英语词汇学课件.ppt

英语词汇学课件,教材：1、陆国强的现代英语词汇学，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写。2、汪榕培、卢晓娟的英语词汇学教程，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写。3、汪榕培、王之江的英语词汇学，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写。4、汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的英语词汇学教程读本，上海外语教育出版社，英语编写。,英语词汇学,英语词汇学发展历史与现状：20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学作为一门独立学科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。,NatureanddomainofEnglishlexicology:Itisconcernedwith“thestudyofthemeaningandusesofwords”,dealingwithEnglishwords,theirorigin,meaning,historicaldevelopment,morphologicalstructures,semanticstructures,senserelations,idioms,formationandapplication.Inshort,itisthestudyofthesignificanceandusageofEnglishwords.,英语词汇学,英语词汇学,Itisatheory-basedcourseinwhichthebasictheoriesofEnglishwordsaremainlydiscussed.Nevertheless,itisapracticalcourseaswell,forinthediscussion,wewillcertainlydealwithagreatnumberofwordsandidiomaticexpressions,andsiteagreatmanyexamples.,英语词汇学,Methodsofstudy：1.synchronicapproachFromasynchronicpointofview，wordscanbestudiedatpointintime，disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.2.diachronicapproachFromadiachronicperspective，wordscanbeconsideredhistoricallyandbelookedinto:theoriginsandchangesinformandmeaning.,英语词汇学,UnitOneClassificationofwords:1.Byusefrequency，wordsmayfallinto:A.ThebasicwordstockItisthefoundationofthevocabularyandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstitutesasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary，itisthemostimportantpartofit.,英语词汇学,Mostwordsofthisstockhavefivecharacteristics:a.Allnationalcharacterb.Stabilityc.Productivityd.Polysemye.Collocability,英语词汇学,Ofcourse，notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethesecharacteristics.Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynation-wideuseandstability；butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocability.Therefore，“allnationalcharacter”isthemostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiatewordsofcommonusefromallothers.,英语词汇学,B.Non-basicvocabularya.terminologyb.jargon:bottlelinec.slangCertainwordsarelabeled“slang”notbecauseoftheirappearanceorpronunciationbutbecauseoftheirusage.Muchofslangiscreatedbychangingorextendingthemeaningofexistingwordsthoughsomeslangwordsarenewcoinagesaltogether.,英语词汇学,d.Argot:can-openere.Dialectalwordsf.Archaisms:thou,whereing.Neologisms:microelectronics,futurology,databank2.Bynotion,wordscanbegroupedintoA.Contentwords(notional,fullwords)Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.TheyconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyandthenumberisgrowing.,英语词汇学,B.Functionalwords(emptywords/formwords)Functionalwordsincludeprepositions,conjunctions,auxiliariesandarticles.Theymakeupaverysmallnumberofthevocabulary,remainstable.However,theydofarmoreworkofexpressiononaveragethancontentwords.,英语词汇学,3.Byusage,wordscanbegroupedinto:popularwordsandlearnedwords4.Bycharacter,wordsmayfallinto:abstractwordsandconcretewords5.Bymotivation(logicalexplanation),transparent(motivated)words(echo,compound,miniskirt)andopaque(non-motivated)words(egghead,eggplant,pineapple,pinenut,midwives,evil,news,blackmarket)6.Bymeaning,wordsmayfallinto:polysemicwordsandmonosemicwords,英语词汇学,7.Bymorphology,wordsmayfallinto:simplewords,compoundsandderivedwords8.Byorigin,wordscanbeclassifiedintoA.NativewordsNativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.,英语词汇学,Theyaresmallinnumberbuttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.Therefore,nativewordshavethesamecharacteristicsasthoseofthebasicwordstock.Apartfromthese,incontrasttoborrowedwords,nativewordshavetwootherfeatures.,英语词汇学,a.NeutralinstyleStylistically,nativewordsareneitherformalnorinformalwhereasthewordsborrowedfromFrenchorLatinareliteraryandlearned,thusappropriateinformalstyle.b.FrequentinuseNativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.,英语词汇学,B.Borrowedwords(loanwords/borrowings)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary.Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,loanwordscanbeclassifiedintofourclasses.Denizens,英语词汇学,WordsofthisgroupareearlyborrowingsfromLatin,Greek,FrenchandScandinaviansandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguageb.AliensThesewordsremaintheiroriginalpronunciationandspellingandcanbeimmediatelyrecognizedasforeigninorigin.kowtow,statusquo,emir,英语词汇学,c.Translation-loansWordsofthisgroupcanbesubdividedintotwoclasses:a)Wordstranslatedaccordingtothemeaning.mothertongue,aslipofthetongue(pen),surplusvalue,blackhumour,masterpieceb)Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound.ketchup,lama,英语词汇学,d.Semantic-loansWordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheformbuttheirmeaningsareborrowed.pioneerChineseborrowingsinEnglish:transliterationandloantranslation(1)words:(2)characteristicsofChineseborrowingsinEnglish:derivation,conversion,compoundingEnglishborrowingsinChinese,英语词汇学,随着借词的迅速扩大，成语、典故和警句也日益增加。英国前首相撒切尔夫人和美国近几届总统访华时，都在不同场合的讲话中有意引用中国的成语、典故和警句，借以表达他们的立场和观点。英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982访华讲话中引用了唐代诗人王勃送杜少府之任蜀州中的佳句“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”(Providedourfriendshipsurvives，distancesmeanverylittle；althoughdwellingfarhorizons，wecanstillbeasnearneighbours）；尼克松总统1972年访华时曾在宴会祝酒词中引用毛主席满江红和郭沫若同志中的警句“一万年太久，只争朝夕”（Tenthousandyearsaretoolong,seizetheday,seizethehour）；里根总统1984年访华时，在演说中引用了汉书中的谚语“百闻不如一见”（Toseeathingonceisbetterthanhearingaboutitahundredtimes）；,英语词汇学,克林顿总统1998年在访华演说中引用过中国成语“实事求是”（seekingtruthfromfacts）；奥巴马总统2009年在上海与中国青年对话开始前发表的演讲中引用了论语中的名言“温故而知新”（Considerthepast，andyoushallknowthefuture）；奥巴马总统又于2011年1月在为胡锦涛主席访美而举行的国宴上引用了管子权修中的谚语“一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计，莫如树木；终身之计，莫如树人。”（Ifyouwantoneyearprosperity,thengrowgrain;ifyouwanttenyearsprosperity,thengrowtrees;ifyouwantonehundredyearsprosperity,thengrowpeople.）,英语词汇学,kowtow用作名词时，表示“叩头”；用作不及物动词时，表示“跪下并使前额触地，以表示高度尊敬、崇拜或臣服”（“叩头”）和“卑躬屈膝”。