中考英语 阅读理解 推理判断题解题指导

阅读理解之推理判断题解题指导推理判断题着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力，要求考生根据文章表面的文字信息，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或隐含信息。这类题目旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意的能力，属于深层理解题。考生在做此类题目时，应尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上，运用逻辑思维，借助一定的常识，做出正确的推理和判断。一、推理判断题常见提问方式1. The writer / author / passage implies / suggests (暗示) that _.2. It can be inferred (推断）from the story that _.3. We can learn from the passage that _.4. The passage is intended to _.5. The first paragraph of this passage is to _.6. From the passage, we can learn / conclude that _.7. The passage may be a / an _.8. How does the author seem to feel about this issue?9. Which of the following might happen later?10. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?二、选项特点分析推理判断题目选项的设置有一定的特点和规律，了解这些，可以帮助提高答题的正确率。1正确选项的特点：（1）正确选项一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性；（2）正确选项的表述一般不会太绝对，而是会用一些相对宽泛的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等；（3）正确选项有时候与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。2干扰选项的特点：（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论；（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符；（3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点；（4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为依据，但推理过头、概括过度；（5）部分选项的内容纯属编造。三、推理判断题的解题方法做推断类题目时，首先要弄懂文章字面的意思，留意作者所给的提示，才可能理解文章隐含的意思。答案一般不能在文章中直接找到，需要根据文中有关内容进行逻辑推理或演算，得出某些作者没有明说，但在字里行间暗含的意思及观点。这就要求把握文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及本文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意个别词汇的特殊含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，得出正确的推论。做推理判断题要注意两点：一是推理，二是判断，两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。推断题结论要靠推断得出，而不是照搬原文。但是，推理时务必忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的线索和依据，切忌随意揣测，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。解决此类题要注意：一是与原文相同的细节不能选；二是不能跳出文章做推断。解题过程中只要注意上述两点，再结合做细节题和主旨题的方法，即可以做出推理判断题。下面我们结合2020年部分中考真题，就考试中常用的四种推理方法进行一一说明。1. 抓住特定关键信息进行推理。做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用正向推理或逆向思维，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。【例1】The underlined word “They” in Paragraph 3 means “_”. (2020 江苏南京阅读E)A. Receivers B. GPS devicesC. Satellites D. Ground stations【解析】这是一个指代推断题。指代推断就是确定代词的含义和指代对象。做此类题目，关键在于对该代词所在上下文的正确理解，一般代词所指代的名词在上文中寻找。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式与被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象的一个判断标志。指代词They的上文是这样的：The receiver contacts at least four of the satellites and calculates (计算) its position. The third part of the system is a network of ground stations. They are all over the world. They control the satellites and make sure they are working well.根据这段文字，我们可以推断出They指的是ground stations（地面卫星接收站），故选D。【例2】John and his 10-year-old son want to watch Secret of the Dragon. How much should they pay? (2020 河南阅读C)A. $7.40. B. $11.10.C. $14.80. D. $23.20.【解析】这是一个数字推断题。解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。文章中有这样一些相关信息：Secret of the Dragon Cost Adult: $7.40 Children (under 15 years): half 根据上面的信息可知，15岁以下的孩子是半价。所以，一个成人和一个10岁的孩子应该花$7.40+$3.70=$11.10，故选B。【例3】What can you infer from Paragraph 6? （2020 江苏连云港阅读D）A. Plastic notes should be printed in cash machines.B. There are some disadvantages of using plastic notes.C. Every country will have to accept the new money.D. Plastic notes should be produced by the cashiers.【解析】根据题目要求，我们定位到文章第6段：A downside of plastic cash is that it costs more money to produce. Cash and money-counting machines will also have to be adapted to accept the new money.第6段有两句话，主要讲了塑料钞票的缺点，四个选项中，B项正确。考试中常常出现的题目是What can you infer from the passage? 这就需要通读全文来做出判断。由于篇幅有限，我们就不再举例说明此类题目。2. 利用作者的思想感情、文字色彩进行推断。有些题目要求考生根据文段的相关信息对文中人物的性格、心理状况、心智或品质做出判断，这时一定要扣紧文段的主题或话题，不要受一些细节事实的干扰。文章中的措辞会体现作者或者其他人物的思想倾向和感情色彩，这往往隐含在字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文章用词。【例1】In the last paragraph, what does the underlined part mean? (2020 天津阅读C)A. We should always visit Dubai.B. We should learn from foreigners.C. We must always remember our past.D. We must only think about the future.