国际法期末考试专用.doc

1、 国际法Definition of International law：国际法是指国家在国际交往中形成的，用以调整国际关系，主要是国家间权利义务关系的、有约束力的原则、规则和制度的总和。（Refer to a body of rules governing international relations.）International law is commonly used to describe the whole system of rules that regulate the relationship between/among states, international organizations, and other international legal persons.2、 与国内法相比，国际法的特征Features of international law compared with municipal law：A. Subjects Sovereign states, international organizations, and state-like entities are the principal subjects of international law, among which states are the key legal persons of international law. 调整对象即主体：(国内法)自然人、法人、合伙组织(国际法)国家、国际组织B. Law-making process Unlike the national law, international law is not made by one ruler, but by many equal rulers in the forms of treaty and custom. 法律制定程序：(国内法)存在立法机构。例如：议会。(国际法)无。通过磋商（国际条约）和国家习惯C. Law enforcementUnlike the municipal law enforcement regime, international law is not enforced by a centralized government. There is no international police. The international court can not exercise jurisdiction over states without their consent. International law is enforced by combined means of self-defense, collective defense, public opinion pressure, a limited organized force. 法律强制执行力：(国内法)有系统、有组织。例如军队、警察和司法机关。(国际法)不存在军队和警察系统，但司法机关存在，但司法权的行使必须征得争议国家的共同同意。3、 国际法之父 Father of International Law：荷兰人格劳秀斯Hugo Grotius“God has given conscience a judicial power to be the sovereign guide of human actions.4、国际法与国内法的关系Relationship between International law and Municipal Law：一元论Monism: One single legal system. It views the international law system and municipal law system as components(组成)of a single legal system. When the international law conflicts with municipal law, some monists claim that the international law shall prevail over(胜过)the municipal law, but other monists think that the municipal law shall have supremacy(霸权）over the international law. (一旦冲突，国内法优先或者国际法优先)二元论Dualism: Two independent legal systems.Dualists believe that international law and municipal law are independent with each other. Municipal law is designed to deal with domestic（国内的）issues and to keep domestic order, and on the contrary, international law is made to cope with（处理）international legal issues and to maintain international order. International law can not directly be applied in domestic society, conversely（相反的）domestic law can not impose itself on international legal system.(法律之间的适用不能转化，只能在各自调整领域范围内发生作用)5、国家地位的传统标准 Classic criteria for statehood：Permanent Population 永久的人口Defined Territory 确定的领土Government (with actual control over the territory) 政权组织（实际控制领土）Capacity to Enter into Relations with other States 参与国际事务的能力6、和平共处五项原则 Five Fundamental Principles：1）Principle of mutual respect for sovereignty and integrity of territory 互相尊重主权和领土完整2）Principle of mutual non-aggression 互不侵略3）Principle of non-intervention in domestic affairs 不干涉他国内政4）Principle of equality and mutual benefit 平等互利5）Principle of peaceful co-existence 和平共存7、国家类型 Types of States：Federal State 联邦制国家 eg: CanadaCentral State 单一制国家 Permanently Neutral State 永久中立国 eg: Switzerland瑞士、Austria奥地利Mini-State 小独立国 eg: Naura瑙鲁Vatican City State 教皇国 8、政府间组织 Inter-Governmental Organizations：1）Created by agreement between states 2）International personality depends on constitution3）International organization must have powers which are necessarily required by its functions9、联合国The United Nations： 1）宗旨Purposes of UNa. To maintain international peace & security b. To develop friendly relations among nations based on principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoplesc. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character and in promoting respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms d. To be the centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends2）结构六个重要机构 Structure of UN-Six principal organs General Assembly联合国大会- designed to be forum for discussion with narrow scope of power Security Council安全理事会 - the enforcement organ, little discussion, great power Secretariat秘书处- administrative, ceremonial, figurehead, depository of treaties Trusteeship Council托管理事会- oversaw trust territories, but suspended operation 1 Nov. 1994 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)经济及社会理事会- forum for economic and social issues International Court of Justice (ICJ)国际法院- dispute resolution (contentious cases) - guidance on international legal issue (advisory opinion)PS：Membership of Security Council 安全理事会的成员i. 15 members 15个成员国ii. 5 permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, UK, and US 五个常任理事国：中国、法国、苏联、英国、美国Security Council Voting Procedure 安理会投票程序i. On procedure requires 9 affirmative votes对于程序事项之决议，应以九理事国之可决票表决之ii. On all other matters: 9 affirmative votes including permanent members 对于其他一切事项之决议，应以九理事国之可决票包括全体常任理事国之同意票表决之a permanent member can abstain and wouldnt be considered as a vote against 一个常任理事国可以弃权并且不会被视作反对票a permanent member vote against would veto the resolution 任一常任理事国的反对票都可以否决决议10、国籍 Nationality of an individual：定义：An individuals nationality is a bond between an individual and a state that establishes their reciprocal rights and duties. 个人的国籍是一种规定了个人和国家相互之间权利与义务的契约。 Three ways to acquire nationality: 1. Parentage (blood rule) 血统主义 2. Place of birth (soil rule) 出生地主义 3. Change of nationality 国籍变更Special issue of dual or multiple nationality and statelessness. Reduce/eliminate dual or multiple nationality and statelessness: 双重国籍、多重国籍、无国籍的特殊问题。减少或消除双重国籍、多重国籍、无国籍： 1.Through municipal legislation 通过国内立法 2. By bilateral treaty 通过双边条约 3. By multilateral arrangement 通过多边协商11、国际法的渊源 Sources of International Law： Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of JusticeCourt shall applyThree ernational conventions 国际公约ernational custom 国际习惯c.general principles of law 一般法律原则12、条约 Treaties：Nature of Treaties 条约的本质1. Essential features 必要特征a. intention of parties to create binding obligations 各方意图创立有约束性的契约b. agreement to be governed by international law 协议以国际法为准2. Distinction is sometimes drawn between law-making treaties and treaty-contracts 区别有时存在于造法性条约和契约性条约之间a. Law-making treaties codify, define or interpret international law 造法性契约编纂、定义、解释国际法b. Treaty-contracts do not create general rules of international law, only create obligations between parties 契约性条约并不创制国际法的基本规则，只是制定各方之间的契约3. Binding force of treaties: Pacta sunt servanda 条约的约束力：条约必须遵守原则4. Generally based on reciprocal obligation; but unilateral declaration of intent may create international obligations under unusual circumstances 总体上基于互相之间的权利义务，但单方声明的意图会产生特殊情况下的国际契约条约的保留 Reservations：A. Definition of reservation 保留的定义B. Two separate questions arise: “permissibility” and “opposability”出现两个独立的问题：允许、可反对C. Legal effect of reservations 保留的法律效果D. Bear in mind procedural requirements; most important is that reservations must be made in writing and communicated to the contracting states. 牢记程序要求，最重要的是保留必须通过书面形式确定，并且传达给缔约国的沟通。E. Also keep in mind distinction between reservations and “interpretative declarations” 同时牢记保留与“解释性声明”之间的区别条约的解释 Interpretation of Treaties：1. Theoretical approaches to interpretation: there are three major schools of thought a. “Objective” approach b. “Subjective” approach c. “Teleological” approach2.Major differences revolve around issue of what material is brought into interpretation process; second and third approaches involve looking to extrinsic evidence including past treaties, past practice, etc.Two requirements：1.Consistent & general practice among states (objective element)2.Acceptance as law by states: opinio juris (subjective element)13、国家承认理论THEORIES OF RECOGNITION：Two theories of the effects of recognition1.Constitutive Theory 构成说2.Declaratory Theory 宣告说3. More accurate view is that recognition has both constitutive and declaratory aspects.14、国家豁免 State immunity:Scope of Immunity 豁免范围：1) government2) government organs 3) leader of government, ministers, officials and agents of the state in relation to their official acts4) public corporations independently created but operating in effect as government organs5) state owned property 15、绝对豁免与有限豁免 Absolute Immunity vs Restrictive Immunity： 1. Absolute immunity: any and all acts of the sovereign enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of courts of another State. 