高中英语语法句子成分

IntegratingSkills,句子成分(MembersofaSentence),句子成分(MembersofaSentence)句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。,汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多，实际上有不少差别。例如：(1)XiaoLiwenttobedassoonashecamehome.小李回家后,立刻就睡觉了。(2)IllgowhenIhavehadmydinner.我吃了饭就去。在英语中，同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略，必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来。而在汉语中，同一个主语在句中第二次出现时，就可以省略。如例（）中，汉语说小李回家后立刻就睡觉了，省去了第二个分句的主语，倒可以避免造成误解。若将第二次出现的主语补出来，说成小李回家后，他立刻就睡觉了。听的人反而可能把那个他误会成另一个人。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：（主谓）二：（主谓表）三：（主谓宾）四：（主谓间宾直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）,1.S(主）+Vi（不及物动词）（谓）Timeflies.1)S+V+adverbial(状语）Birdssingbeautifully.2)S+Vi+prepPhrase（介词短语）Hewentonholiday.3)S+Vi+Infinitive(不定式）Westoppedtohavearest.4)S+Vi+Participle(分词）Illgoswimming.,2.S(主）+Vt（及物动词）（谓）+O（宾）WelikeEnglish.1)S+VT+N/PronIlikemusic.Ilikeher.2)S+VT+infinitive(不定式）Iwanttohelphim.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,promise,propose,purpose,refuse,want,wish等。3)S+VT+Wh-Word+InfinitiveIdontknowwhattodo.常用于这句型的动词有：ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,inquire,know,learn,observe,remember,see,settle,tell,think,understand,wonder等。,4)S+VT+GerundIenjoylivinghere.常用于这句型的动词有：admit,advise,avoid,consider,defend,enjoy,excuse,finish,forbid,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,giveup,canthelp等。5)S+VT+That-clauseIdontthink(that)heisright.常用于这句型的动词有：Admit,believe,command,confess,declare,demand,deny,doubt,expect,explain,feel(觉得）,hear（听说）,hope,imagine,intend,know,mean,mind（当心）,notice,propose,request,report,say,see（看出），show,suggest,suppose,think,understand,wish,wonder(觉得奇怪）。,3.S(主）+V（谓）（lv)(系动词）+P（表）WeareChinese.除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem等。2)表转变变化的动词，become,get,grow,turn,go,等。3)表延续的动词remain,keep,seem,hold,stay,rest等。4)表瞬时的动词come,fall,set,cut,occur等5)其他动词eat,lie,prove,ring,run,shine,sit,stand,continue,hang等。,1)S+Lv+N/Pron(名词/代词）Heisaboy.Thisismine.2)S+Lv+Adj（形容词）Sheisbeautiful.3)S+Lv+Adv(副词）Classisover.4)S+Lv+PrepPhraseHeisingoodhealth.5)S+Lv+Participle(分词）Heisexcited.Thefilmisinteresting.,4.S(主）+VT（谓）+InO（间接宾）+DO（直接宾）Igiveyouhelp.1)S+VT+N/Pron+NIsenthimabook.IboughtMayabook.2)S+VT+N/Pron+To/for-phraseHesentabooktome.Heboughtacoatforme.,间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有：allow,bring,deny,do(带来），give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,render,restore,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等。间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有：bring,buy,cash,choose,fetch,get,leave,make,order,paint,play(演奏），save,sing,spare等。,5.S(主）+VT（谓）+O（宾）+OC（宾补）Imakeyouclear.1)S+VT+N/Pron+NWenamedourbabyTom.常用于这句型的动词有：appoint,call,choose,elect,entitle,find,make,name,nominate(命名）。2)S+VT+N/Pron+AdjHepaintedthewallwhite.常用于这句型的动词有：beat,boil,cut,drive,find,get,hold,keep,leave,like,make,paint,see,set,turn,want,wash,wipe,wish等。3)S+VT+N/Pron+PrepPhraseShealwayskeepseverythingingoodorder.,4)S+VT+N/Pron+InfinitiveIwishyoutostay.Imadehimwork常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,choose,command,decide,encourage,expect,force,get,hate,invite,know,leave,like,love,order,permit,persuade,prefer,remain,request,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。b)不定式不带to的词：feel,have,hear,know,let,listento,lookat,make,notice,see,watch等。5)S+VT+N/Pron+Participle(分词）Iheardmynamecalled.Ifeelsomethingmoving.常用于这句型的动词有：catch,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,leave,listento,lookat,notice,observe,perceive,see,set,smell,start,watch等。,6)S+VT+N/Pron+Wh-word+InfinitiveHeshowmehowtodoit.常用于这句型的动词有：advise,ask,inform,show,teach,tell等。7)S+VT+N/Pron+That-clauseHetoldmethatthefilmwasgreat.常用于这句型的动词有：assure,inform,promise,remind,teach,tell,warn等。8)S+VT+N/Pron+Wh-ClauseHeaskedmewhatheshoulddo.常用于这句型的动词有：Advise,ask,inform,show,teach,tell.,常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。Wefoundthehallfull.我们发现礼堂坐满了。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。,Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeoplesDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。,Exercises:划分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.,9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofall.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.,17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.IfoundthebookjustthesameasIborrowedyesterday,soIgotitbackatonce.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavetheopen/unclosedwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?,25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionarywhichisusefultoanyuse.,33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.3