的有11种，表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。动词各时态名称如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各时态的英语表达结构（以write为例）：一般进行完成完成进行现在write, writesam/is/are writinghave/has writtenhave/has been writing过去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have writtenshall/will have been writing过去将来should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing各时态用法说明一. 一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外，be和have有特殊的人称形式。如：1.一般动词：I know it. You know it. He/She knows it.We/You/They know it.2.动词be：以am, is, are三种形式出现。I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student.We/You/They are students.3.动词have：以have, has形式出现。I have a car. You have a car. He / She / has a car.It has a handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car.4.在加词尾-s时要注意：1）一般情况加-s, 如：reads, says.2）以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如：teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes.3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”后加-es.如：try-tries，carry-carries.5.加s后的读音：1）在P t k f等清辅音后读s, 如：helps, asks.2）在sztd等音后读iz, 如：faces, rises, wishes, watches.注意 hate - hates词尾读音为ts。动词一般现在时的形式：动词be除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are.动词have除第三人称单数用has外，其余全用have。行为动词的一般现在时形式，除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加s或es构成（其构成法和读音与名词复数同）外，其余一概用动词原形。助动词do和does：单数第三人称中用does，其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。注意 have作行为动词表示“有”时，美式英语和英式英语有所不同，试比较。I havent any sisters.（英） I dont have any sisters.（美）-Have you any brothers? （英）-Yes, I have. / No, I havent.-Do you have any brothers? （美）-Yes, I do. / No, I dont.另外，英国人口语常用have(has) got代替have（has)，其否定式常以havent got 代替have not, 以hasnt got 代替has not.一般现在时的基本用法：1)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有：every day, once a week, often, usually, always,seldom, sometimes等。如：She is an English teacher. We always care for each other.He gets up at six every day.Tom does homework every evening.2）表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如：He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well.3）表示客观事物或普遍真理。如：The sun rises in the east. The earth is round.Two plus two is four. He is a doctor.4）一般现在时代替一般将来时:在由when, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，（有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定）。如：When he comes back, well go shopping together.I will go to play if it is fine this afternoon.When you are talking with him, dont mention it.在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中，或主句为一般将来时，宾语从句为wh-从句，从句用一般现在时代替将来时。Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。Shell read whichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。Ill make sure (that) the cars locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。某些表动向和起始的动词如：begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等，当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时（这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语）要用一般现在时代替将来时。I leave for Dalian next Sunday.The meeting begins in a minute.The next train leaves at 12:00.5)表示正在发生的动作。一般现在时，用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中，一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.6)电影说明/剧情介绍/新闻标题/小说章节题目/动作解说，特别是电视说词/图片说明/剧本动作说明/戏剧性描绘（主要用于小说或报道文字中，由过去时突然转为现在时，使剧情显得历历在目）。7)在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词仍用原形。a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里，省略了should.I suggest that he take a book with him.b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感叹的句子里。God save me.上帝救救我。Mr. Li cried out with great surprise, “What! My son come here!李先生惊奇地喊道：“什么！我的儿子到这儿来了？！”