“叩头”在中国是一种行礼致敬的方式，但在英美人眼中却有“奴颜卑膝”之嫌。难怪1816年英国出使来华的外交官阿默斯特(LordAmhurst)宁可冒犯“龙颜”，引起外交纠纷，也不愿下跪叩头。如：Imnotgoingtokowtowtoamerenobodylikehim.我不想给他这样的无名小卒磕头。Bepolite,butdontkowtowtohim.对他要有礼貌,但不要卑躬屈膝。,英语词汇学,fengshui在词性上除用作名词外，还可用作动词，表示“看风水”，如：Metzisapractitioneroffengshui,theancientChineseartofdesigninghomesandworkplacesinharmonywiththeforcesofnature.梅兹是一位职业风水先生。风水是设计住宅及工作场所时谋求与自然力协调和谐一种中国古代艺术。ItisatestimonialofinroadsfengshuihasmadeintheUnitedStatesthat,closetoayearlater,Scottisseekinga$5,000granttohireexpertstofengshuiaprison.这证明风水已入侵美国。将近一年来，斯科特正在寻找一笔5000美元的贷款，用于聘请专家来为一座监狱看风水。,英语词汇学,Shanghai首字母由大写转为小写（shanghai）后，词性也由地理名词转为及物动词。从前，美国的一些不法团伙用酒或麻醉剂使人失去知觉，然后强迫他们去做一般人不愿做的远航船上的水手，而他们远航的目的地，往往是中国的上海。所以，这种拐骗手段就被说成是“toshanghai”，后来这个词义慢慢扩大发展为“(用麻醉剂或烈酒)使失去知觉而被绑架当水手”和“(用武力或武力威胁)强行拘留；胁迫”等意。如：Tobecarriedorforcedonboardofashipinthismanneriswhatistermedinsailorparlancebeingshanghaied.以这种方式把人押至船上或强制上船，用水手的行话说，叫做绑架。,英语词汇学,Mostofmyguestsgetshanghaiedintogivingageneralknowledgetalktotheboys.我的大多数客人受到胁迫，只得对男孩们笼统谈了谈情况LongMarch在词性上除用作专有名词外，还可用作及物动词，表示“长途跋涉走完”，如：Theruralguerrillaslong-marchedtheirwaytothebaseinYenan.游击队员们长途跋涉，来到延安根据地。,英语词汇学,China首字母由大写转为小写（china）后，用作名词，表示“瓷器”，还可用作形容词，表示“瓷器般的”、“瓷器所特有的暗蓝色的”等，如：Sheisawomanwithasetchinaface.她是一位面如细瓷、表情冷漠的妇女。Itisachinaeyeddog.这是一条有暗蓝色眼睛的狗。,英语词汇学,ganbei不仅可用作动词，而且可用作名词，表示“干杯”，如：OneofthecordialcustomsinChinaistoganbeiaMao-taitodowninonedashaglassofthecountrysfamouscolourlesswheat-basedliquor.中国的礼节习惯之一是干杯茅台，即一口气喝下一杯这个著名的以小麦酿制的白酒。Ihavebeentomanysuchbanquetsandexperiencedthisganbeiculturemyself.诸如此类的宴会我参加过多次，亲身感受了干杯文化。,英语词汇学,UnitTwo:WordFormation1.Affixation(derivation)Accordingtothepositionswhichaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses.1)PrefixationPrefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.A.Negativeprefixes:apolitical;amoral;atypical,英语词汇学,B.Reversativeprefixes:decentralize;dehumanizeC.Pejorativeprefixes:maltreat;malpractice;psudo-scientific;psudo-democraticD.Prefixesofdegreeorsize:archbishop;arch-capitalist;hypercritical;macroeconomics;subheading;surtax;ultra-conservative;under-developedE.Prefixesoforientationandattitude:counter-accusation;pro-authorityF.Locativeprefixes:extra-curricular;extra-marital;intra-partyG.Miscellaneousprefixes:neo-Nazi;pan-European;proto-coalition;e-prints;e-journals;e-book;e-shopper;e-business,英语词汇学,2)SuffixationSuffixesprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Theymainlychangethewordclass.A.Adjectivesuffixes:classic/classical;comic/comical;historic/historical;economic/economical;electric/electricalB.Adverbsuffixes:ostrich-wise;education-wiseC.nik:folknik;peacenik;nogoodnik;citynik;Watergate;Irangate;Hurricanegate;Clintongate,英语词汇学,2.Compounding1)CharacteristicsofcompoundsSemanticfeatures:greenhand;flowerpotGrammaticalfeatures:bad-mouth;fineart;redtape;hotline2)FormationofcompoundsA.Nouncompounds:endproduct;toothpick;