商务英语——会计学Accounting

,商务英语会计学Accounting,目录,1.1Accounting-Definition,Accountingissimultaneouslyalanguage,atechnique,aprofession,andanintellectualdiscipline.Oftencalled“thelanguageofbusiness”,accountingprovidesthestructuralframeworkandthequantitativevocabularywithwhichproblemsandsolutionsinallthedisciplinesofbusinessmaybeexpressed.,会计是一种语言，一项技术，一个专业和一门学科。会计常被视为一种“商业语言”，为企业提供了结构框架和量化的财务信息，这些有助于所有商业学科领域中的问题和方案的表达。,Users使用者,Employees员工,Communityresidents社区居民,Investors投资者,Creditors债权人,Suppliers供应商,Clients客户,1.1Accounting-Users,1.1Accounting-FinancialData,Accountingcanbedefinedasthecollectionandprocessing(analysis,measurement,andrecording)offinancialdataaboutanorganizationandthereportingofthatinformation.,1.2Economicsproductcosting;customercosting;managementcontrol.,2.3Functionsofmanagementaccountinginformation,管理会计信息的功能有：经营控制、产品成本计算、客户成本计算以及管理控制。,Thesectionoftheannualreportcontainingthefinancialstatementsincludesthefollowing:年报中包含的财务报表主要由以下几部分构成：,3.1TheBalancesheet,Thepurposeofthebalancesheetistoreportthefinancialpositionofabusinessataparticularpointoftime.Financialpositionistheamountofresources(i.e.,assets)andtheliabilities(i.e.,debts)ofabusiness.Thereforethebalancesheetisfrequentlycalledthestatementoffinancialposition.,编制资产负债表的目的是报告企业在特定时点的财务状况。财务状况包括企业的资产状况及负债状况，因此资产负债表常常也被称作“财务状况表”。,Themodelforthebalancesheetis:Assets=Liabilities+OwnersEquity,资产=负债+所有者权益,资产负债表（账户式）,3.2TheDoubleEntryBookkeeping,运用前面所提到的等式，将资产记在左侧，称为借方，负债及所有者权益则在右边列示，称为贷方。在所有的交易中，会计分录至少有两行数据，借方和贷方。这种根据会计分录的形状命名的方法叫做“T”字形记账法。,Usingthebalancesheetequationabove,assetadditionsareplacedontheleftside,calledadebit.Liabilitiesandownersequityadditionsareplacedontherightside,calledacredit.Inalltransactions,journalentrieshaveatleasttwolinesofdata,adebitandacredit.Thismethodisalsocalled“T”accountingnamedaftertheshapeofthejournalentry.,Accrualbasisaccountingisrequiredundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples(GAAP).Accrualbasisaccountingmeansthatallcompletedtransactionsarerecordedwhentheyoccur,regardlessofwhenanyrelatedcashreceiptsorpaymentsoccur.,一般公认会计原则（GAAP）规定会计是权责发生制的。权责发生制会计是指所有已完成的交易在发生当期就要记录，而不管相关的现金是否流入或支出。,3.2TheIncomeStatement,利润表用来反映一个业务实体在一定会计期间内的利润情况。“利润”这一术语被广泛使用，但会计人员更偏向于使用“净利润”这一技术术语。利润表的模型是：收入-费用=净利润,Theincomestatementreportstheprofitperformanceofabusinessentityforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Thetermprofitisusedwidelybutaccountantsprefertousethetechnicaltermnetincome.Themodelfortheincomestatementis:RevenuesExpenses=NetIncome,利润表格式,3.3StatementofCashFlows(SCF),出现现金流量表的原因：收入并不总是等于向客户收取的现金，因为有些销售可能会赊账。此外，利润表上的费用也可能不等于这一期间支付的现金，因为这一期间发生的费用可能在下一期间支付。因此，现金流量表用来反映企业现金流的状况。,Revenueisnotalwaysequaltocashcollectedfromcustomersbecausesomesalesmaybeoncredit.Also,expensesreportedontheincomestatementmaynotbeequaltothecashpaidoutduringtheperiodbecauseexpensesmaybeincurredinoneperiodandpaymentmadeinanother.SotheSCFreflectsthebusinessspositionofcashflows.,StatementofCashFlows(SCF),现金流量表格式,4.1Shot-termSolvency短期偿债能力,Shot-termSolvency,Ratiosofshort-termsolvencymeasuretheabilityofthefirmtopayitscurrentbills.