8)在口语中，它间或可以表示一个已经发生的动作（这个动作发生的时间在说话人心目中处于很不重要的地位），能这样用的动作不多，如：say, tell, hear, read, forget, answer等：They say Jack is back. Is that true?I forget where he lives. Oh, you answer quite well.He tells me youre going abroad.9)引用书面材料时，say, teach, stress等常用一般现在时，如：Chairman Mao says: “Work is struggle.二、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去的动作或存在的状态，这个动作可以是一次，也可能是经常性的。如：I went to town yesterday.（一次）。When I was young, I took cold bath regularly.（经常）一般过去时里，动词be第一、三人称单数为was,其他人称为were，动词have一律用had。行为动词一律用过去式，没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did构成行为动词的否定和疑问句。一般过去时的用法：1)过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Who pointed out the mistake?2)过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。He will never be what he used to be.3)在口语中want, hope, wish, wonder, think等动词的过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度。I wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.I want/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike.I hope/hoped you can/could give us some help.4）在虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设：If I were you, I would help him. Its time you had lunch.5)情态动词的过去式如：could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。如：Could you lend me your book? Would you like a cup of tea?What should I do now?6)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或would两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“现在已不再”，可以接状态动词或动作动词；后者不暗示现在的情况，只能接动作动词。如：He is no longer what he used to be.He used to walk after supper, didnt he?I would tell him some stories when I lived there.7)一般过去时常用的状语有：yesterday, in 1990, two years ago, last week，for + 时间段等。如：He fell ill yesterday.We had a good time last Sunday.She got up early when she was young.He worked there for ten years.有些情况，发生的具体时间不太清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应该用过去时: He was glad to see me.三、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间段内经常有的动作或状态。由“助动词shall（第一称）will（第二、三人称）+动词原形”构成。美国英语中不管什么人称均用will。另外还有其他几种构成形式：be going to do be to do be (not)about to dobe doing 一般现在时一般将来时常用的状语有：tomorrow, next week, from now on, in a month, in the future等。一般将来时的用法：1）shall / will + 动词原形表示不含主观因素的单纯的时间上的将来，特别是谈一连串的事情或在含有时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时。如：I will be fifteen years old next year.Next time Ill try to do better.Ill speak more English and do more reading-aloud.If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.When I see him, Ill tell him about it.2）条件从句中只有两种情况可用一般将来时：a.表意愿：If they wont co-operate, our plan will fall flat.If you will wait for me, I shall go with you.b.主句的谓语表现在情况：If he wont arrive this morning, why should we wait here?3)用will表示一种倾向、习惯动作或必然趋势。A drowning man will catch a straw.Crops will die without water.Accidents will happen.意外事故是不可避免的。Children will be children.孩子毕竟是孩子。其否定式可表“不能/没法”。This machine wont work. This plan wont act.4）“be going to+动词原形”：在表示打算或准备做某事时，如不提时间/条件等时，多用此结构。自然现象也用该结构。如：What are you going to do this evening?Im going to finish the work this week.I am going to call on an old friend of mine.Its going to rain.5 ) be doing限于某些非延续性动词（如go, come, stay, move, leave, start, finish等）的进行时表示将来，表示按计划安排要发生的事。（此用法具口语性、近期性、动词局限性）。（参见“现在进行时”）I am finishing my work.He is coming.They are leaving for Tibet.6)“be to +动词原形”表示吩咐、命令、约定、计划中的或按职业义务、要求即将发生的动作。还可表示“注定会”。如：He is to give us a talk. (=He is going to give us a talk.)The medicine is to be taken three times a day.Where am I to put these books?You are to clean the room.He would not listen to me, so he is to fail.7）“be about to +动词原形”表示“就要，正要”。在这种情况下不可与表将来时间状语连用。如：We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.The meeting is about to begin.8)该时态有时用来表示揣测：That man in the middle will be the visiting minister.