雅思语法PPT幻灯片.ppt

英语语法学习,GrammarForIELTS,1,没有语法基础（1）阅读中读不懂长难句（2）听力中听不懂长难句（3）口语中讲不出有高水平语法结构的话(4)写作中只懂写简单句，不懂复合句或长难句,2,雅思阅读,3,雅思写作,4,GrammarAmericaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）Thelastthingthatstudentswanttodoisperhapstotaketests.（定语从句）,26,定语从句-关系代词,27,难点1HeisthemanthatIcandependon.HeisthemanonthatIcandepend.HeisthemanonwhomIcandepend.,介词+关系代词构成介宾短语时，只能用介词+which/whom,不能用介词+that/who,which,Theworldthatweliveinismadeupofworries.Theworldin_weliveismadeupofworries.,28,难点2常用that先行词被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,little,序数词，最高级，theonly修饰时用thatTheonlything_Icandoiswaiting.我想指出的第一个原因是离婚率的不断提高ThefirstreasonthatIwouldliketopointoutistheeverincreasingdivorcerate.,that,29,难点3省略that关系代词在从句中作宾语可以省略，作主语时不可以WhathappenedtotheOreos(that)Ileftinthecounter?Afarmerputsanadvertisementinthenewspaper:“Ineedawifewhoownsatractor.Pleasesendpictureoftractor.”,30,定语从句-关系副词When,where,how,why,在从句中作状语Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.ThisisthedaywhenIfirstmether.Thisisthereasonwhyherefusedmyhelp.CouldyoutellmethewayhowIgettotheway-out?,31,写作高分句Childrentendtoimitatethewaytheirparentsthink,speak,actandfeel.1.Anorphanisachild_parentsaredead.2.Theplace_wespentourhoneymoonwasfantastic.3.Idontknowthemanto_Ispokeonthephone.4.Imetagirl_knowsyou.,whose,where,whom,who,32,非限制性定语从句限定性定语从句V.S非限制性定语从句无逗号，更像定语有逗号，更像补语从句与先行词之间关系松散，从句删去，先行词不受影响Samhastwodogs,whoarebothhushpuppies.Christinalikescooking,whichIamgladtohear.,33,口语高频句型，whichmeans,whichsays,whichisgreat写作高分句型Prisonsaresetuptocombatcrime,whichisbeyondanydoubt.,34,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）,次要句子成分-状语,35,状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）,36,总结1.S+Vt+O2.S+Vi3.S+Vi+prep+O4.S+系+表,定语,状语,37,1.Peoplewhoworkforcharitableorganizationsusuallydosobecausetheywanttohelppeopleinneed.在公益组织工作的人是为了帮助别人。2.Animaltestingisabarbaricpracticethatdeprivesanimalsoftherightofsubsistence.动物实验是野蛮的做法，它剥夺了动物的生命权。3.Geneticengineeringisasafeandpowerfultoolthatwillyieldunprecedentedresults,specificallyinthefieldofmedicine.基因工程是一种安全和威力强大的工具，将产生史无前例的成效，特别是在医学领域。,Exercises翻译以下句子,38,4.OnereasonwhyIsupportthebuildingofamoderngymisthatphysicaleducationclassisveryimportanttothewell-beingofstudents.我支持兴建一座现代化体育馆的理由是，体育课对学生的健康是非常重要的。5.This,asaresult,hasmadedirectface-to-facehumancontactlessandlessnecessary,whichhasledtohumanrelationshipsbecomingmoreconfusing.结果，这也导致人们面对面接触的机会越来越少，从而使人们的关系越来越淡漠。6.Weshouldtakeprideinourculturallegacyhandedfromourancestors,whichreflectsourbrillianthistoryandrichculture.我们应该为祖先流传下来的文化遗产感到自豪，它们反映了我们璀璨的历史和丰富的文化。,39,7.那些反对强制退休制度的人持有以下理由。（mandatoryretirement）Thosepeoplewhoareagainstmandatoryretirementhavethefollowingreasons.8.传统学校提供一些文化和体育活动，这些是在家接受教育的小孩所没有的。Traditionalschoolsofferculturalandsportsactivitiesthatthehome-schooledchildwillmissouton.9.博物馆是游客体验当地文化和了解当地历史的好地方。Amuseumisagoodplacewheretouristscanappreciatethelocalcultureandbetterunderstandthelocalhistory.10.许多政府禁止克隆人是因为克隆人不合伦理道德。(morallywrong)Thereasonwhymanygovernmentsbanhumancloningisthatitismorallywrong.11.这就是许多人强烈反对城市禁养宠物的原因。