短期偿债能力比率衡量企业支付其短期债务的能力。,4.2Activity营运能力,Ratiosofactivityareconstructedtomeasurehoweffectivelythefirmsassetsarebeingmanaged.Thelevelofafirmsinvestmentinassetsdependsonmanyfactors,suchasseasonal,cyclical,andindustryconsiderations.,营运能力比率用来衡量公司资产管理的效率。公司资产投资的水平依赖于很多的因素，例如季节性、循环性以及行业因素。,Totalassetturnover=totaloperatingrevenue/totalaverageassetsTheratiomeasureshowefficientlyafirmisutilizingitsassets.Iftheassetturnoverratioishigh,thefilmisusingitsassetseffectivelyingeneratingsales.Iftheratioislow,thefirmmaynotbeusingitsassetsefficientlyandshouldeitherincreasesalesoreliminatesomeoftheexistingassets.,总资产周转率=总收入/平均总资产这个比率是衡量公司资产的利用效率。如果资产周转率很高，意味着对资产的利用很有效果；如果这个比率低，意味着该公司没能有效的利用资产，或者应该增加销售额和变卖一部分现存的资产。,应收账款周转率=总收入/应收账款应收账款周转天数=周期天数（365）/应收账款周转率这两个比率描述的是公司对应收账款的管理是否成功。他们反映公司信用政策的效果。,Receivableturnover=totaloperatingrevenues/receivable(average)Averagecollectionperiod=daysinperiod/receivableturnoverTheretworatiosdepictthesuccessofthefirminmanagingitsinvestmentinaccountsreceivable.Theyreflecttheeffectivenessofthefirmscreditpolicy.,存货周转率=营业成本/存货存货周转天数=周期天数（365）/存货周转率存货周转率描述的是存货从原材料生产到销售的速度。,Inventoryturnover=costofgoodssold/inventory(average)Daysininventory=daysinperiod/inventoryturnoverTheinventoryratiosmeasurehowquicklyinventoryisproducedfromrawmaterialsandsoldtocustomers.,4.3FinancialLeverage财务杠杆,财务杠杆是关于一个公司依赖债务而不是股权融资的程度。财务杠杆的计算被用于决定一个公司可能违反债务合同的可能性。,Financialleverageisrelatedtotheextenttowhichafirmreliesondebtfinancingratherthanonequity.Measuresoffinancialleverageareusedtodeterminetheprobabilitythatthefirmmaydefaultonitsdebtcontracts.,DebtRatio负债比率;InterestCoverage利息保障倍数.,资产负债率=总负债/总资产产权比率=总负债/所有者权益权益乘数=总资产/所有者权益资产负债率可以提供保护债权人免于债务人破产受到损失的信息，还可提供该企业吸引潜在投资机会而获得额外资金的能力的信息。,Debtratio=totaldebt/totalassetsDebt-equityratio=totaldebt/totalequityEquitymultiplier=totalassets/totalequityDebtratiosprovideinformationabouttherelativeprotectionforcreditorsfrominsolvencyandtheabilityoffirmstoobtainadditionalfinancingforpotentiallyattractiveinvestmentopportunities.,利息保障倍数=息税前利润/利息费用利息保障倍数率与公司的偿付利息能力直接相关。,Interestcoverage利息保障倍数=earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes(EBIT)/interestexpensesTheratioofinterestcoverageisdirectlyrelatedtotheabilityofthefirmtopayitsongoinginterestobligations.,4.4Profitability盈利能力,ProfitMargin利润率Netprofitmargin=netincome/totaloperatingrevenueGrossprofitmargin=earningsbeforeinterestandtax(EBIT)/totaloperatingrevenue净利率=净利润/总营业收入毛利率=息税前利润/总营业收入,ReturnonAssets(ROA)资产收益率Netreturnonassets=netincome/averagetotalassetsGrossreturnonassets=earningsbeforeinterestandtax/averagetotalassets净资产收益率=净利润/平均总资产总资产收益率=息税前利润/平均总资产,ReturnonEquity(ROE)权益收益率Returnonequity=netincome/averagestockholdersequity权益收益率=净利润/平均股东权益,PayoutRatio股利支付率Payoutratio=cashdividends/netincomeRetentionratio=retainedearnings/netincomeRetainedearnings=netincomedividends股利支付率=现金股利/净利润留存比率=留存收益/净利润留存收益=净利润-股利,TheSustainableGrowthRate可持续增长率Sustainablegrowthrate=ROEretentionratio可持续增长率=权益收益率留存比率,4.5MarketValueRatios市场价值比率,Price-to-Earnings(P