【解析】根据题目要求，我们锁定文章最后一段的划线部分，并结合上文来推断。Many people welcome the citys growth. But an increasing number of Dubai natives worry about the speed of change. As a Dubai native says, “We must always remember where we came from. Our kids must know we worked very, very hard to get where we are now, and theres a lot more work to do.”根据划线部分中的用词：must always, very, very hard等可以断定，说话人非常重视迪拜的历史，强调不要忘本，尤其现在的孩子要知道他们父母奋斗的历史，故选C。我们也可以从四个选项上排除个别选项。选项A、D，太过绝对，根据常识，我们可以排除这两项。那么，我们就可以从B、C两项中选。这时再读划线句子，很好排除选项B。【例2】The word “_” can best describe Goldman. (2020 浙江台州阅读B)A. funny B. honest C. creative D. friendly文中相关信息：Sylvan Goldman, an American supermarket owner, invented the shopping trolley (购物车) in the 1930s.【解析】根据文中信息中的invented这个词，我们就可以推断出，Goldman是个有创新精神的人，故选C。3. 运用已有的经验、经历或常识进行推理判断有些文章具有一定的背景知识。因此解答此类文章的题目，除了把握相关文段的细节外，还应注意充分运用自己的常识，结合题目去分析推理。【例】Which of the following is cause and effect? (2020 河南阅读B)A. Tony got up and had a glass of water.B. We came home and found him sleeping.C. The ball was lost and a window was broken.D. Tim was late again and his teacher got angry.【解析】我们根据常识即可知因果关系（cause and effect），故本题答案选D。为了确保答案正确，我们可再回到原文寻找依据：Cause and effect is one way to explain things that happen around us. Many thing happen because something caused or influenced them to happen.以上分别从三个方面讲解了如何对文章隐含信息进行推理判断，但有时候题目的设计不一定这么层次分明，需要同时从不同角度对文章的信息进行综合分析、推理和判断。因此，在阅读的过程中，需要考生在熟练掌握的基础上灵活运用这些方法。推理判断题专项训练Passage 1According to James, this obsession with getting top marks has been a bad development, which encourages people to think of education in terms of work and money. To test this, I asked my daughter why she was so worried about her tests. She looked at me as if I was thick. “Well, if I dont get good grades, I wont be able to afford nice things like a car and stuff.”I was quite surprised, because I dont consider myself a pushy parent. But James suggests it leaves students feeling failures even if they are very bright. He points to the Danish system (体制) of education as a better model. Creating happy citizens who have good social skills is seen as more important than high achievements at school or the needs of business.1. What can we infer from the passage?A. Social skills are as important as high grades.B. Interest in grades can shake self-confidence.C. The writer regrets not having studied hard at school.D. The Danish educational system creates very smart students.Passage 2 We were so excited that we all forgot ice-cream was not allowed on the ride.Gloria broke into tears and we all had no idea what to do. Then Murphy, one of the workers, came over. She bent down and told Gloria that she would hold the ice-cream for her and give it to her when she finished the ride. Gloria said, “Promise?” Then she gave Murphy her ice-cream, and she completely enjoyed the ride.Sure enough, as we walked out the exit, there was Glorias new friend with “her” ice-cream. Now you and I both know what happened, because we know that an ice-cream wont last twenty minutes on a summer afternoon in Florida. Murphy knew what time we would get off the ride; she went to the nearest shop and bought a brand-new ice-cream thirty seconds before we walked out the exit. Gloria said: “Thank you.” But Im sure she thought it was the same ice-cream.2. In order to keep her promise, Murphy _.A. took Gloria to the nearest shopB. asked her new friend to help GloriaC. helped Gloria get off the rideD. bought a new ice-cream for GloriaPassage 3Kindergarten (幼儿园) is a difficult time for some kids. Its the first time for them to be away from their parents. To make kids love their school, Japanese kindergartens and schools have colorful buses. The buses can easily make children want to take them and then, go to school. Even some parents want to take them, too!3. Children in Japan may easily _ by taking the school bus.A. save timeB. enjoy their schoolC. play gamesD. do their homeworkPassage 4Have you ever heard someone use the phrase “once in a blue moon”? People use this expression to describe something that they do not do very often. For example, someone might say that he tries to avoid eating sweets because they are unhealthy, but will eat chocolate “once in a blue moon”. Or someone who does not usually like to go to the beach might say: “I visit the shore once in a blue moon.” While many people use this phrase, not everyone knows the meaning behind it.4. Which of the following would be a good example of using the phrase “once in a blue moon”?A. Simon often tells jokes. Simon tells jokes once in a blue moon.B. Tom rarely remembers to do exercise. Tom does exercise once in a blue moon.C. Mary likes to go shopping every weekend. Mary goes shopping once in a blue moon.D. Cindy hates to stay up late, but she stays up late every day. Cindy stays up late once in a blue moon.Passage 5The two main factors (因素) that influence peoples choice of location are climate and resources. Climate is the usual weather conditions in a region. Areas that have bad weather are generally less ideal as places to live in. The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the Earth may be beautiful in their rugged, natural way, but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people way. Speaking of climate, warm conditions and a normal amount of rainfall are advantages that attract people.Natural resources are things that we get from nature that help us survive. Each region offers different resources, and therefore attracts different groups of people. People who enjoy the beach can make their living by catching and selling the oceans many fish and other sea creatures. Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil in valleys near rivers. Some people are willing to accept the disadvantages of the terrible conditions of deserts or mountains in order to take advantage of the resources like oil or woods.5. Why do people go and live in valleys near rivers?A. The temperature isnt too low in winter.B. The resources like oil can bring them much money.C. People can make their living by catching and selling fish.D. Its easier for people to grow plants and keep animals.6. The purpose of the example in the last paragraph is to tell us _.A. people cannot survive in cold conditionsB. different resources attract different groups of peopleC. people usually prefer living at the seaside to living on the mountainsD. a normal amount of rainfall is necessary for people to live in the desertPassage 6Research has shown that it is difficult to concentrate on driving and talking at the same time. It can even be more dangerous than driving after drinking too much. A recent study found that when drivers were talking on their mobile phones, their stopping times were 30 percent slower than when they had drunk too much and nearly 50 percent slower than when they were driving normally. It also found that drivers talking on mobile phones were less able to control their cars than drunk drivers.And talking isnt even the most serious problem, texting is. Unbelievably, another recent study reported that 22% of adults admitted they had sent a text message while driving at least once in the past month. An average text message takes 90 seconds to write and send. That means for one and a half minutes a driver is looking at their phones screen and not at the road. The arrival of new smartphones such as the iPhone will only make matters worse as they will allow users to do more things than ever before.7. According to the passage, if a driver needs 10 seconds to stop when driving normally, they will need _ seconds to stop when talking on a mobile phone.A. 12 B. 13 C. 14 D. 158. According to the passage, in what order do the following activities influence driving? DangerousMore dangerousMost dangerousA. drinking talking on phone textingB. texting talking on phone drinkingC. talking on phone texting drinkingD. drinking texting talking on phonePassage 7Born in the USA in 1940, Lee returned to his nati