Thisisthereasonwhymanypeoplearestronglyagainstthebanonpetsinbigcities.,40,第二讲简单句五大句子结构,S十V主谓结构S十V十O主谓宾结构S十V十O1十O2主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构S十V十P主系表结构说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语,41,主系表结构,Iamaboy.Predicative(表语)：用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态，可以由名词、形容词，分词或介词短语等充当，说明主语是什么或怎么样Linkingverb(系动词):有时态，接表语,状态系动词be,seem,appear,keep,remain,stay,prove,turnout),动态系动词(get,fall,grow,turn,go,become),感官系动词（sound,look,taste,smell,feel),42,be动词,43,状态变化系动词,多指朝坏的方面变化,wrong,bad,mad,hungry,blindetc.,44,appear,seemHeseems/appears(tobe)verynervous.alive,alone,asleep,awake等形容词前加tobeIdidntgoinbecausesheappearedtobeasleep.(不用appearedasleep)当某个名词说明主语是谁或是什么时，这个名词前要用tobe.Hewentthroughwhatappearedtobealockeddoor.-ing形式前面用tobeItseemstobegrowingrapidly.当我们就作为主语的人或者事发表意见时，常省略tobeSheseems(tobe)averyefficientsalesperson.,45,become,get非正式讲话、祈使句、以及getbroken,get,dressed,getkilled,getlost,getmarried,getwashed等中，用getDontgetupsetaboutit!谈论某种抽象或者技术性变化过程时，多用becomeHebecamerecognisedastheleadingauthorityonthesubject.Theirbodieshavebecomeadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.系动词后面的名词描述某种工作上的变化，用becomeDrSmallmanbecameanadvisertotheUSgovernment.,46,go,turn表示颜色变化时用go或者turnThetrafficlightsturned/wentgreenandIpulledaway.go常用来表示令人不快的变化gobad,gooff,gomouldy(食物发霉），godead,gomissing,gowrong,gomad,gocrazy某人到了某个年龄用turn,某种物质或东西变成另外一种事，用turnintoHeturnedsixtylastyear.Ie,grow表示逐渐的变化,后接带to的不定式Ieventuallycame/grewtoappreciatehiswork.,47,1.Whenwe_up,weregoingtohelpbuildupourcountry.2.Herface_red.3.Themeat_bad.5.Themachine_outoforder.6.Myfatherwassotiredthathe_asleepquickly.7.Hehas_anexcellentactor.=Hehas_excellentactor.8.Myson_6yearsoldinJuly.9.He_paidforteachingothers.10.Isawthatthegardenhad_wild,grow,turned,went,got,fell,come,get,fall,grow,turn,go,become,run,become,turned,turned,gets,run,48,表语的构成,Iamaboy.adj.我很幸运！n.我是个幸运儿！/今天是个礼物。pron.我是你！/这狗是Sam的。/Youaresomebody.prep./prep.+Object算我一个！/电视开着呢！我在北京。/这个礼物是给你的。/这个我请了。5.非谓语v.done/doing/todoHerwishwastobecomeanartist.Myjobisteaching.Thisdogisfrightening/frightened.,49,6.从句写作口语万能句型ThetruthisthatThepointisthatTheproblemisthatThethingisthatThetruthisIamtheIronMan.ThethingisthereisareasonwhyIvebeenaloneallthetime.,50,第三讲并列句与复合句,ThegirlsawKingkong.ThegirlfellinlovewithKingkong.ThegirlsawKingkongandfellinlovewithhim.由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。,51,并列句的分类,表并列。常用连词有and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,then等。TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.Hecouldneitherreadnorwrite.Henotonlystudieshard,butalsolikessports.表选择。常用连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.Eitheryoudidntunderstandthis,oryouwerenotcareful,52,表转折。常用连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.Tomwasnottherebuthisbrotherwas(there).Therewasnonews,nevertheless,shewentonhoping.表因果，常用连词有so,for,therefore等。Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Hehurried,foritwasgettingdark.Helikedthebookverymuch,soIgaveittohim,53,复合句,由两个或者两个以上有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。其中一个句子是主体，叫主句，其他句子叫从句。