高三英语语法专项复习 非谓语动词 人教版

高三英语语法专项复习 非谓语动词制作；何 丽 丽 2020-11-30非谓语动词功能比较: 成分类别主语表语宾语补语定语状语不定式分词 动名词不定式主动被动一般式to writeto be written 进行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行to have been writing否定式not to do说明：l.不定式的一般式表示该行为或状态与谓语动词所表示的行为或状态同时发生或在其后发生(即发生在谓语动词的未来)。More and more people are learning to drive cars(同时发生)He expected to receive an invitation from his friend(发生在未来)2进行式不定式地进行式突出表示不定式的行为和谓语动词的动作同时发生以及不定式是正在发生的行为。When l went out of the train，it happened to be raining3完成式不定式的完成式表示该动作或行为发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或行为之前。The girl is said to have studied in London for two years, buther English still remains poor不定式的句法功能：1做主语To teacher English is my jobTo learn English well is important for us不定式做主语时常用于下列句型：It is+adjn(forof sb)to do sthIt takestook sbstto do sth如：It was nice to hear your voiceIt was a mistake not to see the filmIt is important for us to leam English wellIt is foolish of you to do such a thing(当形容词表达的是其后的sb，的一种特征时，介词用of，或可应用于下列句型：sbis+ adj(如此句中的foolish就是描述“you”的一种特征，或者可说：You are foolish.)2做表语Her job is to look after the children in the nurseryThe captain seemed to hesitate for a momentHe appears to have caught a cold3做宾语通常用于下列动词之后：want，wish，hope，expect，long，decide，afford，aim，appear，agree，ask，attempt，beg，demand，desire，determine，fail，happen，intend，manage。offer，plan，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，tend，dare，help，know，learn，teach，prefer，would like如；He refused to answer the questionHe worked hard，but he failed to pass the test again注意：1)谓语动词自身带宾补时应用it作形式宾语Marx found it important to study the situation in RussiaI believed it right to tell him the truth2)不定式通常不做介词的宾语，但可做but，except的宾语。He had no choice but to lie down and sleepThere was nothing left to do but drop herself down ontothe little couch and weep3)疑问词+to do可直接主语、宾语和表语或直接充当介词的宾语When to go to Shanghai is not decided(主语) -The first problem is how to use it(表语)The teacher gave us some advice on how the learn Englishwell(介词宾语)I really dont know what to say4做宾补用在下列动词之后，构成：一sbto do的结构want，wish，expect，ask，tell，order，permit，allow，advise，forbid，force，persuade，beg，require，help，prepare，cause，call on ”如：He asked me to help him with his homework注意：用在下列动词后做宾补时要省略“to”，但是当这种句式变为被动语态时，则被省略的“to要还原回去。see，hear，feel，watch，observe，notice，catch，lookat，let，have，make等 。如：Im a doctorLet me examine youI saw a boy pass the officeThe boy was seen to fall from the tree(被动)He was made to answer the question5做定语l have a lot of work to doHe thought out a plan to punish his brother注意：当不定式修饰的是不及物动词时，其后的介词不能丢落。He is looking for a room to live inThere is nothing to worry about6做状语1)目的状语(to，in order to，so as to(不用于句首)Every day he practiced reading English(in order)to speak English fluentlyHe was So poor that he had to sell his daughter(so as)to support his family2)结果状语可用以下短语表示结果：soas to，suchas to。，enoughto，only to，just to，tooto如：1 went to see him only to find him out .The boy is old enough to go to schoo13)原状语通常跟在happy，glad，sad，frighten，delighted，surprised，excited等表示心理感受的形容词后。We are glad to hear that youve passed the examIm sorry to hear that;He jumped to hear the news4)修饰adj的状语He was afraid to go out，even for food(修饰表语形容词afraid)The chair is comfortable to sit in(修饰表语形容词comfortable)I find the man difficult to deal with(修饰做宾补的形容词difficult)巩固训练：1. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-runcompanies are striving _their products more competitive.A .to make B. making C. to have made D. having made2.With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled2. