上海磁悬浮列车中英双版

.磁悬浮列车 磁悬浮列车是一种利用磁极吸引力和排斥力的高科技交通工具。简单地说，排斥力使列车悬起来、吸引力让列车开动。磁悬浮列车上装有电磁体，铁路底部则安装线圈。通电后，地面线圈产生的磁场极性与列车上的电磁体极性总保持相同，两者“同性相斥”，排斥力使列车悬浮起来。铁轨两侧也装有线圈，交流电使线圈变为电磁体。它与列车上的电磁体相互作用，使列车前进。列车头的电磁体（N极）被轨道上靠前一点的电磁体（S极）所吸引，同时被轨道上稍后一点的电磁体（N极）所排斥结果是一“推”一“拉”。磁悬浮列车运行时与轨道保持一定的间隙（一般为110cm），因此运行安全、平稳舒适、无噪声，可以实现全自动化运行。磁悬浮列车的使用寿命可达35年，而普通轮轨列车只有2025年。磁悬浮列车路轨的寿命是80年，普通路轨只有60年。此外，磁悬浮列车启动后39秒即达到最高速度，目前的最高时速是552公里。据德国科学家预测，到2014年，磁悬浮列车采用新技术后，时速将达1000公里。而一般轮轨列车的最高时速为350公里。 “常导型”磁悬浮列车世界第一条磁悬浮列车示运营线磁悬浮列车，建成后，从浦东龙阳路站到浦东国际机场，三十多公里只需67分钟。磁悬浮列车是“常导磁吸型”（简称“常导型”）磁悬浮列车。是利用“异性相吸”原理设计，是一种吸力悬浮系统，利用安装在列车两侧转向架上的悬浮电磁铁，和铺设在轨道上的磁铁，在磁场作用下产生的吸力是车辆浮起来。列车底部及两侧转向架的顶部安装电磁铁，在“工”字轨的上方和上臂部分的下方分别设反作用板和感应钢板，控制电磁铁的电流使电磁铁和轨道间保持1厘米的间隙，让转向架和列车间的吸引力与列车重力相互平衡，利用磁铁吸引力将列车浮起1厘米左右，使列车悬浮在轨道上运行。这必须精确控制电磁铁的电流。悬浮列车的驱动和同步直线电动机原理一模一样。通俗说，在位于轨道两侧的线圈里流动的交流电，能将线圈变成电磁体，由于它于列车上的电磁体的相互作用，使列车开动。列车头部的电磁体N极被安装在靠前一点的轨道上的电磁体S极所吸引，同时又被安装在轨道上稍后一点的电磁体N极所排斥。列车前进时，线圈里流动的电流方向就反过来，即原来的S极变成N极，N极变成S极。循环交替，列车就向前奔驰。稳定性由导向系统来控制。“常导型磁吸式”导向系统，是在列车侧面安装一组专门用于导向的电磁铁。列车发生左右偏移时，列车上的导向电磁铁与导向轨的侧面相互作用，产生排斥力，使车辆恢复正常位置。列车如运行在曲线或坡道上时，控制系统通过对导向磁铁中的电流进行控制，达到控制运行目的。“常导型”磁悬浮列车的构想由德国工程师赫尔曼肯佩尔于1922年提出。“常导型”磁悬浮列车及轨道和电动机的工作原理完全相同。只是把电动机的“转子”布置在列车上，将电动机的“定子”铺设在轨道上。通过“转子”，“定子”间的相互作用，将电能转化为前进的动能。我们知道，电动机的“定子”通电时，通过电磁感应就可以推动“转子”转动。当向轨道这个“定子”输电时，通过电磁感应作用，列车就像电动机的“转子”一样被推动着做直线运动。磁悬浮列车时速430公里，一个供电区只能允许一辆列车运行，轨道两侧25米处有隔离网，上下两侧也有防护设备。转弯处半径达8000米，肉眼观察几乎是一条直线；最小的半径也达1300米。乘客不会有不适感。轨道全线两边50米围装有目前国际上最先进的隔离装置。它是21 世纪理想的超级特别快车，世界各国都十分重视发展磁悬浮列车。目前，我国和日本、德国、英国、美国都在积极研究这种车。日本的超导磁悬浮列车已经过载人试验，即将进入实用阶段，运行时速可达500 千米以上。中国国产磁悬浮列车西南交通大学在2000年研制的世界第一辆载人高温超导磁悬浮列车“世纪号”以及后来研制的载人常温常导磁悬浮列车“未来号”等受到、等党和国家领导人的高度关注和充分肯定。据介绍，早在1994年，西南交大就研制成功中国第一辆可载人常导低速磁浮列车，但那是在完全理想的实验室条件下运行成功的。2003年，西南交大在青山磁悬浮列车线完工，该磁悬浮试验轨道长420米，主要针对观光游客，票价低于出租轿车费。悬浮列车的原理并不深奥。它是运用磁铁“同性相斥，异性相吸”的性质，使磁铁具有抗拒地心引力的能力，即“磁性悬浮”。科学家将“磁性悬浮”这种原理运用在铁路运输系统上，使列车完全脱离轨道而悬浮行驶，成为“无轮”列车，时速可达几百公里以上。这就是所谓的“磁悬浮列车”，亦称之为“磁垫车”。原理磁悬浮列车利用“同名磁极相斥，异名磁极相吸”的原理，让磁铁具有抗拒地心引力的能力，使车体完全脱离轨道，悬浮在距离轨道约1厘米处，腾空行驶，创造了近乎“零高度”空间飞行的奇迹。由于磁铁有同性相斥和异性相吸两种形式，故磁悬浮列车也有两种相应的形式：一种是利用磁铁同性相斥原理而设计的电磁运行系统的磁悬浮列车，它利用车上超导体电磁铁形成的磁场与轨道上线圈形成的磁场之间所产生的相斥力，使车体悬浮运行的铁路；另一种则是利用磁铁异性相吸原理而设计的电动力运行系统的磁悬浮列车，它是在车体底部及两侧倒转向上的顶部安装磁铁，在T形导轨的上方和伸臂部分下方分别设反作用板和感应钢板，控制电磁铁的电流，使电磁铁和导轨间保持1015毫米的间隙，并使导轨钢板的吸引力与车辆的重力平衡，从而使车体悬浮于车道的导轨面上运行。通俗的讲就是，在位于轨道两侧的线圈里流动的交流电，能将线圈变为电磁体。由于它与列车上的超导电磁体的相互作用，就使列车开动起来。列车前进是因为列车头部的电磁体（N极）被安装在靠前一点的轨道上的电磁体（S极）所吸引，并且同时又被安装在轨道上稍后一点的电磁体（N极）所排斥。当列车前进时，在线圈里流动的电流流向就反转过来了。其结果就是原来那个S极线圈，现在变为N极线圈了，反之亦然。这样，列车由于电磁极性的转换而得以持续向前奔驰。根据车速，通过电能转换器调整在线圈里流动的交流电的频率和电压。比高速列车的优越性由于磁悬浮列车是轨道上行驶，导轨与机车之间不存在任何实际的接触，成为“无轮”状态，故其几乎没有轮、轨之间的摩察，运行速度快，能超过500 千米/小时，运行平稳、舒适，易于实现自动控制；无噪音，不排出有害的废气，有利于环境保护；可节省建设经费；运营、维护和耗能费用低；磁悬浮列车可靠性大、维修简便、成本低，其能源消耗仅是汽车的一半、飞机的四分之一；噪音小，当磁悬浮列车时速达300公里以上时，噪声只有65分贝，仅相当于一个人大声地说话，比汽车驶过的声音还小；由于它以电为动力，在轨道沿线不会排放废气，无污染，是一种名副其实的绿色交通工具。