绝对豁免：任何与主权相关的行为有免于他国法院法律管辖的权利。2. Restrictive immunity: immunity should be enjoyed only for acts of a governmental nature not for commercial acts. 有限豁免：只享有针对政府性质行为而非商业行为的豁免权。3. Latter doctrine found increasing acceptance around the world. 后一种学说在世界各地越来越多地被接受。16、领土取得 JURISDICTION OVER LAND： 1.Occupation 先占 2.Cession 割让 3.Prescription 时效 4.Conquest 征服 5.Accretion 添附Jurisdiction Over Marine Zones 海洋区域管辖权17、领海 Territorial SeaTerritorial Sea (12 n. miles from baseline) 领海（从基线量起12海里）A. Distinction between territorial sea and internal waters. 领海和内水的区别。B. Drawing baselines 绘制基线Contiguous Zone (12 n. miles from territorial water)毗连区（从领海量起12海里）Ps: Normal Baseline正常基线 and Straight Baseline直线基线领海无害通过权（Right of innocent passage through the territorial sea）Foreign ship enjoyed by a countrys territorial waters innocent passage, is recognized as international law rules, the territorial sea and the contiguous zone convention and the UN convention on the law recognized harmless by right of the practice and make it as a kind of system. United Nations convention on the law provisions, in this convention, under the limit of all countries, no matter for the coastal state or landlocked, their ships shall have the right to harmlessly through the territorial sea.外国船舶享有经由一国领海的无害通过权，是国际法公认的规则，领海与毗连区公约和联合国海洋法公约均承认无害通过权这项惯例并把它确定为一种制度。联合国海洋法公约规定，“在本公约的限制下，所有的国家，不论为沿海国或内陆国，其船舶均享有无害通过领海的权利。Innocent passage means that referring to without doing damage to the coastal states ,no cases of peace, security and good order, without prior notice or consent of the coastal state licensing and on and on through the territorial sea or for entering the inland waters or from the internal to the high seas sailing through the territorial sea. 无害通过是指在不损害沿岸国和平、安全与良好秩序的情况下，无须事先通知或征得沿海国许可而继续不停地穿过领海或为驶入内水或自内水驶往公海而通过领海的航行。18、专属经济区 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)：A. Customary international law be codified by UNCLOS根据联合国海洋法公约编纂而成的习惯国际法B. Definition and breadth 定义和宽度 1. Specific legal regime beyond territorial sea 领海以外的具体法律制度 2. Overlaps with contiguous zone 与毗连区重叠 3. Not extending beyond 200 n.m. from baseline 不超过从基线起200海里C. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of coastal state 权利、管辖权和沿海国家的职责 1. Limited sovereign rights, mainly over natural resources有限的主权权利，主要是关于自然资源 2. Regulatory powers of coastal state in EEZ 沿海国家在专属经济区的监管权力 a. Artificial islands 人工岛屿 b. Conservation of living resources 生物资源的保护 c. Utilization of living resources 生物资源的利用D. Rights and duties of other states 其它国家的权利与义务19、公海 High Seas：A. Definition: all parts of the sea not in EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters of a State 定义：除专属经济区、领海、内水以外一个国家全部的水域。B. Legal regime of high seas 公海的法律制度 1. Freedom of navigation, over-flight, cable laying, artificial islands, fishing航行自由、飞越自由、电缆铺设自由、建造人工岛屿的自由、捕鱼自由 2. Reserved for peaceful purposes 只用于和平目的 3. Limited exceptions to freedom of navigation 航行自由的有限例外C. Flag-state jurisdiction 船旗国管辖权D. Right of hot pursuit 紧追权20、航空管辖Jurisdiction over Airspace：Civil Aviation Safety Regime 民用航空安全制度A. 1963 Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft 1963年关于在航空器上犯罪和其他某些行为的公约（东京公约）B. 1970 Hague Convention for Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 1970年关于制止非法劫持航空器的公约（海牙公约）C. 1971 Montreal Sabotage Convention 1971年关于制止危害国际民用航空安全非法行为的公约（蒙特利尔公约）21、国家对人的管辖权STATE JURISDICTION OVER PERSONSJurisdiction Over Offence 罪行管辖权A. Scope of Jurisdiction Generally 管辖权的总体范围B. Bases of Criminal Jurisdiction 刑事管辖权的基础1）Territorial Principle 属地原则2）Nationality Principle 属人原则3）Passive Personality Principle 被动人格原则4）Protective Principle 保护原则5）Universal Principle 普遍性原则6）By Agreement 依照约定22、和平解决国际争端机制INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT：Non-adjudicative Procedures and Adjudicative Procedure 非司法程序和司法程序1. Non-adjudicative Procedures 非司法程序a. Negotiation 谈判b. Good offices 斡旋c. Mediation 调停d. Inquiry 调查e. Conciliation 和解2. Adjudicative Procedures 司法程序a. Arbitration 仲裁b. Judicial settlement 司法解决23、国际法院 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE：Judges of the Court 法院的法官A. Composition of the Court 法院的组成1）15 members: elected by GA and SC of UN 15位法官：由联合国大会和联合国安全理事会选举产生2）Judges qualification 法官的资格3）Body as a whole should represent main forms of civilization and legal systems. 