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whetherthey will enjoy it . A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen4.The teacher asked us _so much noise.A. dont make B .not make C. not making D. not to make5.I am going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _?A. to be buying B .to buy C. for buying D .bought6.An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _clear warningsbefore firing any shot.A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued7.My advisor encouraged _a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D me to take8.The flu is believed _by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells insidethe human nose and throat.A.causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused9. The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only _the film stars had left.A.to tell B .to be told C. telling D. told10.You were silly not _your car .A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked11.I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the USAthis September. A. to be heard .B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard12.Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music.A. making herself hearB to make herself hear C. making herself heard D.to make herself heard13.I dont want _like Im speaking ill of anybody ,but the managers plan is unfair.A to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded14.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hoursjust _a look at the sports stars.A had B .having C. to having D. having15.(05广东)He hurried to the station only _that the train had left.A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found16.-Can the project be finished as planed?-Sure, _it completed in time, we will work two more hours a day.A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get17.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _in a year.A. follow B. followed C. to follow D. being followed18._more about university courses, cal l(920) 746-3789.A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out19._Is Bob still performing? _I am afraid not. He is said _the stagealready as he has become an official.A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left.20.All these gifts must be mailed immediately _in time for Christmas.A. in order to have received B. in order to receive 姓名_C. so as to be received D .so as to be receiving 班级_15ACBDB 610ADCBB 1115DDACA 1620BCAACllll 动词不定式的复合结构：不定式可以和名词（或代词）构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，不定式作宾语补足语。eg: Mother told me to come back before 10:00.Would you like us to play basketball with you?We advised him to have a good rest.1.常带不定式作宾语补足语的有：ask ,tell, invite, force ,advise, get, beg, allow,help, want,wish,like,order,except,prefer, encourage ,hate ,warn, permit,compel(强迫),oblige(迫使)等2.有的动词后常跟“to be +形容词”构成复合结构，如：think consider,believe, suppose,know,find ,understand ,prove, declare, take,imagine 等eg: I considered the work to be very important .We proved these facts to be correct.3.但有个别动词（如think ,consider ,find）后面可省略to be , 直接跟形容词。I think her rather clever.We found the idea very good.4.有些短语动词后面也可以用复合宾语结构，如long for, wait for care for ,vote for ,call for ,rely on ,count on ,depend on 等I rely on you to finish the work today.We are waiting for him to come .5.还有像be said ,be reported ,be known, be likely, be certain, be sure, be unlikely, seem, happen, appear等后面也可以用复合结构:eg: The strange old man is said to be a great artist.He is likely to be in the office.l 省略不定式符号to1.感官动词和使役动词(一感feel二听hear, listen to 三让let ,have , make 四看watch look at ,notice ,see半帮助help)后作宾补的不定式要省 to ，但在被动语态中作主补时不省I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.2.but /except（除前面有动词do的某种形式，后面的不定式要省to；但前面若前面没有do ，后接的不定式要带toShe could do nothing but cry.I had no choice but to see a doctor.3.当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式可省to ，但表对比关系时不定式要保留toI told her to stay here and (to)wait till I came back.To go home or to stay at school is your own business.1. 不定式可与疑问词连用，但与why连用时，不定式要省toWhy not have a rest.l 省略to后的实义动词动词不定式短语在句中再次出现时，我们常省略重复动词，只保留 to。具体情况如下|：1. 不定式在下列形容词后作补语时：afraid, anxious, eager, glad, happy, ready, willing等eg:-Will you join me in a walk?-Ill be glad to.2. 不定式在下列动词后作宾语时: afford ,care ,expect, forget, hope ,intend, ike , love, manage, mean, need, plan ,prefer, pretend, refuse, remember, try, w ant, wish 等You can do it this way if you care to.-Did you pass the exam ?-No, I tried to ,but without any luck.3. 