明喻暗喻类比拟人分析解析.ppt

Chapter5FiguresofSpeech(1),Metaphor,Personification,Simile,Analogy,Introduction,FiguresofSpeechDefinition:Figuresofspeecharerecognizedformsofrhetoricalexpressionthatdepartfromcustomaryconstruction,order,orsignificanceforthepurposeofachievingspecialeffectsormeanings,andthatconformtocertainspecialclassification.-李亚丹汉英辞格对比研究简编,辞格是人们在长期使用语言文字的过程中，逐步形成的具有特定方法，特定结构，特定功能，为语言使用者所公认，符合特定类聚系统要求的美化语言的言语模式。-李亚丹汉英辞格对比研究简编,E.g.1.StarshinebrightlyintheskyStartwinklelikediamondsinthesky.2.Imperialismappearstobestrongbutinwardlyitisweak.Imperialismisapapertiger.Thesecondonethemorevividandcolorfulthanthefirstone.,ThepurposeoflearningfiguresofspeechItishelpfultodeepenourunderstandingofwhatwereadtoappreciatemorefullythefinerpointsofawritersstyle.tolearntowritebetterourselves.,5.1Simile,5.1.1Definition:E.g.1.JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.2.JimandBillyareaslikeastwopeas.,1.ordinaryliteralcomparison,fora)wearecomparingtwolikeelements-JimandBillyarebothhumanbeings;b)wemeanJimisliterallylikehisbrotherinappearance.,2.asimile,fora)Wearecomparingtwounlikeelements-humanbeingsandpeas;andb)wedontmeanJimandBillyareliterallylikepeas,butonlythattheyhaveonethingincommonwithpeas:greatsimilarityinappearance.,DefinitionItisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as.as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.marker:like,as,seem,asif,asas,soas,asitwere.,simile(明喻)用like等喻词联结两类不同的事物(主体和喻体)，以表明相似关系的比喻.-李鑫华英语修辞格详论,Characteristicsofasimilea.tenor(本体);vehicle(喻体)b.tenorandvehiclebelongstototallydifferentthingsofdifferentproperties.c.tenorandvehiclehaveonequalityincommon.d.similemarker(喻词)isusedtoconnecttenorandvehicle:like/as;Structure:(tenor)(similemarker)(vehicle),simile必须具备两个条件:一是本体、喻体和喻词三者缺一不可;二是喻词必须是like,as,asif,asthough等显性喻词。E.g.P171(1)(2),Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.MyluveislikearedredroseThatsnewlysprunginJune:o,myluveislikethemelodieThatssweetlyplayedintune.(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose),Considerifthefollowingexamplesaresimiles:Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.Iwasbornandbredamongbooks,andhavetheeasyfeelingwhengetintotheirpresencethatastableboyhasamonghorses.我是在书本中生，在书本中长的，一见到书就有一种自由自在的感觉，就像一个小马倌在马群中一样。,5.1.2PatternsofSimile1、用介词引导2、用从属连词引导3、用what引导4、用形容词比较级引导5、用并列连词“and”引导6、用theway或that引导-李鑫华英语修辞格详论-李亚丹汉英辞格对比研究简编,用介词引导最常用的介词是as和likee.g.Thetrainsflowedlikeatorrentofdiamondstowardstheinterior.火车像奔流的钻石一样像内陆流去。Inhisdreamhesawthetinyfigurefallasafly.,用从属连词引导E.g.Afarmlayquitevisible,like/asawhitestoneinwater.农庄清晰可辨，犹如白石映于水中。Thesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.蓝宝石像大海一样蓝,用what引导AistoBwhatCistoDWhatCistoD,AistoBE.g.Thepeopleistothepeoplesarmywhatwateristothefish.Whatthegunistoafighter,thepenistoawriter.,AsCistoD,soAistoB.(themainclauseintroducedbyso)Asthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。Aslungsaretotheanimals,soleavesaretotheplants.叶子之于植物，犹如肺之于动物。,用形容词比较级引导E.g.Therubyshallberedderthanaredstone.(?)Wehavenomorerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.我们无权只消耗财富而不创造财富，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。,用并列连词and引导E.g.Loveandcoughcannotbehidden.爱情像咳嗽一样掩盖不了。Ofsoupandlove,thefirstisthebest.恋爱如喝汤，头一碗最香。,用theway或that引导E.g.Thebestworkisdonethewayantsdothings-bytiny,tirelessandregularadditions.最好的作品都是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的-通过点滴、不懈、经常不断的增补而成。,Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.你把钱借给他好比/还不如把钱扔进海里。,5.1.3Threemainusesofsimile1、Descriptive（描述）2、Illuminative（阐释，启发）3、Illustrative（解释，说明）,DescriptiveAgooddescriptivesimilecandrawsharperpicturesintheandwithmuchmorebrevity.P173(6),IlluminativeTheilluminativesimiletriestogivedeeperinsightintopersons,things,ideas,evenproblems,throughsuggestiveassociation;tothrowlight,asitwere,ontowhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople.P174(8)(11),IllustrativeTheillustrativesimileistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorprocessesinsimple,concreteimagery.P176(12),5.2Mataphor,5.2.1DefinitionAmetaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.E.g.Theworldisastage.,明喻与暗喻的区别：明喻常用“似”“像”之类的比喻词，但暗喻则绝对不能用这一类比喻词明喻中的本体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中，但暗喻的本体和喻体可同时出现，或本体隐去，或喻体隐去。,E.g.Somebooksaretobetasted,othertobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.,明喻是“相类”关系，即只是客观比较，是人的一种认识。暗喻是“相合”关系，即是一种主观上带有内涵意义的融合，是人的审美能力与艺术想象力的再现。-陈望道修辞学发凡E.g.女人像花（女人是女人，花是花，各有所指）女人是花（女人与花不再分指，而是在美丽这一内涵上合二为一）,5.2.2PatternsofMetaphor(源自李亚丹）基本格式XbeY.Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是往桶里倒水，而是把火点燃。除了系动词外，还可用get,become,等Theindividualdropsofrainbecomeanarmymarchingoverfieldsandrooftops.,并列式本体喻体各自成句Fireprovesgold,adversityprovesmen。金从火中锻炼出来，人从忧患中磨练出来Inwateryoumayseeyourface,inwine,theheartofanother.,修饰式用定语和中心词之间的限定关系打比方Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.自由之树必须时常用爱国者和暴虐者的血去浇灌。（P180（6）Hehasanironwillandgoldheart.Thelecturerlookeddownattheseaoffacesbeneathhim.演讲者俯视下面无数的面孔。,喻体隐藏只有本体，喻体通过形容词，动词，或副词暗示。Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.（P180（5）Mysisterhasstarryeyes.Shesailedintotheroomelegantly.Hedoesnthaveanyideaofhisown.Hejustparrotswhatotherpeoplesay.他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。,5.3Analogy,Definition:Analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Functions:Analogyischieflyusedforthepurposeofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea.,E.g.P188(1)从结构上看，类比往往带有明喻和暗喻，它是通过比喻手法的综合运用来说明事理或情况的。,明喻/暗喻类比,两个不同事物的某一相似点。通过生动的形象来提高表达效果。,两个不同事物平行比较，尽可能的罗列出两事物间的相同或相似之处。通过比较，参照来阐明某个观念，某种道理，以使人信服。,5.4Personification,Definition:Personificationisafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想。感情与行为方式。,Functions:Thepersonificationofanimals,objects,andnaturalphenomenawilladdbeautyandvividnesstodescription.,E.g.1.MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.2.thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.3.P192(5)4.P193