或容量：The hall will seat 500 people.9)shall, will还有情态动词用法（参见“情态动词”部分）。四、现在进行时表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，或现阶段内在进行的动作，汉语常用“正在”表示。由“助动词am /is / are + 现在分词词”构成。如：Is it raining?I am doing my homework.The students are cleaning the classroom.- What are you doing now? - Im doing some washing.现在进行时的用法：1)说话时正在进行的动作。Is it snowing now?2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻这一动作不一定在进行。How are you getting on with your work these days?3)在时间、条件状语从句中，有时可以用现在进行时表将来，语气比用一般现在时显得更确定。Dont mention this when you are talking with him.你和他谈话时不要提这件事。4）现在进行时有时可用来表示在最近按安排或计划要进行的动作（多有表未来的时间状语），但仅限于少量动词：go,stay, come, leave, start, arrive, lunch, return, dine, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, take off等。（参见“一般将来时”）。如：We are going there tomorrow.Im staying there for two weeks.5)现在进行时与频度副词always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study.（他总是想着他的学习。）（称赞）He is always making the same mistakes.（批评）6)感觉和状态动词常用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。下列动词表示所给意义时，一般不可用进行时。表感觉的：see（看见）, look（看上去）, feel/ find（觉得），hear（听见）, notice（觉察到）, smell（闻起来）, sound（听起来）, taste（尝起来）等。表感情的：love（爱）, like（喜欢）, hate（恨）, prefer（更喜欢）, want（想要）, wish（祝愿）, envy(嫉妒；羡慕), desire（渴望）等。表占有的：have（有）,own（拥有）, owe（欠）,belong（属于）, possess（拥有）等。表思想和思考的：believe（相信）, doubt（怀疑）, hope（希望）, know（懂得）, mind（在意）, mean（意味着）, remember（记得）, forget（忘记）, think（认为）, understand（懂得）,recognize（意识到）, guess（猜想）, suppose（假设）, suggest（建议）, propose（提议）,等。其他动词：appear（出现）, concern（关心）, consist（包括）, contain（包含）, matter（要紧）, cost（花费）, seem（似乎是）,remain（依然）, fit（合适）, suit（适宜）,等。Allow（允许）, show（表明），prove（证明）,require（要求）等。I feel a sudden pain in my head.我脑袋突然痛了。He appears to want to go.他好像要走。She feels worse today.她今天感觉更不好受。The dish smells good.这盘菜闻起来很香。注意系动词turn , get, become, grow, go用进行时表示由一种状态转人另一种状态。如：The rich man is becoming poorer and poorer.系动词feel, look一般不用进行时，但它们的表语若是表示主语的情绪、身体或精神状态的形容词时，既可用一般时，也可用进行时：Hes feeling very bad.连系动词be的一般时即有进行时的含义,所以be一般不用进行时，但若表示“暂时的或故意的行为”也可以用进行时，此时常与这些形容词连用：brave, careless, careful, clever, foolish, friendly, faithful, funny, gentle, good, helpful, impatient, jealous, kind, talkative, stubborn, polite等。You are stupid.你很糊涂。You are being stupid.你在装糊涂。The boy is being nice now.那男孩此刻真乖。短暂动词除用进行式表反复的动作或表将来外，不用进行时。be + 某些介词短语，也可表达进行含义，如：be under repair/under ones leadership/under discussion/in use/on ones way等等。Here/There引起的句中常以一般现在时代替现在进行时。Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. /There goes the bell. =The bell is ringing.有时两种时态都可用，无多大差别：I wonder(am wondering)how I should answer them./Does your leg hurt (Is your leg hurting)? / It itches (is itching) terribly. / My back aches (is aching).五、过去进行时过去进行时由“助动词was（第一、三人称）单数/were（其他人称）+现在分词”构成。主要表示过去某时刻(侯)正在进行的动作。过去进行时与一般过去时的区别是：前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示一个完成的动作。如果用一般过去时,就会给人印象：你已经做完这个动作。但少数动词(如:rain, snow,cough,wear, feel, work.),用一般过去时并不表示动作的完成,这时两种时态在意义上差别不大:It rained/was raining all day yesterday.He coughed/was coughing the whole night.在强调动作延续较长时间时,用过去进行时稍好一点。此外,和现在进行时一样,过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时,表示赞美/厌恶等情绪而带有感情色彩。常用状语有at that time, at this time yesterday等。如：I was reading a novel when he came in.What were you doing at eight yesterday?I was watching TV all evening.We were cleaning the classroom from 8 to 9.(1)叙述故事时,常用过去进行时来描写故事发生的背景。故事中间也会用它来描绘景象。一般地,把故事往下叙述时多用一般过去时,而停下来描绘背景或某个景象时,常用过去进行时。(2)正象现在进行时可以表未来动作,过去进行时也可以表从过去某时看来要发生的事。六、将来进行时由“助动词shall（第一人称）/will（第二、三人称）+ be +现在分词”构成，（美国英语一律用will）。主要表示将来某时刻或某一段时间将正在进行的动作。口语中它常用来表示预计即将或势必要发生的动作。它和一般将来时有时只有细微差别（Ill see/be seeing him about it tomorrow.)在有些情况下和一般将来时可换用，但它显得更委婉（When will you come/be coming?)。如：This time tomorrow, I shall be flying to Shanghai.