不定式在下列动词后作宾补时: advise, allow ,ask, beg ,expect, force ,forbid, order, permit ,persuade, tell, warn等His mother hoped he would study medicine and become a doctor, but he didt want to.Dont touch anything unless your teacher tells you to .4.不定式在下列结构中作复合谓语时: be able to ,be going to ,have to ,outght to ,used to等。Dont stop until you have to .He doest like fish but he used to .注意：当to后不定式的动词是 be 或助动词 have时，要保留 be 或 have 。-Are you on holiday? -No,but Id like to be.-Hasnt he finished writing the report? -No ,but he ought to have.亲临考场：1Ive worked with children before ,so I know what_in my new life.(NMET2000)A.expected B.to expect C.to be expectingD.expects2.-Why havent you bought any butter？-I _to ,but I forgot about it.(2001,北京春季)A.liked B.wished C.meant D.expected3.Do let your mother know all the truth .She appears_everything.A.to tell B.tobe told C.to be telling D.to have been told4.Sandycould do nothing but_to his teacher that he was wrong .（2001，上海）A.admit B.admitted C.admitting D.to admit5.It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows_(NMET2002)A.it what to do with B.what to do it with C.what to do with it D.todo what with it6.With a lot of difficult probems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002上海)Asettled B.settling C.to settle D.being settled7.She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_in making the earth a better place to live on .(2020,上海)A.to have played B.to play C.to be played.to D. be playing8.I dont know whether you happen_,but Im going to study in the USA this September.(2020，辽宁)A.to be heard B.to be hearing C.to hear D.to have heard动名词主动式被动式一般式doingbeing done 完成式having donehaving been done否定式not doinghaving donenot being donenot having been done 说明1动名词的一般式表示该动作或状态与谓语动词的动作同时发生。I enjoy swimming in summer2动名词的完成式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词的动作发生之前。l regretted having wasted so much time动名词的句法功能1做主语Getting up early is a good habit。Seeing is believing动名词做主语时还通常用于以下句型：It is no useno good doing如：It is no use talking about itIt is no good reading such novels2做宾语记住下面的顺口溜：喜欢考虑不可免enjoy , dislike，consider, escape, avoid禁止放弃太冒险forbid, give up, risk承认欣赏很值得admit, appreciate, be worth反对想象莫推延mind, imagine, delay, put off要求完成是期盼require, finish, look forward to建议不禁勤操练suggest, advise， cant help, practise允许原谅要坚持allow, permit, excuse forgive, insist on,.keep, resist, stick to要想成功须奉献feel like, succeed in, devoteto动名词除可以做动词的宾语，还可以跟在下列短语后面作介词的宾语：put off，give up，preventstopkeepfrom，pay attention to。be used to，be fond of，think of，be afraid of等。如：He went out without telling his mother3做表语Our wish is going to college4做定语It was a hiding-place I bought a spelling book5动名词的复合结构此结构由物主代词或名词的所有格+doing构成，在句中可作主、宾、表等。当动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，其物主代词常用宾格代替，名词所有格常用普通格代替。如：Marys coming late made her teacher angryWould you mind my(me)opening the door?I remember Mikes (Mike)going there习题巩固；1I would appreciate_back this afternoon.A.you to call B.you call C. your calling D.youre calling2._make her mother worried a lot .A.Alice was ill B.Alice being ill C.Alices being ill D.Because Alice was ill3. The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B.caught the thiefB. C.the thief being caught D.the thief to be caught4. Victory apologized for _to inform me of the change in the plan.A. his being not able B.him not to be able C.his not being able D.him to be not able5.Tony was very unhappy for _to the party.A. having not been invited B.not having invited C.having not invited D.not having been invited6.He has always insisted on _Dr.Turner instead of Mr.Turner.A.being called B.called C.having called D.being called7.In some parts of London, missing a bus means_for another hour.A.waiting B.to wait C.wait D.to be waiting8.The man insisted _a taxi for me even though I told him I lived neary.A.find B.to find C.on finding D.in finding9.Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the ansers ready will be of great help.A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having10.He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldt risk_the good opportunity.A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lost15_CCCCD_610_DACDB_分词分词分现在分词和过去分词，现在分词与动名词的形式相同，过去分词done没有完成式和被动式。