技术系统磁悬浮列车主要由悬浮系统、推进系统和导向系统三大部分组成，尽管可以使用与磁力无关的推进系统，但在目前的绝大部分设计中，这三部分的功能均由磁力来完成。下面分别对这三部分所采用的技术进行介绍。悬浮系统：目前悬浮系统的设计，可以分为两个方向，分别是德国所采用的常导型和日本所采用的超导型。从悬浮技术上讲就是电磁悬浮系统（EMS）和电力悬浮系统（EDS）。图4给出了两种系统的结构差别。电磁悬浮系统（EMS）是一种吸力悬浮系统，是结合在机车上的电磁铁和导轨上的铁磁轨道相互吸引产生悬浮。常导磁悬浮列车工作时，首先调整车辆下部的悬浮和导向电磁铁的电磁吸力，与地面轨道两侧的绕组发生磁铁反作用将列车浮起。在车辆下部的导向电磁铁与轨道磁铁的反作用下，使车轮与轨道保持一定的侧向距离，实现轮轨在水平方向和垂直方向的无接触支撑和无接触导向。车辆与行车轨道之间的悬浮间隙为10毫米，是通过一套高精度电子调整系统得以保证的。此外由于悬浮和导向实际上与列车运行速度无关，所以即使在停车状态下列车仍然可以进入悬浮状态。电力悬浮系统（EDS）将磁铁使用在运动的机车上以在导轨上产生电流。由于机车和导轨的缝隙减少时电磁斥力会增大，从而产生的电磁斥力提供了稳定的机车的支撑和导向。然而机车必须安装类似车轮一样的装置对机车在“起飞”和“着陆”时进行有效支撑，这是因为EDS在机车速度低于大约25英里/小时无法保证悬浮。EDS系统在低温超导技术下得到了更大的发展。超导磁悬浮列车的最主要特征就是其超导元件在相当低的温度下所具有的完全导电性和完全抗磁性。超导磁铁是由超导材料制成的超导线圈构成，它不仅电流阻力为零，而且可以传导普通导线根本无法比拟的强大电流，这种特性使其能够制成体积小功率强大的电磁铁。超导磁悬浮列车的车辆上装有车载超导磁体并构成感应动力集成设备，而列车的驱动绕组和悬浮导向绕组均安装在地面导轨两侧，车辆上的感应动力集成设备由动力集成绕组、感应动力集成超导磁铁和悬浮导向超导磁铁三部分组成。当向轨道两侧的驱动绕组提供与车辆速度频率相一致的三相交流电时，就会产生一个移动的电磁场，因而在列车导轨上产生磁波，这时列车上的车载超导磁体就会受到一个与移动磁场相同步的推力，正是这种推力推动列车前进。其原理就像冲浪运动一样，冲浪者是站在波浪的顶峰并由波浪推动他快速前进的。与冲浪者所面对的难题相同，超导磁悬浮列车要处理的也是如何才能准确地驾驭在移动电磁波的顶峰运动的问题。为此，在地面导轨上安装有探测车辆位置的高精度仪器，根据探测仪传来的信息调整三相交流电的供流方式，精确地控制电磁波形以使列车能良好地运行。推进系统：磁悬浮列车的驱动运用同步直线电动机的原理。车辆下部支撑电磁铁线圈的作用就像是同步直线电动机的励磁线圈，地面轨道侧的三相移动磁场驱动绕组起到电枢的作用，它就像同步直线电动机的长定子绕组。从电动机的工作原理可以知道，当作为定子的电枢线圈有电时，由于电磁感应而推动电机的转子转动。同样，当沿线布置的变电所向轨道侧的驱动绕组提供三相调频调幅电力时，由于电磁感应作用承载系统连同列车一起就像电机的“转子”一样被推动做直线运动。从而在悬浮状态下，列车可以完全实现非接触的牵引和制动。磁悬浮列车的发展由于磁悬浮列车具有快速、低耗、环保、安全等优点，因此前景十分广阔。常导磁悬浮列车可达400至500公里小时，超导磁悬浮列车可达500至600公里小时。它的高速度使其在1000至1500公里之间的旅行距离中比乘坐飞机更优越。由于没有轮子、无摩擦等因素，它比目前最先进的高速火车省电30%。在500公里小时速度下，每座位公里的能耗仅为飞机的13至12，比汽车也少耗能30%。因无轮轨接触，震动小、舒适性好，对车辆和路轨的维修费用也大大减少。磁悬浮列车在运行时不与轨道发生摩擦，发出的噪音很低。它的磁场强度非常低，与地球磁场相当，远低于家用电器。由于采用电力驱动，避免了烧煤烧油给沿途带来的污染。磁悬浮列车一般以4.5米以上的高架通过平地或翻越山丘，从而避免了开山挖沟对生态环境造成的破坏。磁悬浮列车在路轨上运行，按飞机的防火标准实行配置。它的车厢下端像伸出了两排弯曲的胳膊，将路轨紧紧搂住，绝对不可能出轨。列车运行的动力来自固定在路轨两侧的电磁流，同一区域的电磁流强度相同，不可能出现几辆列车速度不同或相向而动的现象，从而排除了列车追尾（百度百科）磁浮原理 【 引子 】马克思曾指出，人们“如果不以一定方式结合起来共同活动和互相交换其活动，便不能进行生产。为了进行生产，人们便发生一定的联系和关系；只有在这些社会联系和社会关系围，才会有他们对自然界的关系，才会有生产。”交通，正是人们这种社会联系和社会关系的直接产物。自人类从猿进化能够直立行走后，人类的生活就发生了革命性的变化。人的视域围变宽广了，从而可以更好的观察周边情况、体察危机。但是，原始时期生产力低下，人们受制于自然条件的束缚，通常只能利用自然界的个别要素，依赖在一定地域空间围猎获的动物或采集的植物，以维持生机，谈不上会有什么“农工商交易之路通”的交通之举。不过，随着人类社会的发展，人们在生产活动中逐步通过多种形式的横向社会交往，慢慢扩大了地缘空间的视野，在被动的人地关系中注入了积极求取的因素。逐渐的，人类学会了运用工具和其他物种为其服务，其中包括了马一种改变人类运输速度的动物，马车行驶的速度约在10公里/小时左右，从此人类的地域围随之改变，城与城之间的联系也越来越密切，进而增强了各地的文化、文明的进步；英国的工业革命动摇了几千年来的运输模式，汽车和火车的出现实现了动力革命，发动机使车的速度大大提高，从此也使速度与能源及效率联系在一起，至今汽车行驶速度已普遍达到了为80100公里/小时。而火车行驶速度从刚开始的低速、笨重的“铁家伙”演变为一种普及的陆上交通工具，时速可达150200公里/小时；速度是人类永恒追求的目标。如今在欧洲及日本，高速列车以成为普及，时速超过200公里/小时的速度，同时进一步拉近了城市与城市、甚至国家与国家的距离，大力促进信息沟通和人才流动。现代科技造所就的社会的特征之一是大信息量和信息广泛高速传输，在人们头脑中建立了全新的地域和速度概念，而且成为一种全球性文化越来越不可更改。伴随着人类这种对高速的渴求，磁浮技术应运而生，在多个国家的实验室里，科学家和工程师们力图将这种常规机电产品与现代控制技术相结合的产物投入商业运用。 