- What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?- Ill be working in the fields.I shall be waiting for you in my room after supper.Dont come at 7 oclock tomorrow. He will be working then.七、现在完成时现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关，即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。现在完成时由“助动词have / has过去分词”构成，现在完成时常用的状语有just, already, ever, never, before, yet, notyet, up to now, today, this month, lately, recently, so far, ever since, in the last / past few years等。如：-Where have you been?-I have been to the street.Have you ever been to Shanghai?He has gone to the library.I have lost my book.Who has opened the door?Have you had your supper?I have never seen such a big apple.He has remembered 500 words this month. Great changes have taken place in the last ten years.注意 现在完成时强调对现在的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用，如：yesterday, last month, three days ago, in 1960等。但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的before连用。现在完成时的用法：过去开始的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在:I have lived here for 20 years.（动作持续）He has been here for two hours.（状态持续）有少量动词（work,study,teach,live,)可表一直延续到现在的一个动作，但大多数动词不可这样，而应该用现在完成进行时。（注意：have been to表示“曾经去过某地，现已回来”；have gone to表示“已经去某地，现在还没回来”）由于arrive,come,become,join和get up等动词表短暂动作不可延续，需要借助含be的结构来表示延续的状态。表某动作曾经发生过，对现在来讲已成为既往的经历：I have met him .我见过他/我已见了他。He has tasted it. 他尝过/他已经尝了。表示一个断断续续的动作对现在产生的量结果：I have picked five baskets of apples.We have learnt ten English songs.表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事。He has been to Beijing several times.Its the third time that I have seen the film.说明现在完成时常与lately, recently, so far, already, these days, ever,just,up to now等表时间的副词或时间短语连用。I have finished reading five books so far.常与for构成的表时间段的状语连用（有时for省略），如：He has lived here for five years.He has been in the army for three years.现在完成时可与since连用, since后加时间点词语或含一般过去时的从句。也可单独在句尾使用since（自那以后）, 此时since为副词。I have lived here since five years ago.I havent seen him since 1987.I havent seen him since he left here.He moved here in 1980, and has lived here since.注意1)since后用的动词不同，动作的起算时间不同：since终止性动词的过去式，从该动作发生时算起。since延续性动词的过去式，从该动作结束时算起。Mr. Li has been here since he came back.自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。I havent heard from him since he lived here.自从他不住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。但也有例外，如：Ive known Mr. Smith since I was a boy.我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。2)在“It is +段时间 + since句型”中，时间一律以since从句的动作完成时算起，如：Its two years since we arrived here.我们到这儿两年了。It was years since I had seen her.我认识她好几年了。在时间和条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：Ill go and see the exhibition as soon as I have got the recorder fixed.这里用现在完成时是表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，如果两个动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，一般就不用这个时态。在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return等代表瞬间完成的动作时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可用：I wont believe you until Ive seen it with my own eyes.我要亲眼看到它，我才会相信你。Well leave as soon as it stops/has stopped raining.Ill tell him after you leave/have left.It（This/That）is the first(second) time that.It（This/That）is the first(second) that.It（This/That）is the onlythatIt（This/That）is the best(biggest) that以上句型的主句用一般现在时或一般将来时，从句用现在完成时；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。It is the first time that I have seen so much money.这是我头一次看到这么多的钱。It is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好电影。It will be the second car that I have bought.那将是我买的第二辆车。It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words.这是我第二次被他的话所伤。It was the most interesting book that I had ever read.