2003博士科技论文讲座3.ppt

2020/6/6,Unit3,1,Unit3ElementsofThesesandJournalPapers(2),SectionCThemethodoftheinvestigationSectionDResultsSectionEDiscussion,2020/6/6,Unit3,2,SectionCThemethodoftheinvestigation,Themethodoftheinvestigationshoulddiscussthefollowingmatters:thenatureofthesampleandanycontrolgroups,thedataneededtotestthehypothesesortoanswerthequestions,thesourcesofdata,theproceduresfollowedingatheringandanalyzingthedata.,2020/6/6,Unit3,3,MethodofInvestigationshouldinvolve:,theparticipants,materials,procedures.,2020/6/6,Unit3,4,Materials,Identifyexactlywhatmaterialsyouusedtoconductyourresearch-reactants,enzymes,catalysts,organisms,experimentalsubjects(humanoranimal),etc.Youshouldalsoidentifyyourmaterialsspecificallyenoughthatanotherresearchercoulduseexactlywhatyouspecifytoreproduceyourresults.,2020/6/6,Unit3,5,Usefulexpressionstodescribematerials,例3：Theemployedamorphouspowderswerecomposedof采用的无定形粉末由组成。例6：Twosetsofcompositionsforwereusedintheexperiments.Thefirstsetis,consistingofand实验中采用两组化合物，第一组是，包含和。,2020/6/6,Unit3,6,Sample:,Theparticipantswere48peoplechosenfromasampleofthoseseatedbythefountaininfrontofCityHallat10to11AMonaMondayinthemonthofJuly1998.The18malesand30females,ranginginagefrom15to35,representedeverythirdpersonthatstoppedatthefountainforaperiodofatleast5minutes.Tenotherpeoplewhowerecontractedrefusedtofilloutthequestionnaire.back,2020/6/6,Unit3,7,SectionDResults,Thechapter(s)inthissectionshouldpresenttheresultsoftheinvestigationwithoutinterpretationorrevaluation,reportingnegativeaswellaspositiveresults.Ifyouwishtoaccompanyyouranalyseswithtablesorfigures,theseshouldsupplementthetextratherthansubstituteforit.Thebodyofthepapershouldbecomprehensibleevenifthereaderchoosesnottoconsultthetables.OnefinalruleforwritingtheResultssectionisthattheremustbenodiscussionintheResultssection.,2020/6/6,Unit3,8,DataandanalysisarereportedintheResultssection,aTheprocedures:A)Itbeginswithadescriptionofthedependentvariablemeasuresthatwererecordedduringtheexperimentalsession.Withateachingmachineexample,youwouldrecordthenumberoferrorsandthelengthoftimetoanswerthequestions.,2020/6/6,Unit3,9,B)Next,describethedatafromtheexperiment.Thedatayoureportwillgenerallybesometypeofsummaryoftherawdata.Forexample,perhapsyouaregoingtoreporttheresultsintermsofthemeansandstandarddeviationsoftherawdatarecordedduringthesession.Youmightsay,“Themeanandstandarddeviationofthenumberoferrorswerecalculatedforeachseriesof20questions.”,2020/6/6,Unit3,10,C)Thenrefertotheplacewherethesedatacanbefound.Datacanbepresentedineithertablesorfigures(graphs).Theyarelabeledusingnumbersandreferredtobynumber.Asanexample,youmightsay,“Themeanerrorsforeachseriesof20questionsisshowninTable1(orFigure1).”Ifyouhaveseveraldependentvariables,theresultsforeachvariablemayrequireaseparatetableorfigure.Rulesforthepreparationoftablesandfiguresaregiveninalatersectionofthisappendix,2020/6/6,Unit3,11,D)Afteryourefertoatableorfigure,youshoulddescribetheimportantfeaturesofthedatashowninthefigureortable.Thereismuchinformationpresentedinatableorfigureanditisyourjobtoaidthereaderincomprehendingit.Youmustpointouttheimportantfeatures,thegeneraltrends,andanyinversionsorpeculiaritiesthatseemtoyoutobeimportant;thatis,whichseemtobemorethanchanceoccurrences.,2020/6/6,Unit3,12,Usefulexpressionstodescribetheresearch,例2：Thispaperprovidesadescriptionof.Theprincipalresultofthispaperis.本文描述了，主要的研究结果是例4：Wehavepresentedempiricalstudiesofa我们提供了的实证研究。,2020/6/6,Unit3,13,SectionEDiscussion,TheDiscussionsectionexplainstheimplicationsofyourresults.Itfitstheresultsintothecontextofthefieldbyrelatingyourresultstootherwork,boththeoreticalandexperimental.Alongwiththeintroduction,itexplainswhyyourworkisimportant,howitcontributestotheadvancementofthefield.ItiscriticalthattheDiscussionbedonecarefullyandthoroughly.,2020/6/6,Unit3,14,AsRobertDayhasnoted:,“ManypapersarerejectedbyjournaleditorsbecauseofafaultyDiscussion,eventhoughthedataofthepapermightbebothvalidandinteresting.Evenmorelikely,thetruemeaningofthedatamaybecompletelyobscuredbytheinterpretationpresentedintheDiscussion,againresultinginrejection.”,2020/6/6,Unit3,15,Beginningwithaconcisestatementoftheimportantresults.Theinterpretationoftheresultsrelatedtotheresultsofotherstudiesonthesameorsimilarproblems,and/ortoanyrelevanttheorieswithwhichyouarefamiliarandcandocument.,2020/6/6,Unit3,16,Pointouthowyourresultsagreeordisagreewithpreviouswork,howtheyextendthebodyofknowledge,supportordisagreewiththeory,andsoon.Therelationofyourresultstootherresultsortheoriesmustalsoberationalized.Ifthereisagreement,itissufficienttosimplystateexactlywhattheagreementis.Inthecaseofdisagreement,2020/6/6,Unit3,17,Youshouldoffersomepossiblereasonsforthediscrepancy.Typically,thefirstexplanationthatwilloccurtoyouisthattherewassomethingwrongwithyourexperiment.Thismayormaynotbetrue,ifitistrue,pointoutexactlywhattheweaknesswasandwhy.,2020/6/6,Unit3,18,D.Discussinganyweaknessesorflawsinyourexperiment,aAnyweaknessesorflawsinyourexperimentthatlimittheusefulnessorgeneralityoftheconclusionsthatcanbedrawnshouldbediscussed.Whenyoureportaweakness,alsoexplainwhyitisaweakness,andindicatehowitcanbecorrected.Donotcreatealengthylistofcriticisms,thiswillonlycreateabadimpressiontothereader/reviewer.,2020/6/6,Unit3,19,E.Suggestingwhatthenextexperimentonthesametopicmightbe,a.Besuretoexplaintheexperimentinenoughdetailforittobemeaningful,andexplainthereasoningthatmakesitthelogicalstep.“Betterparticipantsshouldhavebeenused.”Youwouldneedtoexplainwhythecurrentsetofparticipantsweredeficientandhowthenewerparticipantswouldbedifferent.,2020/6/6,Unit3,20,Usefulexpressionstocomparewiththeotherresearch,例2：Theseresultssu