frostbite;tell-tale;crybaby;blueprint;chewinggum;stockholder;stakeholder;sit-in;B.Adjectivecompounds:law-abiding;warweary;far-fetched;forthcomingC.verbcompounds:bottle-feed;mass-produceD.stay-at-home;dog-in-the-manger;round-the-clockdiscussion,英语词汇学,3.ConversionThisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.Thesewordsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Sincethewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,soitcanbeknownasfunctionalshift.Conversiontonouns:eats;teach-in;stand-in;lay-by;eatablesanddrinkables;ifsandbuts;insandouts;prosandcons,英语词汇学,4.BlendingThemajorityofblendsarenouns,veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.Accordingtostructure,blendsfallintofourmajorgroups.(1)head+tail:cremains(cremateremains);dawk(dovehawk)(2)head+head:comsat(communicationsatellite);psywar(3)head+word:frenemy(friendenemy);agritourism;wizkid;(4)word+tail:Reaganomics(Reaganeconomics);guestimate(guessestimate);videophone;5.Clippingapprox;dorm;expo;gent;heli;lav;memo;prof;uni;wig;asst;dept;pub;,英语词汇学,6.AcronymyDependingonthepronunciation,wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms.(1)Initialisms:C.O.D.FIFA;IOC;WHO;OAU;ISBN;ISSN;GMT;IDD;id.i.e.IAEA;pk;CEO;FIE;GHQ;JV;MTR;SEZ;SOE;DIY;IOU;CBD;ATM;DJI;EU;GM;MP;PR;TP;LCD;GPS;3D;EMS;NW;GW;CNN;SCO;(2)Acronyms:OPEC;NATO;UNESCO;APEC;PETS;ASEAN;,英语词汇学,Discussion1.champ,con,co-op,ref,rev,rhino,sub,grad,gym,vet;2.AFAIK,ASAP,A/S/L,ATM,BBL,BBS,BRB,BTW,CUL,FAQ,GL,IDK,IM,IMO,IMS,IOW,NP,OIC,OTOH,PLS,POV,TBH,TY,UN,YW,PLO,EEC,IP,CAI,PM,CIA,ID,TB,NBA,FBI,ROM,TESL;3.botel,skylab,humint,advertistics,medicaid;,英语词汇学,ChineseBorrowingsinEnglish1.affixation:-er、-ism、-gram、-ology、-(olog)ist、-(iz)ation;-ian、-ese、-ist、-ic;-izeConfucius-Confucian-Confucianism-ConfucianistMao-MaoismMaoist-Maoize-Maoizationsilksilky-silkily-silkiness-silked-silkenTao-Taoism-Taoist-Taoistictea-teaette-teaey-tealessSino-Sinogram-Sinology-Sinophobia-Sinophile-Sinophobe-Sinological-Sinologist,英语词汇学,Hainan,Canton,Amoy,Hunan,Peking,Hainanese,Cantonese,Amoyese,Hunan,PekingeseBrainwash,Deng-brainwasher,DengerTang-tangramPeking-Pekingology-PekingologistMandarin-mandarinate-mandarinism-mandarinicSunYat-sen-SunYat-senismSplit-splittism-splittistMozi-Mohism-MohistRedGuards-RedGuardism,英语词汇学,Shanghai-Shanghailander-shanghaiertyphoon-pounding:Chinaaster,Chinabeans,Chinajute,Chinapheasant,Chinarose,Chinawoodoil,Chinacard,Chinatree,Chinawatcher,Chinagreen,Chinaberry,Chinablue,Chinagrass,Chinaink,Chinaorange;Chineseanise,Chinesecabbage,Chinesechopper,Chinesecorn,Chinesecostume,Chinesedragon,Chinesehorn,Chineselily,Chinesemushroom,Chineseorange,Chinesepuzzle,Chineseboxing,Chinesejacket,Chinesecalendar,Chinesecheckers,Chinesejujube,Chineselantern;,英语词汇学,teatowel,teatray,teatree,teabag,teahouse,teaspoon,teaservice,tearoom,teadrunkard,teacaddy,teapot,teastrainer,teacake,teafight,teatrolley,teacart,TeaAct,teaball,teatable,teacup;mandarinorange,mandarinduck,