随堂练习题答案与解析Chp8_Development_Psycho

08-Motivation and EmotionApril Wang题目第1页，课件第82页01. B详见课件第36页。Erik Eriksons 8 psychological stages are:1. Trust VS. mistrust 2. Autonomy VS. self-doubt 3. Initiative VS. guilt 4. Industry vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. role confusion 6. Intimacy vs. isolation 7. Generativity vs. stagnation 8. Ego integrity vs. despair 33. Bconscientious: (of a person) wishing to do what is right, especially to do ones work or duty well and thoroughlypost-conventional stage: moral reasoning is based on well-thought-out, general moral principles.34. DCritical period: in animals, a period when the processes underlying the capacity are activated or stamped in.(in the first hours after birth, the period of maximum imprintability; the period before and after which imprinting is difficult or impossible.)36. Cthe other choices all indicate secondary sex characteristics.37. Blongitudinal studies要求持续研究一个对象。而在研究过程中，选择退出的对象则极有可能在性格等方面同于坚持下来的对象，因而使得实验结果invalid。题目第2页，课件第83页66.EAuthoritarian 的特点是不容分说，i.e. “demand their childrens compliance without discussion”Related:81. E一开始婴儿觉得自己嘴巴够放下拳头；发现放不下后把嘴张得更大了。即：Accommodation: The process by which modify our schemas to fit new information. Related: Assimilation: The process by which we incorporate new information into our existing schemas. 04. CIn the 1950s, Harry Harlow demonstrated that rhesus monkey infants need comfort and security as much as food, i.e. “attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment.”33. C据题意可知，例子中婴儿认识到object permanence，对应the first stage, sensorimotor, of the four in Piagets theory.64. Ccross-sectional research同时测不同年龄的人。题目第3页，课件第84页46. BGilligan是位feminist，ethicist，psychologist，也是Kohlberg的助手。她强调了男女道德评价标准方面的差异，即女性方面的道德注重人际关系，即题目中的relationships and social context。75. D根据Piaget的理论，Hypothetical thinking能力在Formal Operational Stage取得。Related:StageExplanationSchemasMental OperationsTheoretical ThinkingCognitive MilestonesSensorimotorAct on objects that are present and begin to develop schemas but incapable of operations1. Object permanence2. Goal-orientationPre-operationalAble to use schemas not present (symbolic thought)but lacks ability to perform mental operations1. Symbolic thinking2. Egocentrism3. Artificialism4. AnimismConcrete OperationalAble to access schemas and perform mental operations but still limited to experiences1. Reversibility2. ConservationFormal OperationalAble to use schemas, understand operations and apply both to theoretical questions not based on experiences1. Meta-cognition2. Hypothetical reasoning83. B见上表格。96. A见上页第66题表格。08. C同上页64题解析。题目第4页，课件第85页17. CNatural motor development; The effect of environment is slight.38. BSch