mile – managing migration and integration at local level - qec-eran英里–管理迁移和整合在地方一级- qec叶兰

REGIONSFORECONOMICCHANGEPILOTFASTTRACKNETWORKSMILEMANAGINGMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONATLOCALLEVELCITIESANDREGIONSENDOFPHASEIFINALREPORTBRUSSELS,OCTOBER2007INDEXIOVERVIEWPOLICYCONTEXTAIMS,OBJECTIVESANDTHEEXPECTEDRESULTSPROJECTPARTNERSBUDGETAGREEDACTIONPLANIIEUROPEANANDLOCALMAPPINGINTRODUCTIONEUROPEANOVERVIEWIKEYDRIVERSANDTRENDSINEUIMMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONIIEUPOLICYDEVELOPMENT,CURRENTSITUATIONANDFUTUREPERSPECTIVESLOCALOVERVIEWSIVENICEIIROTTERDAMIIIVANTAAIVTURINVTIMISOARAVIKOMOTINIVIISEVILLEVIIIAMADORAIXNEAALIKARNASSOSIIICONCLUSIONSANDANALYSISIVANNEXESIOVERVIEWPOLICYCONTEXTTHISPROJECTSEEKSTOESTABLISHATHEMATICNETWORKOF10CITIESAND10REGIONSWHICHISBASEDONTHENEEDTODEVELOPANINTEGRATEDEXCHANGEPROGRAMMERELATINGTOTHETHEMEOF“MANAGINGMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONINCITIESANDREGIONS”THEPROJECTISAPILOTFORTHENEWLYLAUNCHED“REGIONSFORECONOMICCHANGE”RECPROGRAMME“REGIONSFORECONOMICCHANGEISANEWPROACTIVEPOLICYTOOLOFFEREDTOMEMBERSTATES,REGIONSANDCITIESTOHELPTHEMIMPLEMENTTHERENEWEDLISBONAGENDATHROUGHACTIONSAIMEDATECONOMICMODERNISATIONITAIMSTODRAWONTHEEXPERIENCEANDBESTPRACTICEOFHIGHPERFORMINGREGIONSANDTOTRANSFERTHISTOREGIONSWISHINGTOIMPROVEMOREOVERITAIMSTOLINKTHISEXCHANGEOFBESTPRACTICEMORESOLIDLYTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHECONVERGENCEANDCOMPETITIVENESSPROGRAMMESPOLICYCONTEXTTHEREAREANUMBEROFCONTEXTUALFACTORSRELATINGTOTHETHEMETHATUNDERPINTHISPROPOSALUNTILRECENTLY,MOSTMIGRATIONINEUROPEWASEITHERLOCALASWORKERSMOVEDFROMTHESOUTHERNMEDITERRANEANSTATESTONORTHWESTERNEUROPEORWASLINKEDTOTHECOLONIALHISTORYOFFORMEREUROPEANEMPIRESEXAMPLESINCLUDETHEMIGRATIONTOTHEUKFROMTHECARIBBEANANDSOUTHASIA,ANDTHEMOVEMENTOFPEOPLEFROMNORTHANDFRANCOPHONEAFRICANSTATESTOFRANCEANDBELGIUMHOWEVER,MANYEU15COUNTRIESSUCHASSPAIN,PORTUGALANDGREECEREMAINEDCOUNTRIESOFEMIGRATION,ANDTHELASTCOUNTRYTOMOVEFROMEMIGRATIONTONETIMMIGRATIONWASIRELANDIN1996SINCETHEFALLOFTHEBERLINWALL,MANYOFTHENEWEUMEMBERSTATESHAVEALSOTHEMSELVESBEENEXPERIENCINGINWARDFLOWSOFMIGRANTS,FROMBOTHEASTANDWESTMIGRATIONFLOWSINEUROPEHAVECHANGEDINSEVERALWAYSOVERTHEPASTTHREEDECADESFIRST,THEREHASBEENANINCREASEININTRAEUMOBILITYTHECREATIONOFANAREAOFFREEMOVEMENTWITHINTHEUNIONHASDEREGULATEDMIGRATIONWITHINTHEEU15ANDSEPARATEDDISCUSSIONSONTHISTYPEOFMOBILITYFROMTHELARGER,MORECONTENTIOUS,NATIONALIMMIGRATIONDEBATESSECOND,THEREHASBEENARAPIDINCREASEINTHEDIVERSITYOFMIGRANTSASARESULTOFAMOREINTERCONNECTEDWORLD,YETWITHCONTINUINGECONOMICDISPARITIESATTHEINTERREGIONALLEVEL,MOSTMIGRATIONFLOWSAREFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINASIAANDAFRICATOINDUSTRIALISEDCOUNTRIES,PARTICULARLYINEUROPECURRENTLY,NONEUNATIONALSMAKEUPATLEAST4OFTHEEU15POPULATIONTHEINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFSENDINGCOUNTRIESHASRESULTEDINANEWSUPERDIVERSITYINEUROPE,WITHMANYDISPARATECOMMUNITIESCOMPOSEDOFSMALLGROUPSOFMANYDIFFERENTNATIONALITIESTHISPOSESNEWCHALLENGESFORINTEGRATIONINADDITIONTODEALINGWITHMOREESTABLISHEDCOMMUNITIESOFSECONDANDTHIRDGENERATIONMIGRANTS,POLICYMAKERSMUSTDEVISEWAYSTOINTEGRATESMALLERANDSOMETIMESMOREFRAGMENTEDCOMMUNITIESOFNEWCOMERSFINALLY,THEFLOWOFMIGRANTSHASBECOMEMORECOMPLEX,BOTHINTERMSOFTHEIRMOVEMENTSANDTHEIRLEGALSTATUSRETURNANDCIRCULARMIGRATIONHAVEBECOMEMORECOMMONPLACE,WITHCHEAPERTRAVELANDCOMMUNICATIONSENCOURAGINGGREATERMOBILITYANINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFTHEMIGRANTPOPULATIONISTRANSNATIONAL,WORKINGINONECOUNTRYWHILEMAINTAININGAFAMILYANDSOCIALLIFEINANOTHERSIMILARLY,THESUCCESSFULINTEGRATIONOFTHIRDCOUNTRYNATIONALSISAKEYCOMPONENTOFACHIEVINGTHEOVERALLLISBONOBJECTIVESINTERMSOFEMPLOYMENT,ENTERPRISEANDSOCIALCOHESIONINDEED,THELABOURMARKETNEEDSOFTHEEUECONOMYCANONLYBEADDRESSEDWITHGREATERIMMIGRATIONANDTHUSTHENEEDFORAMOREEFFECTIVEWAYOFENSURINGTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHIRDCOUNTRYNATIONALSTHECONSENSUSTHATEMERGESFROMPRACTICEANDPOLICYISTHATTHEREISANEEDFORAHOLISTICAPPROACHTHISSAMEPERSPECTIVEWASECHOEDINTHEDECISIONOFTHEJUSTICEANDHOMEAFFAIRSCOUNCILIN2004TOADOPTASERIESOF9COMMONBASICPRINCIPLESCBPSTOUNDERPINACOHERENTEUROPEANFRAMEWORKONINTEGRATIONOFTHIRDCOUNTRYNATIONALSAIMS,OBJECTIVESANDEXPECTEDRESULTSGIVENTHEABOVECONTEXTUALBACKGROUND,THISPROJECTHASTHEOVERALLAIMOFASSISTINGCITIESANDREGIONSMANAGINGAUTHORITIESTOAGREEAPROGRAMMEOFACTIONTOPRESENTFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFTHEFTNPROPOSALTHEPILOTWILLBUILDSINCETHEVERYBEGINNINGANETWORKOF10PARTNERS,ANDWILLHAVETHEOVERALLAIMOFFACILITATINGTRANSFEROFACTIONS/IDEASWHICHACTIVELYADDRESSANDIMPROVEPRACTICEINRELATIONTOTHEISSUESOFMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONWITHINTHEIRREGIONALOPERATIONALPROGRAMMESTOREALISETHISOVERALLAIMTHEPREPARATORY6MONTHPHASEHADTHEFOLLOWINGOBJECTIVES1EXTENDPARTNERSHIPINORDERTOINCORPORATE5ADDITIONALPARTNERS2PRODUCETHEEUROPEANANDLOCALMAPPINGOFREALITIESANDNEEDSINTHEFIELDOFINTEGRATION3CONDUCTANALYSISOFTHEPRODUCEDMAPPINGS4DEVELOPPHASEIIPROPOSAL5COMPLETECONTRACTUALREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPROJECTPROJECTPARTNERSTHEPARTNERSHIPBRINGSTOGETHER10CITIESANDTHEIRMANAGINGAUTHORITIES,COVERING10EUROPEANCOUNTRIESFROMCOMPETETIVENESSANDCONVERGENCEREGIONSPARTNERCOUNTRYMANAGINGAUTHORITY1CITYOFVENICELEADPARTNERITALYVENETOREGION2DISTRICTOFROTTERDAMCHARLOISNETHERLANDSCITYOFROTTERDAM3CITYOFVANTAAFINLANDUUDENMAANTEKESKUSEMPLOYMENTANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTCENTREFORUUSIMA4CITYOFTURINITALYPIEDMONTREGION5CITYOFTIMISOARAROUMANIAGENERALDIRECTORATEMANAGINGAUTHORITYFORREGIONALOPERATIONALPORGRAMME,MINISTRYOFDEVELOPMENT,PUBLICWORKSANDHOUSING6CITYOFKOMOTINIGREECEMANAGINGAUTHORITYFORREGIONALOPERATIONALPROGRAMMEFOREASTERNMACEDONIAANDTRACE7CITYOFSEVILLASPAINDIRECCIONGENERALDEFOMENTODELEMPLEODELACONSEJERIADEEMPLEODELAJUNTADEANDALUCIA8CITYOFAMADORAPORTUGALMANAGINGAUTHORITYWAITINGTOBEAPPOINTED9MUNICIPALITYOFNEAALIKARNASSOSGREECEREGIONOFCRETE10CITYOFHERRERADELOSNAVARROSSPAINGOVERNMENTOFARAGONBUDGETBUDGETLINEWORKPROGRAMMEACTIVITIESNOOFUNITSRATE/UNITCOST1PROJECTCOORDINATIONLUMPSUMORPROJECTCOORDINATION1114600,004600,00SUBTOTAL14600,002PERSONNELINCLOVERHEADCOSTMANDAYSOVERALLMANAGER112500,001000,00OVERALLMANAGER122500,001000,00OVERALLMANAGER212500,001000,00OVERALLMANAGER314500,002000,00OVERALLMANAGER322500,001000,00OVERALLMANAGER412500,001000,00OVERALLMANAGER512500,001000,00OVERALLMANAGER524500,002000,00ADMINISTRATIVEANDFINANCIALOFFICER315100,00500,00ADMINISTRATIVEANDFINANCIALOFFICER3220100,002000,00ADMINISTRATIVEANDFINANCIALOFFICER5120100,002000,00ADMINISTRATIVEANDFINANCIALOFFICER525100,00500,00COMMUNICATIONOFFICER215100,00500,00COMMUNICATIONOFFICER3220100,002000,00COMMUNICATIONOFFICER5120100,002000,00COMMUNICATIONOFFICER525100,00500,00NETWORKCOORDINATOR115100,00500,00NETWORKCOORDINATOR1220100,002000,00NETWORKCOORDINATOR3120100,002000,00NETWORKCOORDINATOR415100,00500,00SUBTOTAL225000,003MEETINGS,CONFERENCES,SEMINARSLUMPSUMBYEVENTFIRSTSTEERINGGROUPMEETING3222130,002860,00SECONDSTEERINGGROUPMEETING5122130,002860,00INTERPRETATION3213520,003520,00INTERPRETATION5113520,003520,00SUBTOTAL312760,004TRAVELANDACCOMMODATIONEGFLIGHTS,TRAINFARESALLOWANCESFIRSTSTEERINGGROUPMEETING3220700,0014000,00SECONDSTEERINGGROUPMEETING5120700,0014000,00SUBTOTAL428000,005PROMOTIONANDPUBLICATIONSLOCALCOORDINATORSCOPE,TRENDSANDISSUESREPORTS3192500,0022500,00SUBTOTAL522500,00TOTAL1TO592860,00AGREEDACTIONPLANACTIONWHODEADLINEESTABLISHINITIALPARTNERSHIPVENICEWITHSUPPORTOFPOTENTIALPARTNERSMAY2007WRITEDECLARATIONOFINTERESTFORMANDSUBMITVENICEWITHSUPPORTOFPOTENTIALPARTNERSMAY2007SECUREPARTICIPATIONOFFIVEADDITIONALPARTNERSVENICEWITHSUPPORTOFPOTENTIALPARTNERSJUNE2007PREPAREANDAGREETEMPLATEFORLOCALSCOPINGREPORTSTHEMATICEXPERTSANDALLPARTNERSJUNE2007HOLDFIRSTSTEERINGGROUPMEETINGALLPARTNERSJUNE2007RECRUITMENTOFEXPERTTOCONDUCTLOCALMAPPINGOFPRIORITYNEEDSANDISSUESALLPARTNERSJUNE2007FIRSTDRAFTOFLOCALMAPPINGTOBESENTTOCITYOFVENICEANDTHEMATICEXPERTALLPARTNERS13JULY2007FEEDBACKONTHEDRAFTMAPPINGREPORTBYTHEMATICEXPERTTHEMATICEXPERT20JULY2007REVISEDVERSIONOFMAPPINGREPORTSTOBESENTTOCITYOFVENICEANDTHEMATICEXPERTALLPARTNERS31JULY2007SECONDFEEDBACKONTHEREVISEDVERSIONOFMAPPINGREPORTBYTHEMATICEXPERTTHEMATICEXPERT06AUG2007FINALVERSIONLOCALMAPPINGREPORTSTOBESENTTOCITYOFVENICEANDTHEMATICEXPERTSALLPARTNERS07SEPT2007DEVELOPMENTOFACOMMONMETHODOLOGICALFRAMEWORKANDDEFINITIONOFOUTPUTSANDACTIVITIESOFPHASE2ALLPARTNERSOCT2007FINALISATIONOFAFORMATOFLOCALACTIONPLANFORPHASE2VENICEWITHINPUTFROMPARTNERSOCTOBER2007HOLDSECONDSTEERINGGROUPMEETINGALLPARTNERSOCTOBER2007IIEUROPEANANDLOCALMAPPINGINTRODUCTIONAMAPPINGEXERCISEHASBEENUNDERTAKENBOTHATEUROPEANUNIONLEVELANDCITY/REGIONALLEVELTHEMAPPINGOFMAINPOLICYANDDEBATESINRELATIONTOIMMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONATTHEEUROPEANUNIONLEVELWASAIMEDATPROVIDINGPARTNERSWITHABRIEFOVERVIEWOFWHYTHEISSUESOFIMMIGRATIONINTEGRATIONHAVEMOVEDHIGHERUPTOTHEEUAGENDAANDWITHANOVERVIEWOFPOLICYDEVELOPMENT,TRENDSANDCURRENTDEBATESINRELATIONTOIMMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONTHEFOLLOWINGEUANDINDEPENDENTSOURCESWEREUSEDSTATEOFEUROPEANCITIESREPORTMAY2007ANNUALPOLICYSTRATEGYFOR2008INTEGRATIONINTODAYSMOBILEWORLDPOLICYBRIEFBYINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONFORMIGRATIONJUNE2006COMMUNICATIONFROMTHECOMMISSIONCOM2005389FINALESTABLISHINGACOMMONAGENDAFORTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHETHIRDCOUNTRIESNATIONALSTOWARDSAPROACTIVEIMMIGRATIONPOLICYFORTHEEUWORKINGDOCUMENTOFTHECENTREFOREUROPEANPOLICYSTUDIESDECEMBER2003ACOMPARISONOFINTEGRATIONPROGRAMMESINTHEEUBYSERGIOCARRERACHALLENGEPAPERS,MARCH2006“INTEGRATION”ASAPROCESSOFINCLUSIONFORMIGRANTSWORKINGDOCUMENTOFTHECENTREFOREUROPEANPOLICYSTUDIESMARCH2005BREAKOUTSTRATEGIESFORETHNICENTREPRENEURBYDGENTERPRISEANDINDUSTRYJOINTREPORTONSOCIALINCLUSIONCOUNCILOFEUFEBRUARY2007ATCITY/REGIONALLEVEL,INORDERTOASSESSTHECURRENTSITUATIONFACINGEACHCITY/REGION,PARTNERSAGREEDTOUNDERTAKEAMAPPINGOFLOCALSERVICESANDPRIORITYNEEDSINRELATIONTOTHEFOURSUBTHEMESIDENTIFIEDBYTHEPROJECTENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENTFORETHNICMINORITIESTHISINCLUDESFINANCIALANDNONFINANCIALBUSINESSSUPPORT,MEASURESTOACCESSMARKETANDENTREPRENEURSHIPCULTUREACTIVEINCLUSIONINTHELABOURMARKET,WITHPARTICULARFOCUSONYOUNGADULTSSINGLEPARENTSANDROMACULTURALDIVERSITYTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALCOHESIONPOTENTIALINRELATIONTOCULTURALDIVERSITYINREGENERATIONPROGRAMMES,ANDACTIONSTARGETEDATSUPPORTING/DEVELOPINGINTERCULTURALDIALOGUEACCESSTOEDUCATION,HEALTHANDHOUSINGSERVICESTHELOCALMAPPINGFOCUSEDON1KEYTRENDSANDISSUESATREGIONAL/CITYLEVELONMIGRATIONANDINTEGRATIONSUPPORTEDBYFIGURESANDBREAKDOWNBYGENDER,AGEANDETHNICITY/NATIONALITYOFTHEMIGRANTPOPULATION2REVIEWOFCURRENTACTIONS/SERVICESPROVIDEDANDTHERESULTSOBTAINEDSOFAR3DEFINITIONOFPRIORITYNEEDSTHATARENOTCOVEREDBYTHESERVICESPROVIDEDGAPSINTERMSOFPARTICULARTYPESOFSERVICESTODOTHISANAGREEDTEMPLATEANNEXE1WASPRODUCEDANDEACHPARTNERAPPOINTEDALOCALEXPERTTOCONDUCTTHEMAPPINGEXERCISEANDPRODUCEAREPORTFORWHICHTHEYRECEIVEDFEEDBACKFROMTHETHEMATICEXPERTUNTILAFINALVERSIONHASBEENCOMPLETEDANNEXE2THERESULTSOFTHELOCALMAPPINGSWEREPRESENTEDBYTHEEXPERTSATTHESECONDSTEERINGGROUPMEETINGINSEPTEMBER2007THEMAPPINGEXERCISEWASANOPPORTUNITYFORCITIESANDMANAGINGAUTHORITIESTOWORKTOGETHEREUROPEANPERSPECTIVESTHEINTEGRATIONOFIMMIGRANTSATTHELOCALLEVELISATOPICOFSIGNIFICANTINTERESTFOREUMEMBERSTATESTHEGROWINGIMPORTANCEOFTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYMEANSTHATTHEBATTLEFORTALENTISBECOMINGASIMPORTANTASTHEBATTLEFORINWARDINVESTMENT,ANDSKILLEDMIGRANTSCANOFFERASIGNIFICANTCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETOLOCALLABOURMARKETS,ASLONGASTHEIRPOTENTIALISHARNESSEDUNSKILLEDMIGRANTSAREALSOINDEMAND,PARTICULARLYWHERERISINGLIVINGCOSTSMAKELOWERPAIDJOBSUNATTRACTIVETOTHENATIVEPOPULATION,ANDWHEREDEMOGRAPHICCHANGEANDPOPULATIONMOVEMENTCOMBINETOREDUCETHESELFSUFFICIENCYOFLOCALLABOURMARKETSFORTHEPOTENTIALADVANTAGESOFMIGRATIONTOBEMAXIMISEDHOWEVER,ITISCRUCIALTHATIMMIGRATIONISACCOMPANIEDBYINTEGRATION,THATIS,EFFECTIVEMECHANISMSFORENSURINGIMMIGRANTSAREEFFECTIVELYINCORPORATEDINTOLOCALLABOURMARKETSPARADOXICALLY,ATTHESAMETIMETHATMIGRATIONISINCREASINGINGLOBALIMPORTANCE,THEREISWORRYINGEVIDENCETHATINTEGRATIONRESULTSDONOTSEEMTOBEASFAVOURABLEINANUMBEROFCOUNTRIESASTHEYWEREINTHEPASTTHEINTEGRATIONOFIMMIGRANTSISAPOLICYAREAWHEREALOCALAPPROACHISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTWHILEIMMIGRATIONPOLICYISOFTENDETERMINED,DESIGNEDANDFUNDEDATNATIONALLEVEL,ITSIMPACTONMIGRANTSANDSOCIETYARESTRONGLYFELTATTHELOCALLEVELWHEREOTHERPOLICIES,INCLUDINGLABOURMARKETPOLICY,INTERACTTHEREISSTRONGVARIATIONBETWEENLOCALAREASINTERMSOFTHENUMBERANDTYPESOFMIGRANTSRECEIVEDWHILECERTAINAGRICULTURALAREASATTRACTLARGENUMBERSOFTEMPORARYMIGRANTS,MIGRANTSAREMORELIKELYOVERALLTOSETTLEINURBANAREAS,ANDINCERTAIN“GATEWAY”CITIESFURTHER,WITHINTHESECITIES,IMMIGRANTSOFTENBECOMECONCENTRATEDINPARTICULARNEIGHBOURHOODS,EITHERTHROUGHFOLLOWINGEXISTINGFAMILYORCOMMUNITYTIES,ORTHROUGHMINIMISINGLIVINGCOSTSLOCALPOLICYMAKERSAREABLETOTAKEINTOACCOUNTSUCHVARIATION,ALONGWITHVARIATIONINLABOURMARKETDEMANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFIMMIGRANTSISNOTONLYANATIONALISSUE,BUTALOCALONEWHILEAMIGRANTSAPPLICATIONTORESIDEINACOUNTRYMAYBEDEALTWITHATTHENATIONALLEVEL,THEYWILLULTIMATELYNEEDTOSETTLEINALOCALCOMMUNITYANDFINDTHEIRPLACEINALOCALLABOURMARKETSOURCESTATEOFEUROPEANCITIESREPORTMAY2007INTEGRATIONISALSOAGOVERNANCEISSUESUCCESSISLIKELYTOOCCURWHERETHEREISASATISFACTORYLEVELOFCOORDINATIONBETWEENTHEACTIONSCARRIEDOUT,WHEREPOLICYISADAPTEDTOLOCALNEEDS,ANDWHEREBUSINESSANDCIVILSOCIETYPARTICIPATEINSHAPINGTHEMEASURESCONCERNEDTOBESUSTAINABLEANDEFFECTIVE,INTEGRATIONINITIATIVESMUSTBEEMBEDDEDINBROADERLOCALECONOMICANDEMPLOYMENTDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIES,BUILDONLOCALCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGES,ANDRECEIVECONTRIBUTIONSFROMVARIOUSSECTORIALPOLICIESTHEINTEGRATIONOFIMMIGRANTSISONEOFTHOSEISSUESWHICHGOVERNMENTFINDSITACHALLENGETOADDRESSSUPPORTINGACCESSTOTHELABOURMARKETISTYPICALLYAMULTIFACETEDISSUE,WITHBOTHSOCIALANDECONOMICDIMENSIONSINTHECASEOFNEWCOMERSITISNOEASIERASITINVOLVESWORKINGWITHDIFFERENTCULTURES,TRADITIONSANDCUSTOMS,ANDPREPARINGTHELOCALLABOURMARKETTOWELCOMEANEWSOURCEOFSUPPLYTHEREAREAWIDEVARIETYOFDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERSINVOLVEDINTHISPOLICYAREA,REFLECTINGTHEDIVERSITYOFBARRIERSTOINTEGRATIONWHICHIMMIGRANTSMAYFACEDEPENDINGONTHELOCALAREA,ACTIVITIESTOSUPPORTINTEGRATIONCANBETAKENFORWARDBYLOCALANDREGIONALAUTHORITIES,NONGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONSNGOS,TRADESUNIONS,NOTFORPROFITENTERPRISES,ANDEMPLOYERSEACHOFTHESEORGANISATIONSCOMPLEMENTTHESUPPORTTOIMMIGRANTSWHICHISDELIVEREDBYTHEPUBLICEMPLOYMENTSERVICEPES,WHICHINFACTRARELYTARGETSIMMIGRANTSSPECIFICALLYINITSPROGRAMMESDESPITETHEFACTTHATLOCALAUTHORITIESINMOSTCASESHAVENOSPECIFICLEGALCOMPETENCYTOHELPPEOPLEINTOEMPLOYMENT,THEYPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHELOCALINTEGRATIONOFIMMIGRANTSLOCALPOLICIESINTHEFIELDOFHOUSING,EDUCATIONANDTRAINING,CULTUREANDDIALOGUE,SOCIALASSISTANCEANDSPATIALPLANNINGCANALLHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONTHEABILITYOFIMMIGRANTSTOACCESSEMPLOYMENT,ANDTHEOVERARCHINGRESPONSIBILITYOFLOCALAUTHORITIESFORTHESOCIALANDECONOMICWELLBEINGOFTHEIRLOCALAREAMAKESTHEMANATURALLEADPARTNERINLOCALPARTNERSHIPSTOSUPPORTINTEGRATIONBOTHLOCALAUTHORITIESANDTHEPESFREQUENTLYWORKWITHNONGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONSNGOSINTHEDELIVERYOFSERVICESTOIMMIGRANTSATTHELOCALLEVEL,SOMETIMESFORLEGALREASONSBECAUSETHEYAREABLETOPROVIDESUPPORTTOMIGRANTSWHODONOTHAVEEMPLOYMENTORRESIDENTPERMITSBUTALSOBECAUSENGOSPROVIDETHESUPPORTIVEENVIRONMENTANDINDIVIDUALISED“ONESTOPSHOP”APPROACHESTHATSOMEMIGRANTSWITHMULTIPLEOBSTACLESTOINTEGRATIONNEEDCOLLEGESANDVOCATIONALSCHOOLSAREALSOPARTICULARLYWELLPLACEDTOTAKEFORWARDANINTEGRATIONAPPROACHATTHELOCALLEVEL,INTHATTHEYACTASINTERMEDIARIESBETWEENLOCALPEOPLEANDLOCALEMPLOYERSEMPLOYERSAREALSOIMPORTANTSTAKEHOLDERSWHONEEDTOBEINVOLVEDATTHELOCALLEVELEMPLOYERSASSOCIATIONSANDCHAMBERSOFCOMMERCECANALSOPLAYAPARTICULARLYUSEFULROLETHEABILITYOFEMPLOYERSASSOCIATIONSTOPROGRESSIVELYTACKLEBOTHINTEGRATIONANDQUALITYOFWORKISSUE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