【 引磁浮技术 】电磁悬浮是对车载的悬浮电磁铁励磁而产生可控制的电磁场，电磁铁与轨道上长定子直线电机定子铁芯相互吸引，将列车向上吸起，并通过控制悬浮励磁电流来保证稳定的悬浮间隙。电磁铁与轨道之间的悬浮间隙一般控制在812mm。高速磁浮铁路系统由线路、车辆、供电、运行控制系统等四个主要部分构成。线路：线路引导列车前进方向，同时承受列车荷载并将之传至地基。线路上部结构为用于联结长定子的精密焊接的钢结构或钢筋混凝土结构的支撑梁，下部结构为钢筋混凝土支墩和基础。车辆：车辆是高速磁浮客运系统中最重要的部分，包括悬浮架和其上安装的电磁铁、二次悬挂系统和车厢。此外还有车载蓄电池、应急制动系统和悬浮控制系统等电气设备。供电：供电系统包括变电站、沿路供电电缆、开关站和其它供电设备。磁浮列车供电系统通过给地面长定子线圈供电提供列车运行所需的电能。首先，从110kV的公用电网引入交流高压电，通过降压变电器降至20kV和1.5kV，然后整流成为直流电，再由逆变器变成0300Hz交流电，升压后通过线路电缆和开关站供给线路上的长定子线圈，在定子和车载电磁铁之间形成牵引力。磁浮列车系统的整流、变流及电机定子等设备均在地面，对设备的体积和重量以及抗振性能没有严格要求。运行控制系统：运行控制系统是整个磁浮交通系统正常运转的根本保障。它包括所有用于安全保护、控制、执行和计划的设备，还包括用于设备之间相互通讯的设备。运行控制系统由运行控制中心、通讯系统、分散控制系统和车载控制系统组成。【 结论 】好多人羡慕，因为拥有世界上唯一一条投入商业运营的磁浮线，因为有那么多的国家都参与了磁浮技术的研究，而只有建成了真正意义上的磁浮运营线。她的成功再次证明了磁浮技术的安全性、经济性、先进性；当然，其所带来的经济效应和政治效应更是无法估计的。有人说：“磁浮列车是自大约200年前斯蒂芬森的“火箭”号蒸汽机车问世以来铁路技术最根本的突破。”这是一点都不为过的。应该说磁浮列车不仅仅是铁路技术的根本突破，更是现代交通工具的典。我们回首磁浮列车发展史的目的很明确：在纪念过去80多年历史的同时，更是为了迎接磁浮交通再造辉煌的到来。Principle of Magnetic Levitation Introduction It is transportation that is the direct product of the social link and social relationship of the people. Revolutionary changes have taken place in the life of the mankind since human beings acquired the capability of walking upright as a result of evolution from the ape. Human beings vision was widened to enable itself to better observe the surroundings and to be watchful against any possible crises. But due to the low productive forces and constraints on people by the conditions of the nature in the primitive times, usually they could not but live by hunting animals or gathering plants within a certain region to maintain the lease of life by making use of a few elements of the nature, let alone any act of transport for the commercial intercourse among the peasants, workers and merchants.Nevertheless, with the development of human society, people gradually widened their vision in the geographic space through several forms of lateral social contact in their production activities and injected active seeking factor into the passive man, environment relationship.Gradually, human being mastered the use of tools and other special at his service. Among others, the horse, an animal which changed the speed of human transportation, enabled a cart to run at some 10km/h, thus the region scoped varied and the link between city and city became closer, enhancing the progress of culture and civilization in various places.The British Industrial Revolution shook the transportation modes left over in thousands of years. The advent of automotive and train realized the revolution of power and the engine enabled vehicles to substantially increase their speed. From then on, speed was associated with energy and efficiency. Nowadays, a car usually runs at 80 to 100km/h. Train has