,包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。从句就是一个从句在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。,54,第四讲动词四类与五大基本时态,1.实义动词99%：及物动词Vt.+不及物动词Vi.2.系动词:3.情态动词我们可能会输的！Wemustlose!我们输得起！Wemaylose!我们必须输！Wecanlose!4.助动词AuxiliaryVerb,can,couldshall,shouldwill,wouldmay,mightmust(haveto),表达微妙情感，用法随时态变化,一be:isamare四变:getbecometurngo五感官:feeltastesmellsoundlook,55,mustVShaveto1)must没有时态和人称变化强调主观要求，仅用于现在时和将来时2）haveto(havegotto)强调客观的要求或外在的原因，可以有任意时态比较：Youmustntwaithere.(itisnotallowedtowaithere.)Youdonthavetowaitforages.(itisnotnecessarytowait),56,neednthavedonesth.didntneedtodosth.didnthavetodosth.表示过去无需做某事，而事实上也没有做这件事时，用didntneedtodosth,didnthavetodosth.ChrisandJunephonedtosaythattheycouldntcometoeat,soIdidntneedto/havetocookdinner.表示过去无需做某事，而事实上却做了，用neednthavedonesth.Ineednthavecookeddinner.Justasitwasready,ChrisandJunephonedtosaythattheycouldntcometoeat.,57,4.助动词AuxiliaryVerb自身没有词义，不可单独使用,用来构成时态和语态HedoesnotlikeEnglish.助动词的功能表示时态IhavebeentoAmerica.构成疑问句Doyoulikecollegelife?与否定副词not合用，构成否定句Idonotlikesports.加强语气Docometotheparty.,58,五大基本时态1.一般现在2.一般过去3.现在完成4.一般将来5.现在进行,59,一般现在时经常或习惯性动作IuseInterneteveryday.常用频率副词alwaysusuallyoftensometimesnever表示状态Iamastudent.Doesyourfatherhavemanyfriends?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesnt.事实或者真理Thesunrisesintheeast.,60,雅思小作文黄金句型Thegraph_informationconcerningsalesandprofitsoftwomanufacturingcompanies.,gives,61,一般过去时表示过去特定时间的动作，与表示过去的时间状语连用Isleptforeighthourslastnight.前天7.这周今早8.上周今晚9.去年今夜10.前年昨夜11.五个小时以前前天夜里12.一个月前,thedaybeforeyesterdaythismorningthiseveningtonightlastnightthenightbeforethat,thisweeklastweeklastyeartheyearbeforelastfivehoursagoamonthago,62,写作高分句TherewasasteepclimbinhousepricesduringthefirsthalfoftheyearTheyear2012_asteepclimbinhouseprices.,saw,63,现在完成时have/has+done站在现在“回顾”过去过去动作对现在的影响时间副词：yet,just,before,ever,neverrecently=lately,Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore.Ivejustarrivedbytrain.,64,过去的动作延续到现在时间段for+时间段since+时间段sofaruptillnow/presentinthepastfewyearstheseyearsHehasbeenmarriedsincelastJuly.Wehavebeeninloveforsevenyears.,65,写作高分句然而从2005年开始英国女性使用电脑的人数超过了男性。However,BritishwomenhasovertakenBritishmeninInternetusagesince2005.,66,一般将来时预测，计划，愿意去做某事shall/will+doshall第一人称I或者we后will所有人称，缩略为llshallnotwillnot=wont,67,其他句型表一般将来时1.betodosth.Sheistobemarriednextmonth.2.beabouttodosth.正要，马上就要Thefoodisabouttobeserved.写作高分句Withoutadoubt,evengreaterchangesaregoingtohappenintechnologyusedintheworkplace.,68,现在进行时,一直或有时Ido,Past,Now,Future,Iamdoing现在说话的时刻,69,常用时间状语now,atpresent,thesedaysTheheatwaveisapproaching.ComingsoonYouarenotgoing.,70,第五讲被动语态,Ifireyou.Youarefired(byme).被动语态语态：主语与谓语动词之间的主客观关系的动词形式。主动语态：主语是动作的发出者“把”被动语态：主语是动作的承受着“被”结构：be+done,71,三种常见的被动语态一般现在时：am/is/are+doneKickingisprohibitedinthismatch.2.一般过去时：was/were+doneImafraidahugemistakewasmadehere.WhenIwaskidnapped,myparentssnappedintoaction.Theyrentedoutmyroom.3.进行时：bebeing+doneIambeginningtofeelIambeingforgotten.Thefarmersarecuttingdownthetreesonthehill.Thetreesonthehillarebeingcutdownbythefarmers.,72,4.情态动词被动语态Lifeislikemusic,itmustbecomposedbyear,feeling,andinstinct,notbyrule.