法官作为整体应当能够代表世界的主要文明形式和主要法系。B. The role of nationality 国籍的作用1）Only one judge of each nationality 每个国际只能有一名法官2）Party to a dispute may appoint a judge of its nationality if one is not already on the bench 争端各方可以指定一名该国国籍的法官如果该法官并不在法官席上。C. Overall composition of the Court has changed over the years to reflect the development of regional representation within the U.N. system more generally. 法院的总体结果在过去数年发生了一定变化以反应区域代表的发展在联合国系统中更加普遍。Jurisdiction of the Court 法院的管辖权A. Unlimited as to subject matter 对内容问题无限制B. Jurisdiction over States based on voluntary acceptance, which generally takes place in one of three ways:对于国家的管辖权是基于自愿接受的情况，一般以三种方式产生：1）By special agreement 通过特别协定2）By treaty provision 通过条约规定3）By way of optional clause” 通过“任择条款”的方式C. Court has final word on whether or not it has jurisdiction.法院对于是否具有管辖权具有最终意见。D. In certain rare instances, Court may be precluded from exercising jurisdiction over a dispute in which two parties have accepted its jurisdiction because of the effect of the judgment on third parties. 在某些罕见情况下，当争议各方已经由于法院对于第三方裁决的效果而接受了其管辖权，法院可能被排阻止行使管辖权。24、使用武力的依据 Justifications for the Use of Force：The Right of Self-Defence A. At customary international law: subject to requirements of necessity and proportionalityB. Right preserved in U.N. Charter Article 51C. Have developments in the last few years changed the parameters of the right of self-defense, particularly 9/11?25、三代人权 The notion of “generations” of rights：1）Civil and political rights as “first generation rights” 公民政治权利2）Economic, social and cultural rights as “second generation rights” 经济、社会、文化权利3）A “third generation” of rights, variously referred to as collective rights or solidarity rights（集体权利和连带权利）, was the subject debate in the 1970s and 1980s.a. Right to environmentb. Right to peacec. Right to development26、三个关于人权的公约：Human rights treaties generally establish committees to monitor treaty implementation, E.g.:a. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 消除种族歧视b. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 消除性别歧视c. Committee against Torture 消除逼供27、审判机构 Adjudicative Bodies： Adjudicative bodies set up pursuant to regional human rights instruments are the source of some of the most progressive and far-reaching human rights jurisprudence. 1）European Court of Human Rights 欧洲人权法院 2）Inter-American Court of Human Rights 美洲人权法院 3）African Court of Justice and Human Rights 非洲正义与人权法院28、国际环境法的当代发展 Selected Contemporary Developments：A. The Role of Non-State Actors 非政府组织的作用B. Sustainable Development: purporting to reconcile environment and development可持续发展C. Intergenerational Equity 代际公平D. The Environment, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 环境、人权和人道主义法律E. The Precautionary Principle 预防原则F. Environmental Impact Assessment 环境影响评价G. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 共同但有区别的责任H. Polluter Pays Concept 谁污染谁治理29、国际刑事法院THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT：Structure of Rome Statute: Preamble followed by Parts 1-13 1.Establishment of the Court 2. Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Law 3. General Principles of Criminal Law 4. Composition and Administration of the Court 5. Investigation and Prosecution 6. The Trial 7. Penalties 8. Appeal and Revision 9. International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance 10. Enforcement 11. Assembly of States Parties 12. Financing 13. Final ClausesPS：What Is International Criminal LawA. Has been referred to as a product of “the convergence of two disciplines:1. the penal aspects of international law and 2. the international aspects of national criminal law.B. Fairly loose and broad term, but us