evolved from a very slow, heavy iron “thing” into a sort of popular surface transportation means, which can attain a speed of 150 to 200km/h.Speed is a target the mankind is eternally seeking.At present, high speed rail is in common use in Europe as well as in Japan. Its max speedexceeds 200km/h,thus pulling cities, even countries still closer and vigorously promoting information exchanges and talent folw.One of the characteristics of the society created by modern science and technology is the large volume of information and the wide high speed transmission of information. A wholly new concept of region and speed has been formed in the minds of people and it has become a global culture, which is more and more unchangeable.With such an aspiration of the mankinds for high speed transportation, maglev technology was born at the right moment. In the labs of many countries, scientists and engineers were striving to put the product which integrated traditional electromechanical components with modern control technology into commercial application. Maglev Technology Electromagnetic levitation: controllable electromagnetic field is generated by exciting the on-board levitation magnets and the magnets and stator packs of long stator linear motor along the guideway attract each other, thus pulling the train upward and a stable levitation gap being guaranteed by controlling the levitation excitation current. Levitation gap between magnets and guideway is normally controlled to the range between 8 and 12mm.High-speed maglev system consists of four major components, i.e. guideway, vehicle, power supply and operation control system.Guide way: the guideway guides the direction of the trains movement and bears the load of the train and transmits it to the sub grade. The superstructure of the guideway comprises precisely welded steel or reinforced concrete guideway beams for connecting long stators and substructure constituted by the reinforced concrete piers and foundations.Vehicle: vehicle is the most important part of the high speed maglev system, comprising levitation chassis and the magnets mounted on the chassis, secondary suspension system and vehicle section. Besids it includes such electrical appliances as on-board batteries, emergency braking system, levitation control system.Power supply: The power supply system includes substations, trackside feeder cables, switch stations and other power supply equipment. Power supply system feeds the train with the power required for the train operation by energizing the long stator windings on the guideway. First, high voltage alternating current is taken from the 110KV public power grid, stepped down to 20KV and 1.5KV via