现在分词和过去分词的区别主要体现在时态和语态上，现在分词的一般式表示主动，与谓语动作同时进行；过去分词表示被动，其动作先于谓语动词的动作发生。分词的句法功能1做表语1)I feel excited. The news is exciting2)The result of the exam is disappointingIm disappointed at the result of the exam2做宾补通常和下列动词连用：see，hear，notice，watch，observe，feel，listen to，look at，catch，find，keep，have，leave1)I saw him opening the doorI saw the door opened by him2)I heard someone calling my nameI heard my name called 3做定语分词短语做定语相当于定语从句如：The man holding a spelling book is my neighbour=The man who is holding a spelling book is my neighbourThe door closed by him led to the garden=The door which was closed by him led to the garden4做状语1)时间状语(相当于时间状语从句)Walking in the streetI met a friend of mine=When 1 was walking in the street，ITranslated into Chinese，the sentence seemed easy=After the sentence was translated into Chinese，the sentence seemed easy 2)有时为了强调分词短语所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可在用作时间状语的分词前加上连词when，while，after，if等，如：While walking in the streetI caught sight of a tailors shopIf invited1 would like to go to the party3)原因状语(相当于原因状语从句)Being shy，she cant say a word =As she is shyshe cant say a wordInspired by the teachers words，I made up my mind to work hard at English=As 1 was inspired by the teachers words，I4)方式或伴随状语Holding a book in his hand，the teacher came in(方式)She sat there，laughing(伴随)5)条件状语Seen from the hill，the city looked beautiful6)结果状语He dropped the glass，breaking it into pieces7)程度状语The wind became stronger and it became freezing coldThe soup is boiling hot5分词的名词化分词前加上定冠词the可表示一类人或物She worked hard to help the sick and the dying .The wounded were soon taken to hospital6独立成分分词的独立成分用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度。如：Generally speaking，boys are more naughty than girlsJudging from his words，he must be a strong-minded boySeeing it was raining，its no use waiting7独立主格结构分词做状语时，其逻辑主语需是句子的主语，否则就需在分词的前面加上分词自己的主语(名词或主格代词)，其作用耗当于状语从句。如：A11 the students having arrived，the meeting started说明：此句中having arrived应该是all the students的动作但句子的主语是themeeting，所以在分词having arrived韵面加上了其自己的主语all the students再如：(1)She finishing her homework，we went to the cinema(2)Her tea finished，we went out for a walk。(3)Weather permitting，we11 go to the Great Wall(4)He cried suddenly，tears rolling down his cheeks(5)The signal given，the bus started8with的复合结构构成：with+noun+adjadvprepdoingdoneto do如：The girl fell asleep with the window openThe boy rushed out with the light onThe river with red flowers and green grass on its bank is beautifulWith the little boy supporting him, the old man crossed the streetThe murderer was taken in with his hands tied behind。With many things to do，I had no time to go shopping非谓语动词句法功能比较：1不定式与动名词做主语：动名词表示抽象和泛指的动作不定式表示具体的一次行为。2不定式、分词、动名词做表语的区别：1)当主语是动名词时表语也通常应用动名词，主语如是不是式，表语也用不定式。 如：Seeing is believingTo see is to believe2)分词与动名词做表语的区别：His job is interesting(How is his job?);His job is teaching(What is his job?)3不定式与动名词做直接宾语的区别：有些及物动词只能使用不定式作宾语，如：wish，hope，expect，as，help，refuse，learn，demand，dare，choose，arrange，decide，agree，promise，plan，offer，manage，pretend，prepare，desire，fail，long，determine，set out等。有些及物动词只能使用动名词作宾语，如：mind，finish，enjoy，admit，advise，suggest，risk，avoidmiss，imagine，consider，excuse，appreciate，forbid，permitallow，escape，deny，practise，give up，put off，set about等。有些及物动词既可用不定式也可用动名词，分三种情况：a意义基本一样，如：like，love，hate，begin，start，continue，attemptcant bear afford，prefer，delay，neglect，omit，cease，b意义不同，如：remember，forget，regret，mean, try ，stop，等remember to do记住做某事 remember doing记得曾经做过某事forget to do忘记做某事 forget doing忘记曾经做过了某事regret to do(saytellinform)遗憾的说 regret doing后悔做过某事mean to do打算做某事 mean doing意味着try to do努力做 try doing试着做stop to do停下来去做(另一件事)stop doing停止正在做的事wantneedrequire doing=wantneedrequire to be done4不定式与分词做宾补的区别：如：I saw him coming downstairs(动作过程，正在进行)I saw him come downstairs。(动作已经结束)=He came downstairs and I saw it.一般说来，及物动词的过去分词与不定式的被动式用做宾补时，其含义是有区别的，前者