它是我曾经读过的最有趣的书。在must ( may, should等情态动词）+ have +动词过去分词，表示推测和假设意义的句子里，可以与表示过去的时间状语连用（详见情态动词）。It must have rained last night.现在完成时与延续性动词和非延续性动词。a.延续性动词可用现在完成时，并可接表时间段的状语。I have worked here for ten years.b.非延续性动词也可用现在完成时，但肯定句中不接since/for引出的表示时间段的状语（否定句中可以）。常用的瞬间动词有go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, marry, die, fall, finish, stop, start, lose, sell, kill, break, meet, close, open, graduate, join等。如：He has died.（）He has died for ten years.（）He died ten years ago.（）I havent received his letter for a long time. （）八、过去完成时主要表示过去某时或某事前已经发生的动作或情况(也可以说是“过去的过去”）。由“had过去分词”构成。常用的状语有by 1966, by the time., by the end of., two years before, before,等。如：By the end of 1960, we had built 100 schools.I had learned some English words before I went to school.He said he had known it.When I had finished my work, I took a rest.I had gone out by the time he came here.He told me that he had suffered a great deal before.注意It was +时段+since从句。从句中常用过去完成时。It was five years since the building had been painted.这楼有五年没刷了。hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等动词，用法较为特别,以hope为例：.(had) hoped等 + to do/to have done表示一个没实现的打算、设想等。I had hoped to have become a doctor, but I didnt.I had hoped to become a doctor, but I didnt.I hoped to have become a doctor, but I didnt.我原打算成为一名医生，但未能够。I meant to phone you, but I forgot.（尤美）我本想打电话给你，可是我忘了。I meant to call on you. But I was too busy.（尤美）我本来想拜访你。但是我太忙了。I intended to catch the early train, but I got up late.（尤美）我本打算赶上早班火车，但我起床晚了。.hoped to do ：还可表示不定式动作或状态发生或存在于谓语动作或状态之后，并有可能实现。Jennie hoped to give her a good education.珍妮希望给她良好教育。.hope/hopes to have done：表示动作的完成，不表没有实现的行为。He expects to have written it tomorrow evening.他估计明天可以写好。I hope to have finished by now.我希望现在干完。在含when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that等连词引导的从句的复合句中，若主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词的动作都发生在过去且有先后，那么先发生的动作常用过去完成时。但after从句中的动作可用一般过去时代替过去完成时，含before从句的主句中，也用一般过去时就行：When he arrived at the station, the train had left. =After the train (had)left, he arrived at the station.= The train left before he arrived at the station. “by +过去时间”作状语,谓动常用过去完成时。By the end of last year，they had finished the work.在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，一般用过去完成时：If you had come with me，you would have seen him.在hardly . when, no sooner . than，scarcely . when句式中主句用过去完成时，且常采用倒装，从句用一般过去时。译为“一就”。如：Hardly had I come back when the phone rang.说明过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有在和过去某时或某事相比较时才会用到它。如果两个动作紧接发生，常常不用过去完成时，特别是在含有before和after的复合句中。有时两个时态都可用意思差别不大：As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again.I told them after you (had) left.He (had) told me the news before you came.一连串的动作发生在过去，用一般过去时表达。On arriving, he had a sip of tea, took off his coat, and started to clean the room.在以since引起的状语从句中用一般过去时较多，有时也用过去完成时：The girl had changed considerably since I had seen her.叙述过去发生的事情时，有时可以用过去完成时来追叙或补叙更早发生的事。一般做法是：头两三句用过去完成时，使人知道是追叙往事，一有机会就转用一般过去时。九、将来完成时由“shall(will) + have done”构成。 主要表示将来某时会业已发生的事情，有时用来表示一种推测。常用时间状语有by the end of, by this time tomorrow，by the time，by等，如：By the end of next month, I shall have learned 100 texts.We will have built the bridge by the time he comes back next year.By this time tomorrow, I shall have finished the work.十、现在完成进行时由 have(has) + been doing构成。主要表示现在以前这一阶段里一直在进行的动作。（这动作可能仍然在进行，也可能刚停止了一会儿）。有少数动词（如work,study,live,teach等）用现在完成时和用现在完成进行时意思是差不多的（但大多数动词都不可这样换用）。在强调动作延续时间的长久时用现在完成进行时更多一些。该时态间或也可用来表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。汉语经常译作“一直”。Weve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.I have been waiting for you for two hours.It has been raining.-What have you bee