step-down transformer, then converted into direct current via rectifier, then converted back to variable frequency a c current between 0 and 300Hz via rectifier. After step-up, the current will be fed to longstator winding on the guideway via guideway cables and switch stations, generating propulsion force between the stator and on-board magnets. The rectification equipment, conversion equipment and motor stators etc. of the maglev system are all installed on the ground. No strict requirements for the volume, weight, and anti-vibration of the equipment are available.Operation control system: It is the fundamental guarantee for the normal operation of the entire maglev system. It includes all the equipment to be used in security guarantee control, execution and plan and also includes the equipment to be used in communication among the equipment. Operation control system consists of operation control center, communication system, decentralized control system and on-board control system. Development of Maglev Development of German Maglev TransportationIn 1922, Hermann Kemper put forward the principle of magnetic levitation levitation and received a patent for magnetic levitation technology-the first patent of the kind in the world in 1934.The Germans researches of maglev transportation in the real sense began in 1968. Before then, no systematic research had been carried out because the level of technical and technological conditions remained rather low which limited its development to a large extent.From 1968 on, Germany was in urgent need of developing new high speed transportation systems due to environment and energy problems.In 1969, the Federal Ministry of Transport, DB AG and industry of Germany launched H S R (high performance, high speed rail) study in which HS maglev line was involved. The German Industry began the development of maglev transport on this basis, aided finan cially by the Federal Government.At the initial stage, equal stress was laid on the research of both normal conducting superconducting maglev technology.In 1971, the test run of the first principle vehicle in Germany was conducted on a 660m tral track. The vehicle was propelled by the short stator linear motor mounted on the sides of the vehicle.In 1975, a maglev vehicle propelled by synchronous long stator linear motor on the guideway side was tested at the NMB1 Test line at Thyssen Henschel in Kassle.In 1976, passenger-carrying long stator test vehicle HMB 2 was tested at Thyssen Henschel.In 1977, after systematic analysis, the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) decided in favor of the concentrated development of the transport system propelled by longstator linear