作文高分句：纸书永远不会被电子书所取代。P-bookswouldnotbereplacedbye-books.5.完成时的被动语态have/had+beendoneThispathhasbeenplacedbeforeyou.Thechoiceisyoursalone.,73,6.一些使役动词(let,have,make等)或感观动词(see,hear,watch,中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动时，要补上to。如：Thebossmakestheworkerswork18hoursaday.Theworkersaremadetowork18hoursadaybytheboss.Isawhimenterthehouse.Hewasseentoenterthehousebyme.Theteacherletthemleavetheclassroomafterclass.Theywerelettoleavetheclassroombytheteacherafterclass.Wehearhersingintheroomeveryday.Sheisheardtosingintheroomeveryday.注意当使用see/hear/watchsbdoingsth时，变为被动语态时，doing保持不变。如：Isawhimgoingintotheshop.(主动)Hewasseengoingintotheshop.(被动),74,使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表,go,75,第六讲动名词,动词+ing=动名词我爱玩。Ilikeplaying.玩是宾语。玩貌似动词，实为名词玩貌似动词，可接宾语有动词属性，可接宾语可以在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语,76,动名词结构Beingdeeplylovedbysomeonegivesyoustrength;whilelovingsomeonedeeplygivesyoucourage.,77,写作高分句Somepeoplearguethatbeingeducatedathomewouldbegoodforchildren.,78,动名词做主语谓语动词用单数Gettingmadatothersmeansotherpeoplearegettingcontrolofyouremotions.It做形式主语1)Itisnouse/good/useless+doing2)Itisawasteoftime+doing3)Itisfun+doingItsnousecryingoverspiltmilkThereisnojokingaboutthematter.Itisfunplayingwithchildren.,79,动名词做表语Myfavoritesportisplayingbasketball.动名词做宾语Icantimaginesayinggoodbyetoyou.,避免，错过，（少）延期建议，完成，（多）练习喜欢，想象，禁不住承认，否定，（又）妒忌逃避，冒险，（多）原谅忍受，保持，（不）介意,avoid,miss,postpone/putoff,suggest,finish,practice,enjoy,imagine,canthelp,admit,deny,envy,escape,risk,excuse,stand,keep,mind,80,动名词的完成式动名词的动作发生在主语的动作之前Samcongratulatedmeonhavingwonthespeechcontest.动名词的否定式Iwasangryatnotbeingtoldthetruth.,81,黄金用法介词+动名词在句中做伴随、时间、原因、方式等状语常用介词：without,insteadof,before,after,for,by,onSamalwaysknocksbeforeenteringaroom.(时间）Samapologizedtomeforcominglate.(原因）,82,Youwouldhonormebytranslating.,83,写作高分句Banningactivitiesoftenincreasestheirpopularitybymakingthemseemmoreexciting.,84,doingVStodo意义相同start,begin,continue我是10年前开始学英语的。IbegantolearnEnglish10yearsago.=IbeganlearningEnglish10yearsago.意义不同love,like,hateIlovedrinkingalltheday.Ilovetodrinkatthismoment.,+doingsth.表示一种习惯=always+todo表示一次的行为=now,85,黄金口语小句型Ihatetodosth.不想，不情愿Ihatetosaythis,butyouarewrong.Hatetobreakittoyou,but,86,1remember/forget,todo动作尚未发生,doing动作已经发生,2.try,todo设法、努力去做，尽力,doing试试去做（看有何结果）,3.mean,todo打算做（主语一般是人）,doing意味着（主语一般是物）,4.regret,todo对将要做的事抱歉,doing对已经发生的事感到后悔,5.stop,todo停下去做另外一件事,doing停止做手头的事情,87,1.Thenewsthatourteamhadbeendefeatedwasdisappointed.2.LucydosentmindtolendyouherMP3.3.Aftertakehismeasure,theydecidedtogivehimtheposition.4.Whichdoyouenjoyspendingyourweekend,fishingorshopping?5.IstillremembertakentoShanghaiwhenIwasachild.,disappointing,lending,taking,tospend,being,Correctthemistakesineachsentence.,88,6.Iamnotusedtobespokentolikethat.7.Wewouldappreciatetohearfromyousoon.8.Peoplesometimescanthelptobuysomethingtheywontneed.9.IcanhardlyimaginePetersailsacrosstheriver.10.Tonywasveryunhappyforhavingnotbeeninvitedtotheparty.,being,hearing,buying,sailing,nothaving,89,90,91,92,93,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