托福独立写作开头段的写法PPT课件

.,1,独立写作开头段的写法,Adrian,.,2,Structure,MainIdea,ReasonI,ReasonII,Conclusion,.,3,Requirement,OG:Score5Anessayatthislevellargelyaccomplishesallofthefollowing:Effectivelyaddressthetopicandtask.Iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails.Displaysunity,progression,andcoherence.Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice,andidiomatically,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors.,.,4,How？,Effectivelyaddressthetopicandtask.有效地阐明话题.Letpeopleknowwhatthetopicis.Showyourpersonalopiniononthetopic.Thedetailsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.,.,5,ParagraphI,Paraphrasetheargument改述原题MainIdea发表自己的观点AdverbialofCause用一个原因状语简短地提及论据,.,6,a.Whatthetopicis,Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice.topic一般就在题目中；为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题；需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase.Whatisparaphrase？Aparaphraseofsomethingwrittenorspokenisthesamethingexpressedinadifferentway.柯林斯英汉双解大辞典,.,7,e.g,Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Alwaystellingthetruthisthemostimportantconsiderationinanyrelationship.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.,.,8,Howtoparaphrasethetopic?,形式与内容的严格对应词与词的替换；（synonym）词类替换；（word-phrase）词性替换（noun-verb,adjective-noun）2.意义的对应,.,9,形式与内容的对应,词与词的替换（synonym）133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonschildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofapersonslife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:apersons-ones,someonesimportant-significant,momentousofapersonslife-inoneslifetimeParaphrase:Oneschildhoodyearsarethemostsignificantyearsinhislifetime.,.,10,词与词的替换（synonym）,9.Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:prefertodosth-wouldratherdosthlive-reside,dwellsmall-littlebigcity-metroplisParaphase:Somepeopleprefertoresideinasmalltown.Otherswouldratherliveinametroplis.,.,11,词类替换,b)word-phrase11.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universitiesshouldgivethesameamountofmoneytotheirstudentssportsactivitiesastheygivetotheiruniversitylibraries.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:shoulddo-berequiredtodo,besupposedtodothesameamountofmoney-theequivalentmoneyParaphase:Unversitiesaresupposedtorendertheequivalentmoneytotheirstudentssportsactivitiesastheydototheuniversitylibraries.,.,12,词性替换,c)noun-verb,adjective-noun35.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Attendingaliveperformance(forexample,aplay,concert,orsportingevent)ismoreenjoyablethanwatchingthesameeventontelevision.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:attendsth-attendanceinsthbemoreenjoyable-have/bring/producemorejoy/delight/pleasureParaphase:Attendanceinaliveperformancebringsmorepleasurethanwatchingthesameoneontelevison.,.,13,意义的对应,9.Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Nowadays,peopleseldomagreewitheachothereveninsuchtrivialissuesaspreferancebetweenlivinginabigcityandasmalltown.133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonschildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofapersonslife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Whenlookingbackuponhislifetime,onemayregardhischildhoodasthemostsignificantperiodinhislifetime.,.,14,SentenceI,1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsider/regard/holdthat.Nowadays,peopletendto/wouldliketo.Inmostcases,peopleargue/contendthat.Inmodernsociety,thereisatendency/phenomenon/controversythat.Nowadays,somepeople.,whileothers.2.在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。,.,15,Examples,Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Onlypeoplewhoearnalotofmoneyaresuccessful.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceI：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthatonlytheoneswhoearnalargeamountofmoneyaresuccessful.Nowadays,peoplewouldliketoholdtheviewthatonlythosewhoearnmuchmaterialwealthcanbeviewedasthesuccessfulones.Nowadays,manypeoplebelievethatalargeincomeequalssuccess.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.,.,16,b.Showyourpersonalopinion,要求：观点鲜明，简明扼要。SentenceII常用句型：前半句：AsfarasIamconcerned/Inmypointofview/Asforme/Formypart/Intermsofme/Personallyspeaking,.后半句：Iwouldsay/assertthat.Itendtoagree/disagreethat.Thereissomethingcertain/wrongtosay/considerthat.Itisnodoubtthat.完整的句子：Itseemstomethat.,.,17,Examples,27.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldsometimesdothingsthattheydonotenjoydoing.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceII：.Inmyopinion,therereallyissomethingwrong,nevertheless,tothinkwecouldbefinallysuccessfulbyonlydoingthingsthatwedoenjoydoing.AsfarasIamconcerned,itisnodoubtthatinsomecases,peopleshoulddowhattheyinfactdonotenjoyingdoinginordertobesuccessful.Formypart,Itendtoagreethatundersomecircumstancespeopleoughttodowhattheyarenotgladtodo.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.,.,18,C.Supportyouropinion,对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语从句或名词短语简要地提及一般接在SentenceII后作状语,不另成句。Why？使作者清楚文章的框架，便于预期和理解加深读者对文章内容的记忆限制思维的广度，使作者能深入思考理由和例证显示语言变化能力增加文章字数,.,19,常用句型,名词短语：,becauseof/dueto/onaccountof/inviewof/inregardto/intermsof/considering/given/for原因状语从句：,giventhat/considering(thefactthat)/for/since/seeingthat/nowthat/as/inviewofthefactthat/inthat/forthereasonthat,.,20,Sample,SampleINowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthatAsfarasIamconcerned,Iwouldsaythat.,becauseofSampleIINowadays,peopletendtoFormypart,Itendtoagree/disagreethat,forthereasonthat,.,21,Example,话题：电视已经成为书本更有效的学习方式观点：完全同意理由1：电视画面和声音结合，吸引人，注意力