mandarinfish,mandarinoil,mandarinporcelain;3.conversion:1)n+vHeisagoodmahjongplayerandalwaysmahjongsinthegame.Nowadaysmostyoungpeoplehaveastrongyenforknowledge.ShehasbeenyenningforanopportunitytostudyinAmerica.,英语词汇学,2)n+adj/vMyfirstbusinessinthemorningwastopull,andhuskandsilkenoughcorn.Shehasonapairofpinksatinshoes.Eightofuspromisedtomeethereandteatogetheratfive.3)n+adv/vHekung-fustheguyintostupor.Hepaidthemtodoanupgradedversionofthetwistedlittletoon-inwhichSantaClausandJesuskung-fufighteachotherwhilefoulmouthedyoungsterscheerthemon.,英语词汇学,4)v+adjWewerereallygunghoaboutjoiningtheteam.5)v+nThecaptainslippedthecustomsofficialhiscustomarycumshawatthePortofShanghai.6)TVJerryisalsonotlikelytosharerealJerrysdevotiontoyoga.“Thatstuffwouldbetooyin-yang,tooNewAgeforTVJerry,”hesays.SheChin-chinsthecaptain.andthennodsherprettyhead.,英语词汇学,4.inflection1)teas,litchis,typhoons,Taoists,Sinophiles,Sinophobias,Maos,kaolins,pipas,chopsueys,fantans,dazibaos;2)fen,chi,mou,kin,yuan,wushu,qigong,taichi,fengshui;3)pailou/pailous;4)Thejiaoziaredelicious.5)barefootdoctors,runningdogs,springrolls,familyplanners,papertigers,capitalistroaders,dragon-boats,hundredflowers,英语词汇学,6)yenyensyennedyenning；wokwokswokkedwokking；zenzenszennedzenning；japanjapansjapannedjapanning；satinsatinssatinedsatining；cumshawcumshawscumshawedcumshawing；silksilkssilkedsilking；shanghaishanghaisshanghaiedshanghaiing；xiahaixiahaisxiahaiedxiahaiing；ganbeiganbeisganbeiedganbeiing；kowtowkowtowskowtowedkowtowing；long-marchlong-marcheslong-marchedlong-marching,英语词汇学,5.rhetoricalfeature:metaphorpapertiger;barefootdoctor;SonofHeaven;dragon;fnghuang/phoenix;dragonrobes;dragonthrone;TempleofHeaven;walkingontwolegs;GreatLeapForward;HundredFlowers;capitalistroader,英语词汇学,UnitThree:SenseRelationsLexicalMeaning:conceptual+associative(connotativepositive,neutral,negative;stylisticformal,informal;affectiveappreciative,neutral,pejorative;collocative.1.Polysemy:diachronic+synchroniccandidatewhite-robed;officeseekerinwhitegowns;apersonwhoseeksanoffice;apersonproposedforaplace,award,etc.,英语词汇学,2.Homonymy(1)Typesofhomonymy1)Perfecthomonyms:bank;race;lie;bear;date;pupil;seal;match2)Homographs:bow;wind;tear;lead;sow;minute3)Homophones:not/knot;plane/plain;route/root;pair/pear;right/write/rite.Ofthethreetypes，homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon.(2)RhetoricFeature:punlongtimenosee;longtimenosea.pray;prey.,英语词汇学,3.Synonymy(1)Types1)Absolutesynonyms:word-building/wordformation;breathedconsonant/voicelessconsonant;malnutrition/undernourishment2)Relativesynonyms:change/alter/vary;stagger/reel/totter;swing/sway.(2)Discrimination1)SemanticDifferences:degreeandintensity:extend/increase/expand;rich/wealthy;work/toil;want/wish/desireduration:flash/blaze;shudder/shiver;glance/peepmanner:stroll/stride/trot/pace/swagger/stagger/stumble,英语词汇学,angle:country/state/nation2)Stylisticfeatures:policeman/constable/bobby/cop3)Emotivecolouring:result/conseq