英语连词复习

连词,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,考点解密,在近两年湖南高考的语法填空中连词，都是两小题，占语法填空的五分之一，是考查的一个重要项目，具体考点有以下4大点：,考点1：并列连词,考点2：引导状语从句的连词,考点3：引导名词性从句的连接词,考点4：引导定语从句的关系词,考点1：并列连词,比较and和or1)并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon.Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。,注：when作并列连词，意为“就在这/那时”，主要用于1.Sb.was/weredoingsth.whensth./sb.did;2.Sb.was/wereabouttodosth.whensth./sb.did;3.Sb.was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.whensth./sb.did4.Sb.Hadjustdonesth.Whensth./sb.Did等句型中，表示“当某人或某物正在,正要做或刚刚做了某事，就在这时突然又发生了另一事”。,while用作并列连词，意为“而”，表示对比。HelikespopmusicwhileIamfondofcountrymusic.HewasplayingtheguitarwhilehissisterwaswatchingTV.,考点2：引导状语从句的连词,连接词when,while,as的用法区别：1while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是可延续的，而when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是可延续的，也可以是表短暂性动作的动词。如：When/Whilehewaseatinghisbreakfast,heheardthedoorbellring.WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.(不可用while)2从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。如：Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.3表示“随着”，连词用as，不用when或while。如：Astheelectionapproached,theviolencegotworse.4如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动作的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when,while与as可互换使用。如：When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.,_heheardthis,hegotveryangry.2.ImetLucy_Iwaswalkingalongtheriver.3._achild,helivedinthecountryside.A.whenB.whileC.as,对比训练1,A,B,C,1.Wewereabouttoleave_itbegantorain.2.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherson,_,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmyson.3.HardlyhadIfinishedmycomposition_thebellrang.A.whenB.whileC.asD.during,对比训练2,A,B,A,比较：because,since,as和for1）because是我们最常见到的，它所表示原因的语气最强，表示直接原因，它所引导的从句一般放在主句后面。because用于回答why的问句、引导表语从句、用于强调句等，而其余三者均不行。2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.3）since与as两者所表示的原因都是人们已知的，即对已知事实提供理由，而不是表示直接原因。since比as语气稍强，且比as略为正式，它们引导的从句通常放在主句之前,since常意为“既然”。,MystomachhurtsbecauseIhaveeatentoomanyapples.我肚子痛，因为苹果吃得太多。Thatsbecauseyoucantappreciatemusic.这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。ItisbecauseheishonestthatIlikehim.是因为他诚实我才喜欢他。Asyouwerentthere,Ileftamessage.由于你不在那儿，我留了个口信。Sinceyouarewrong,youshouldapologize.你既然错了，就应该道歉。Thegroundiswet,for(=because)itrainedlastnight.地面是湿的，因为昨晚下过雨。Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.昨晚一定下过雨，你看今天早上地面是湿的。(此句不能用because代for),考点3：引导名词性从句的连接词名词性从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些从句的连词有：(1)连词that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。(2)连词whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用if。,(3)连接代词：who(m),whose,which,what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。其中what除有“什么”“多么”外，还有“所的”之意，相当于thething(s)that。(4)连接副词：when,where,why,how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。(5)whoever,whatever,whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管”。,考点4：引导定语从句的关系词定语从句就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词及使用场合如下表：,注：(1)先行词是occasion常用when，先行词是case,situation,scenes等时常用where。(2)关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用forwhich代替。(3)以下情况只能用that引导定语从句：,当先行词是指物的all,little,few,much,any,anything,everything,nothing,none,theone时，或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时。先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last,next)、最高级形容词及theonly,thevery等修饰时。先行词包括人和物时。当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。,(4)不能用that引导定语从句的情况在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom,whose或which，且不能省略。当先行词是指人的all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people,he等时，只能用who。当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。(5)在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用ofwhich/whom或者ofwhich/whom都可以。,若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那空格处必定是填连词，否则，句子结构就不完整。根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。然后根据某种从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连词。如：一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定关系词，若在从句中作主语和宾语，用关系代词，若作状语就用关系副词。,解题技巧,例1Oneday,hecameupwithanidea35hewouldpluck(拔)upallofhiscropafewinches.Hedidsothenextday.,实例剖析,分析：因hecame和hewouldpluck是两个主谓关系，即两个句子，他们之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词；又因为“他想把禾苗拔几寸”就是“主意(idea)”的具体内容，可见后句是同位语从句；由于该从句不缺任何句子成分，并且意义已非常完整了，故填that。,例2Hewasverytiredafterdoingthisforawholeday,37hefeltveryhappysincethecropdid“grow”higher.,分析：因和hewas和hefelt是两个主谓关系，即两个句子，他们之间是逗号，而不是句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词；又因“很累”与“高兴”之间是转折关系，故填并例连词but。,例3Irealizedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingasto32shouldhavethehonourofreceivingmeasaguestintheirhouse.,分析：因to是介词，介词后一定是接宾语；又因shouldhave可知是一个从句来作to的宾语，即宾语从句；由句式结构可知，空格处一定是填作主语的连接代词，能“有幸接待我”的应是人，故填who。