,复合句:主句+从句主句单一性原则：在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句(从句可以有若干个)S+V+O,S+V+O()SVO,and/butSVOSVO,引导词+SVO,94,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,三大从句：名词性从句：主语从句、同位语从句、强调句型形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句,95,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,名词性从句（1）主语从句结构：That+句子how,why,when,who，whether+句子what,whatever+句子,96,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,ExampleThattheancestorsofbirdsaredinosaursisknown改写：Itisknownthattheancestorsofbirdsaredinosaurs.,97,将以下句子改为It开头Thathehasntphonedisodd.Whyheleftwasntimportant.Whenhellbebackdependsmuchontheweather.Howitwasdonewasamystery.Whoistobesenttherehasntbeendecided.,98,翻译以下句子Whatyousaidisperfectlytrue.Whatisoverisover.Whatevershedidwasright.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.,99,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,（2）同位语从句:同位语：n1,n2n1=n2同位语从句s,n,v.o.s,that引导从句,voe.g.Juliet,mybestfriend,istallerthanme.Thefact,thattheancestorofbirdsaredinosaurs,isknown.可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，如：view,idea,suggestion,fact,reason,conclusion,doubt.e.g.Thereisnodoubtthathewasafinescholar,100,Test:Analyzethesentencestructure(1)Thoughtheactualboundariesandsizesandshapesoftheplatesarenotknownforsure,ithasbeenpostulatedthattherearesixmajorplates.(2)ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthesinglesupercontinentknownasPangaeaindeedexisted,thatPanagaeasubsequentlybrokeapartintotwogiantpieces,GondwanalandinthesouthandLaurasiainthenorth,andthatthecontinentsattachedtothevariouscrystalplatesseparatedanddriftedinvariousdirections.,101,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,（3）强调句型:Itis.that+SV/+VO.注意强调句型的结构“Itis/was+被强调部分+who/that+其它部分”，此结构常译为“是；正是”。其特点是：去掉强调结构“Itis/waswho/that”原句仍成立Itwasabout600yearsago_thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.A.thatB.untilC.beforeD.when,102,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,强调句型:Itis.that+SV/+VO.注意who和that的选用:在强调句型中，若被强调部分是主语，且指人时，可用who代替that；若被强调部分是宾语，且指人时，可用whom代替that；但若被强调部分是状语时，则只能用that，即使指时间、地点、原因等，也不能用when，where或because等替代。如：,103,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,ItwasmysisterwhomImetinthestreetyesterday.ItwasonlywhenIrereadhispoemsrecentlythatIbegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.ItwasforthisreasonthatherunclemovedoutofNewYorkandsettleddowninasmalltown,104,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,强调句型:Itis.that+SV/+VO强调句型通常强调主语、宾语和状语，一般不强调谓语。需强调谓语时，要在谓语动词原形前面加上助动词do，does或did，尤其是在祈使句或肯定句中，用来加强语气。如：Dotellmewhereonearthyouarenow!Boysandgirls,letmetellyousomethingthatdoessoundstrange.Tomysurprise,hedidcomehereontimelastnight.,105,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,形容性从句：定语从句引导词：:that,which,who,whom:when,where,whose结构：第类引导词第类引导词+VO=a+SVO=a+SV=a,106,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,举例第I类引导词Thisisthepigthat/whichisveryfatThisisthepigthat/whichIateThisisthepigfromwhichImakefunThisisthepig,whichisveryfatThisisthepig,whichIateThisisthepig,fromwhichImakefun,107,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,第II类：whose,when,where+SVOThebook,whosecoverisred,isquiteinteresting.ThisistheplacewhereIgrewup.