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WMICROSTRUCTUREANDSOLIDPARTICLEEROSIONOFCARBONBASEDMATERIALSUSEDFORTHEPROTECTIONOFHIGHLYPOROUSCARBONCARBONCOMPOSITETHERMALINSULATIONRIBAXTERRDRAWLINGSDEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSIMPERIALCOLLEGEOFSCIENCETECHNOLOGYANDMEDICINELONDONSW72BPUKMULTIPARTICLEEROSIONTESTSWEREPERFORMEDONCANDIDATECOATINGCOLLOIDALGRAPHITEPAINTSANDCLADDINGDENSECARBONCARBONCOMPOSITESANDGRAPHITEFOILMATERIALSEMPLOYEDTOPROTECTPOROUSCARBONCARBONCOMPOSITETHERMALINSULATIONINVACUUMANDINERTGASFURNACESTHATUTILIZEINERTGASQUENCHINGTHEDEPENDENCEOFTHEEROSIONRATEONTHEANGLEOFINCIDENCEOFTHEERODENTWASEXAMINEDANDRELATEDTOTHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDTHEMECHANISMSOFMATERIALREMOVALASOBSERVEDBYSEMINADDITIONTHEEFFECTOFATHINCHEMICALVAPOURDEPOSITEDCVDCARBONLAYERONTOPOFACOLLOIDALGRAPHITEPAINTCOATINGANDAGRAPHITEFOILCLADWASINVESTIGATEDTHECOATINGANDCLADDINGMATERIALSDISPLAYEDAGREATEREROSIONRESISTANCEATALLANGLESOFINCIDENCECOMPAREDTOTHEPOROUSCARBONCARBONCOMPOSITEINGENERALTHEGREATESTEROSIONRATEWASFOUNDATANANGLEOFINCIDENCEOF90WHERETHEERODENTSTREAMISPERPENDICULARTOTHEEROSIONSURFACEANDBRITTLEFRACTUREWASTHEPREDOMINANTMECHANISMOFMATERIALREMOVALTHEEXCEPTIONWASTHEGRAPHITEFOILMATERIALWHICHDISPLAYEDMAXIMUMEROSIONATANANGLEOFINCIDENCEOF60FORTHISMATERIALTWOMECHANISMSWEREEFFECTIVEDISRUPTIONOFTHEGRAPHITEAKESWHICHAREMAINLYHELDTOGETHERBYMECHANICALLOCKINGANDAPLOUGHINGLIKEMECHANISMTHEADDITIONOFATHINCVDCARBONLAYERTOCOLLOIDALGRAPHITEPAINTIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEWHEREASTHEEROSIONRESISTANCEOFTHEGRAPHITEFOILWASSLIGHTLYDEGRADEDASTHECVDLAYERWASTOOTHINTOPREVENTTHEPLOUGHINGLIKEMECHANISM1INTRODUCTIONACLASSOFHIGHLYPOROUSCARBONCARBONCCCOMPOSITESWITHLOWDENSITIESINTHERANGE0104MGM3AREUTILIZEDASTHERMALINSULATIONINVACUUMANDINERTGASFURNACESATTEMPERATURESUPTO2800CACONSEQUENCEOFTHEVACUUMMOULDINGPROCESSUSEDINTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHECOMPOSITEISTHATTHEDISCONTINUOUSFIBRESAREORIENTATEDINTOLAYERSTOFORMATWODIMENSIONALPLANARRANDOMSTRUCTURETHEVASTMAJORITYOFTHEVOLUMEOFTHECOMPOSITECONSISTSOFINTERCONNECTEDPORESANDTHEFIBRENETWORKISBONDEDATTHEINTERSECTIONSOFFIBRESBYDISCRETEREGIONSOFTHECARBONMATRIXASOPPOSEDTOACONTINUOUSMATRIXFORTHISREASONTHESECOMPOSITESAREALSOKNOWNASCARBONBONDEDCARBONFIBRECBCFASARESULTOFTHEHIGHPOROSITYANDTHEFIBREORIENTATIONTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYPERPENDICULARTOTHEFIBRELAYERPLANESISLOWATYPICALVALUEFORAMATERIALWITHANOMINALDENSITYOFW020MGM3IS024WM1K1AT2000CINVACUUMINVESTIGATIONSINTOTHEMICROSTRUCTURE34MECHANICALPROPERTIES259ANDTHERMALPROPERTIES1011OFTHESEMATERIALSHAVEBEENREPORTED1997CHAPMANAMPHALLCBCFISUSEDINFURNACESEMPLOYEDINHIGHTECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONSSUCHASSINGLECRYSTALGROWINGFOREXAMPLESILICONORGALLIUMARSENIDEORMETALHEATTREATMENTTHEHEATTREATMENTOFMETALSSUCHASTOOLSTEELSISINCREASINGLYCARRIEDOUTINFURNACESTHATUTILIZEGASQUENCHINGTYPICALLYNITROGENISUSED1213THEGASQUENCHMAYBEUSEDTOREDUCETHETURNAROUNDTIMEOFBATCHPROCESSESORASANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEHEATTREATMENTREGIMETHEADVANTAGEOFGASQUENCHINGDURINGHEATTREATMENTASOPPOSEDTOANOILQUENCHISTHATTHECOOLINGRATECANBECONTROLLEDTHEREFOREITISPOSSIBLETOREDUCEWARPINGANDCRACKINGINTHECOMPONENTDURINGGASQUENCHINGPARTICULATEMATTERMAYBECOMEENTRAINEDINTHEGASOWSANDIMPINGEMENTWITHTHEINSULATIONMAYRESULTINMATERIALREMOVALINTHECHALLENGINGENVIRONMENTOFGASQUENCHINGTHEREISAREQUIREMENTFOREROSIONPROTECTIONOFTHECBCFBYTHEUSEOFHIGHERDENSITYCARBONBASEDCOATINGANDCLADDINGMATERIALSGENERALLYDUCTILEANDBRITTLEMATERIALSEXHIBITDIFFERENTEROSIONCHARACTERISTICSOFPARTICULARINTERESTISTHEIRRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEEROSIONRATEANDTHEANGLEOFINCIDENCE15DUCTILEMATERIALSTENDTODISPLAYMAXIMUMEROSIONATGLANCINGANGLESOFIMPACTAPPROXIMATELY30FORMETALSANDMATERIALREMOVALISTHOUGHTTOOCCURBYAMICROMACHININGMECHANISMWITHACONTRIBUTIONOFDEFORMATIONWEARATHIGHERANGLESONTHEOTHERHANDFORBRITTLEMATERIALSMAXIMUMEROSIONISFOUNDWHERETHEERODENTSTREAMISPERPENDICULARTOTHEEROSIONSURFACEANDMATERIALREMOVALTYPICALLYRESULTSFROMTHEFORMATIONOFHERTZIANORLATERALCRACKSALTHOUGHITISACONVENIENTAPPROACHTOIDEALIZEMATERIALSEROSIONBEHAVIOURINTHISMANNERITISANOVERSIMPLIFICATIONBECAUSEEROSIONISFOUNDTODEPENDONOTHERFACTORSINCLUDINGTHEEROSIONCONDITIONSSUCHASERODENTPARTICLESIZEANDSHAPEASWELLASTHEDETAILSOFTHEMICROSTRUCTUREOFTHETARGETMATERIALTHISPAPERISCONCERNEDWITHTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDTHEEFECTIVENESSINIMPROVINGTHEEROSIONRESISTANCEOFSEVERALCANDIDATECOATINGSANDCLADDINGSTHERESULTSPRESENTEDINVOLVETHESTEADYSTATEEROSIONRATEASAFUNCTIONOFIMPINGEMENTANGLEUNDERDEFINEDCONDITIONSTHEOVERALLAIMOFTHISWORKISTORELATETHEMICROSTRUCTURETOTHEEROSIONDATABYMEANSOFAMECHANISTICAPPROACHMATERIALSINCLUDEDTHEFIBERMATERIALSINCC3COMPOSITEWHICHISRESINIMPREGNATEDANDTHETOYOTANSOG3470INADDITIONAHIGHDENSITYCARBONCARBONCOMPOSITEWASPRODUCEDBYEMPLOYINGCVDOVERAPERIODOF800HTOINFILTRATEA5MMTHICKSECTIONOFTHECBCFSUBSTRATETOADENSITYOF1MGM3THECVDPROCESSUSEDNATURALGASASTHECARBONPRECURSORANDNITROGENASTHECARRIERGASTHEDENSIFICATIONWASCARRIEDOUTATAPPROXIMATELY1100CUNDERAREDUCEDW2EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE21MATERIALSTHECBCFUSEDASTHESUBSTRATEWASASTANDARDCOMMERCIALMATERIALDENSITY018MGM3MANUFACTUREDBYCALCARBLTDTHECOATINGANDCLADDINGMATERIALSWEREAPPLIEDTOTHEXYPLANEOFTHECBCFSUBSTRATESEETHESCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFCBCFSTRUCTUREINFIG1THEXYPLANEISPERPENDICULARTOTHEDIR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