,例4theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorsetomycartopullittoasmalltownsome20kilometersaway36therewasagarage.,分析：因前后两个句子之间没有分号或句号，也缺少连词，一定是填连词；由句子之间的关系和句意可知，在大约20公里远的那个小镇上有修理厂，由此判断后一句是定语从句，asmalltown是先行词，且在从句中作状语，故填关系副词where。,一、单句填空：用适当的连词填空。并列句1.Ithoughtyoudbelatefortheconcert,_weendedupgettingthereaheadoftime.(湖南)2.Standoverthere_youllbeabletoseetheoilpaintingbetter.(全国)3.Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,_hiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.(山东)4.Theartistwasbornpoor,_poorheremainedallhislife.(重庆),but,and,for,and,5.Insomeplaceswomenareexpectedtoearnmoney_menworkathomeandraisetheirchildren.(四川)6.Youhavefailedtwotests.Youdbetterstartworkingharder,_youwontpassthecourse.(北京)7.Realityisnotthewayyouwishthingstobe,northewaytheyappeartobe,_thewaytheyactuallyare.(湖南),while,or,but,8.Betweenthetwogenerations,itisoftennottheirage,_theireducationthatcausesmisunderstanding.(全国I)9.Hewasabouthalfwaythroughhismeal_afamiliarvoicecametohisears.(辽宁)10.IgrewupinAfrica_atleastIshouldsaythatIspentmuchofthefirsttenyearsofmylifethere.(辽宁),but,when,or,名词性从句11.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate_theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.(北京)12._wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.(山东)13.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom_theirparentsspeakathome.(浙江),what,What,what,14.TomorrowisTomsbirthday.Haveyougotanyidea_thepartyistobeheld?(陕西)15.Thenews_ourathleteswonanothergoldmedalwasreportedinyesterdaysnewspaper.(上海)16.Thelasttimewehadgreatfunwas_wewerevisitingtheWaterPark.(天津)17._wantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.(浙江),where,that,when,Whoever,18.Havingcheckedthedoorswereclosed,and_allthelightswereoff,theboyopenedthedoortohisbedroom.(湖南)19.Theseasideheredrawsalotoftouristseverysummer.Warmsunshineandsoftsandsmake_itis.(天津)20.Whynottryyourluckdowntown,Bob?Thats_thebestjobsare.(浙江),that,how,where,定语从句21.TheScienceMuseum,_wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondonstouristattractions.(江苏)22.ChansrestaurantonBakerStreet,_usedtobepoorlyrun,isnowasuccessfulbusiness.(浙江)23.Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily,_theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.(安徽),which,which,where,24.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,mostof_arebeyondourcontrol.(湖南)25.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,thehandsof_weremadeofsmalldiamonds.(陕西)26.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.(全国)27.Weshouldntspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostof_arehealthy.(北京)28.Occasionsarequiterare_Ihavethetimetospendadaywithanykids.(山东),which,which,which,whom,when,29.TheywillflytoWashington,_theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.(重庆)30.Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders_consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.(江西)31.Thevillagehasdevelopedalot_welearnedfarmingtwoyearsago.(福建)32.Aftergraduationshereachedapointinhercareer_shehadtodecidewhattodo.(江西),where,where,where,where,33.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity_sight(看到)mattersmorethanhearing.(天津)34.Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,neitherof_wantedtobuyit.(安徽)35.Itisreportedthattwoschools,bothof_arebeingbuiltinmyhometown,willopennextyear.(四川),where,whom,which,状语从句36.Nancyenjoyedherselfsomuch_shevisitedherfriendsinSydneylastyear.(福建)37.Imsorryyouvebeenwaitingsolong,butitllstillbesometime_Briangetsback.(北京)38.TheresearchwilltakeJoanandPaulaboutfivemonths;itwillbealongtime_wemeetthemagain.(安徽)39.-DidyoureturnFredscall?-Ididntneedto_Illseehimtomorrow.(北京),when,before,before,because,40.-Whydidntyoutellhimaboutthemeeting?-Herushedoutoftheroom_Icouldsayaword.(四川)41.“Youcanthavethisfootballback_youpromisenottokickitatmycatagain,”theoldmansaidfirmly.(广东)42.Youdbetternotleavethemedicine_kidscangetatit.(山东)43.Intimeofseriousaccidents,_weknowsomebasicthingsaboutfirstaid,wecansavelives.(重庆),before,until,where,if,44.Inpeace,too,theRedCrossisexpectedtosendhelp_thereishumansuffering.(江西)45.Asmallcarisbigenoughforafamilyofthree_youneedmorespaceforbaggage.(全国)46._hehadnothurthisleg,Johnwouldhavewontherace.(全国II)47.Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterview_youhaveconfidence.(福建),wherever,unless,If,once/if,48.Hisplanwassuchagoodone_weallagreedtoacceptit.(陕西)49._theInternetisofgreathelp,Idontthinkitsagoodideatospendtoomuchtimeonit.(湖南)50.Manyofthemturnedadeafeartohisadvice,even_theyknewittobevaluable.(浙江)51._hungryIam,Ineverseemtobeabletofinishoffthisloafofbread.(辽宁),that,Although/Though/While,though/if,However,52.Thelawyerrar