=inwhichIgrewup.,108,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,形容词性从句的省略当that/which/whom在定于从句中充当宾语时，可以将它们省略：ThisisthemovieIlove.当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，并且从句中的谓语动词为be动词时可将它们省略n.that/which+ben,Thehouse,whichwasbuiltin1919,wasdestroyed.Thehouse,builtin1919,wasdestroyed.,109,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,个别情况下,which或as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句Astheplatesdrifted,theymayhavediverged,whichwasassociatedwiththespreadoftheseafloor,ortheymayhaveconverged,whichresultedincollision,seductionandmountainbuilding,110,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,(III)副词性从句:省略引导词when,though,while,although，if结构When+s*+v*+adj/V-ing/V-ed,S+V+O省略条件：s*=Sv*=be则：从句的主语和谓语一起省略。举例：Whenhewasyoung,hewasalwaysbeatenbyhisfather.Whenyoung,hewasalwaysbeatenbyhisfather,111,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,测试1：写出省略句Ifyouareindoubt,youcouldaskatyourlocallibrary.Ifindoubt,youcouldaskatyourlocallibraryTheroomwasalittleshabby,thoughitislarge.Theroomwasalittleshabby,thoughlarge.,112,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,测试2：找出该句子中的省略Otherpossiblechemicaldefenses,whilenotdirectlytoxictotheparasite,mayinhibitsomeessentialstepintheestablishmentofparasiticrelationship.Forexample,glycol-proteininplantcellwallsmayinactivateenzymesthatdegradecellwalls.,113,精读句子结构分析和解析方法,7比较结构：比较的形式要一致：TheUnitedStatesislargerthanUK/UKis/isUK比较的对象要泛指：YourcarismuchmoreexpensivethantheoneIhave.比较的对象要一致：ThetemperatureinAlaskaismuchlowerthanthatofTexas.,114,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,1快速阅读方法(I)句子简读法:所有的句子都先读主干，再看引导句(1)n+that+V=定语从句(2)V.+that=宾语从句(3)S+V,O“”省略不读(4)S,V+O“”省略不读,115,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,(II)n1,n2,n3(名词并列，则找一个自己认识的读)e.g.Aggressivebehaviorisintendedtocauseinjury,pain,suffering,damageordestruction.,116,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,(III)n1ofn2,n1是中心词、核心词n1ofn2ofn3,n1是中心词、核心词e.gAnunderstandingofthederivationofthewordcompetitionsupportsthat.翻译的方式：从后向前翻译依次加“的”,117,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,(IV)n1orn2,n1andn2(n1、n2认识一个就行)e.g.Based-20orVigesimalsystemarelessused.,118,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,(V)AsuchasB.C.D或者suchAasB.C.D.只要认识A.B.C.D当中的一个就可以Verbalattackssuchasscreamingandshoutingorbelittlingandhumiliatingcommentscanalsobeatypeofaggression.,119,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,(VI)看到一下词组，只读逗号后面的内容Inadditionto,Inaddition,Ratherthan,While/though/evenif/eventhough,.,120,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,(VII)moreAthanBThan以后的内容不读(VIII)aswellas=and同IV,121,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,2.阅读中需要详略结合skimmingbutnotskip.I需要详细阅读的内容结构主体(段落首末句)非举例性质的概括、描述题目定位返回原文的内容II可以快速浏览的内容大量数据堆积明显举例对比、类比、让步、转折只读一半,122,二、泛读快速阅读与有效阅读,3.理解单位扩大I阅读中的恶习指读、声读、回读、视角过窄、二次阅读II理解单位扩大理解单位变单词为意群组合进行阅读理解焦点训练法：Example,