motor using normal conducting magnets, considering the technical level required for super conducting maglev rail was too high and it was difficult to make adequate progress in a short period of time.In 1978, the German Government decided to build a transrapid test track in Emsland.In 1979, at the International Transportation Exhibition (IVA 79) in Hamburg, a 900m long TR demonstration route was displayed. It was not until then that people began to come in contact with and be concerned with maglev train in real sense. Hamburg residents showed great interest in the vehicle which can run at a speed of 75km/h. The successful display of the maglev vehicle at the Exhibition gave a great impetus to the development course of the high speed transrapid. Moreover it helped to bring about Germans decision to construct a large-size transrapid test facility.In 1980, the construction of the Transrapid Test Facility started in Emsland. To build its first portion, the German Industry formed “Magnetbahn Transrapid” Consortium. Project phase I consists of a 21.5km-long test guideway, test center and the Experimental Vehicle TR 06. Test run of unmanned vehicle began on that portion of guideway in 1982. The portion was put into trial operation on June 30, 1983. At the end of the same year, the vehicle attained the speed of 300km/h. To increase the test speed, it was decided in 1984 to extend the southern loop. The construction of the southern loop was completed in 1987. The total length of TVE guideway reached 31.5km and speed increased to 400km/h.Prior to December, 1991, the Deutsche Bundesbahn in cooperation with renowned universities set up an expert team under the leadership of DBA. The expert team, having made a comprehensive inspection and appraisal of the highspeed Maglev Transrapid, came to the conclusion that “the technology had been fally mature for application”. Thus Transrapid became the worlds first superspeed maglev system with technical readiness for application.In 1993, Vehicle TR 07 attained a new max speed record of 450km/h at TVE.May 9/June 14, 1996 the Federal Parliament passed the “Transrapid Requirement Law”.In April, 1997, Germany decided to build 292km-long Transrapid route Berlin Hamburg. It had been planned to start the construction in the second half of the yaer 1998 and to be put into commercial operation in 2005. TR 08 vehicle had been developed specially for use in that line. The vehicle was tested at TVE in October 1999. However, the construction plan had to be cancelled in February, 2000 because new forecast indicated that the construction of the new route might encounter the risk of suffering losseslSino German Construction of Maglev line in Coop