[论文精品]从交际功能看英汉委婉语

本科毕业论文从交际功能看英汉委婉语学生姓名学生学号院（系）外国语学院年级专业级英语本科3班指导教师讲师二八年五月ACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCOMMUNICATIONFUNCTIONSCONTENTSABSTRACTIKEYWORDSIA1A0A2A3A4A5A2INTRODUCTION1ITHEFUNCTIONOFTABOOS3ATHEEUPHEMISMOFDEATH3BTHEEUPHEMISMOFDISEASE5IITHEFUNCTIONOFAVOIDANCEOFVULGARITY6ATHEEUPHEMISMOFSEX6BTHEEUPHEMISMOFTHEPARTSOFBODY7CTHEEUPHEMISMOFEXCRETA7DTHEEUPHEMISMOFMARRIAGEANDPREGNANCY8IIITHEFUNCTIONOFPOLITENESS9ATHEEUPHEMISMOFBEINGOLD9BTHEEUPHEMISMOFHANDICAPPED10CTHEEUPHEMISMOFPOVERTY11DOTHEREUPHEMISMSDISMISSAL，UNEMPLOYMENT，APPEARANCE12THEFUNCTIONOFCONCEALMENT13APOLITICALEUPHEMISMINTERNATIONALSITUATION,DIPLOMACY13BECONOMICALEUPHEMISMECONOMICCRISIS，TAX,UNEMPLOYMENT13CMARTIALEUPHEMISM14THEFUNCTIONOFCOMPLIMENT14CONCLUSION16ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS17BIBLIOGRAPHY18A6A7A8A9A10A11ABSTRACTA12ABSTRACTEUPHEMISMISAWIDESPREADLINGUISTICPHENOMENON,WHICHISNOTONLYASOCIALLANGUAGEPHENOMENON,BUTITISALSOACULTURALPHENOMENONITPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINELIMINATINGMISUNDERSTANDINGORCONFLICTSAMONGPEOPLE，ANDHARMONIZINGINTERPERSONALRELATIONSHIPTHISTHESISMAKESACONTRASTIVESTUDYOFTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMTODISCOVERTHESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEMITDISCUSSESEUPHEMISMSMAINLYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCOMMUNICATIONFUNCTIONSINCLUDINGFUNCTIONOFTABOOS,FUNCTIONOFAVOIDANCEOFVULGARITY,FUNCTIONOFPOLITENESS,FUNCTIONOFCONCEALMENT,ANDFUNCTIONOFCOMPLIMENT,WHICHAREOFCONSIDERABLEVALUEANDGUIDANCETOOURFOREIGNLANGUAGELEARNINGANDTEACHING,INTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,TRANSLATION,DICTIONARYCOMPILATIONANDSOONKEYWORDSEUPHEMISMTABOOPOLITENESSCONCEALMENTCOMPLIMENTA13A14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21摘要A22A23A24A25A26A27A28A29A30A31A32A33A24A34A35A25A36A37A38A39A25A40A41A42A43A44A45A31A36A37A46A47A24A34A40A41A48A49A31A36A37A50A51A40A41A42A43A52A53A54A55A56A57A28A58A59A48A60A61A46A47A32A62A63A64A25A65A66A67A30A42A68A50A69A70A71A62A72A73A74A75A48A76A77A78A72A73A79A77A80A72A73A79A81A82A72A73A79A83A84A72A73A79A85A86A72A73A87A88A89A90A91A92A93A94A95A22A23A24A96A97A98A99A100A101A48A102A103A94A95A22A23A24A25A93A98A48A104A105A106A107A108A57A109A37A24A34A107A110A35A111A89A109A37A50A51A25A112A113A28A114A113A48A115A93A116A24A117A118A119A120A117A79A121A50A51A71A62A79A122A123A79A124A125A126A127A128A52A53A99A88A25A129A130A131A132A42关键词A22A23A24A133A77A78A72A73A133A77A80A72A73A133A81A82A72A73A133A83A84A72A73A133A85A86A72A73A68A134A135A136A137A50INTRODUCTION1INTRODUCTIONEUPHEMISMISACOMMONLINGUISTICPHENOMENONINDIFFERENTCULTURESFROMTHEMOMENTITISCOINED,ITPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINPEOPLESDAILYCOMMUNICATIONTHEYAREEMBEDDEDSODEEPLYINOURLANGUAGETHATMOSTOFUS,EVENTHOSEWHOPRIDETHEMSELVESINBEINGPLAINSPOKEN,NEVERGETTHROUGHADAYWITHOUTUSINGTHEMLIKEROBERTBURCHFIELDWROTEINHISBOOKFAIROFSPEECHTHEUSEOFEUPHEMISM,“ALANGUAGEWITHOUTEUPHEMISMSWOULDBEADEFECTIVEINSTRUMENTOFCOMMUNICATION”126THEWORD“EUPHEMISM”COMESFROMTHEGREEKEU,MEANING“GOOD”,ANDPHENE“SPEECH”OR“SAYING,”ANDTHUSMEANSLITERALLY“TOSPEAKWITHGOODWORDSORINAPLEASANTMANNER”ASAKINDOFFIGURATIVEDEVICE,EUPHEMISMHASBEENDEFINEDDIFFERENTLYEUPHEMISMSAREMILD,AGREEABLE,ORROUNDABOUTWORDSUSEDINPLACEOFCOARSE,PAINFUL,OROFFENSIVEONERAWSON,1INCHINA,CHENWANGDAOWASTHEFIRSTPERSONWHOGAVEEUPHEMISMADEFINITION,INHISINTRODUCTIONTORHETORIC,THEDEFINITIONREADS,“ONEKINDOFFIGURESOFSPEECH,SAYINGSOMETHINGINDIRECTLY,BUTCONNOTINGANDSUBSTITUTINGWITHROUNDABOUTANDIMPLICITWORDSOREVENMETAPHORICAL”56THELIMITATIONOFTHEDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISMISBROKENDOWNBYAFAMOUSAMERICANLINGUISTDBOLINGERWHOPOINTSOUTTHAT“EUPHEMISMISNOTRESTRICTEDTOTHELEXICONTHEREAREGRAMMATICALWAYSOFTONINGSOMETHINGDOWNWITHOUTACTUALLYCHANGINGTHECONTENTOFTHEMESSAGE”148AFTERWARDS,THEGRAMMATICALWAYSTOFORMEUPHEMISMSUCHASNEGATION,TENSE,MOODANDSOONHAVEBEENPAIDATTENTIONTOEUPHEMISMCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOMANYTYPESFROMDIFFERENTANGLESACCORDINGTOHUGHRAWSON,EUPHEMISMCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOTYPESTHEPOSITIVEANDTHENEGATIVEFROMTHEANGLEOFSEMANTICSEUPHEMISMALSOCANBEDIVIDEDINTO“UNCONSCIOUSEUPHEMISM”AND“CONSCIOUSEUPHEMISM”RAWSON,3ACCORDINGTOTHEIRCONTENTS,EUPHEMISMSCANBECLASSIFIEDAS“EUPHEMISMOFDISEASE,EUPHEMISMOFDEATHANDSOON”THOUGHMUCHINKHASBEENSPILLEDONEUPHEMISM,THEYARESTUDIEDINDISCIPLINESSUCHASSOCIOLOGY,ANTHROPOLOGY,SOCIOLINGUISTICS,PRAGMATICSANDDISCOURSEANALYSISBYA138A139A140A141A142A143INTRODUCTION2BOTHLINGUISTSATHOMEANDABROADANDSOFARTHEREISASHORTAGEOFCONTRASTIVERESEARCHBETWEENLANGUAGESTOUNVEILTHEUNIVERSALANDPECULIARFEATURESOFEUPHEMISMSANDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDEUPHEMISMINAPARTICULARLANGUAGE,ACONTRASTIVESTUDYISAMUSTTHISTHESISMAKESACONTRASTIVESTUDYOFENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMWITHANATTEMPTTOEXPLOREANDDEMONSTRATETHEIRDIFFERENCESANDSIMILARITIESFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCOMMUNICATIONFUNCTIONSINTHEHOPEOFENHANCINGINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENCOUNTRIESANDENLIGHTENINGANDGUIDINGENGLISHLEARNERSABITINTHEIRLANGUAGELEARNING,TRANSLATIONSTUDIESETCA138A139A140A141A142A143BODY3ITHEFUNCTIONOFTABOOSATHEEUPHEMISMOFDEATHBECAUSEOFTHEDREADOFSOMETHINGSANDPHENOMENON,PEOPLEAREUNWILLINGTOSPEAKORDARENOTTOSPEAK,BUTSOMETIMESTHEYHAVETOEXPRESSTHISMEANING,THUSTHEYLEARNTOUSETHEEUPHEMISMDEATHISTHEMOSTTERRIBLEEVENTTOMOSTHUMANBEINGS,WHICHMEANSTHEENDOFEXISTENCEASACONSEQUENCE,ITISAFORBIDDENAREAINALMOSTEVERYCULTUREHOWEVER,PEOPLEMUSTFACEITNOMATTERWHETHERTHEYLIKEITORNOTTOAVOIDMENTIONDIRECTLYTHEWORD“DEATH”,WHICHPROBABLYWILLAROUSEUNHAPPYFEELINGANDFRIGHTENPEOPLE,LOTSOFEUPHEMISMSARECREATEDTOSUBSTITUTEFORITSOMEDEATHEUPHEMISMEXPRESSCOMMENDATORYMEANING,SUCHAS“TOBEINHEAVEN”,“TOBEWITHGOD”SOMENEUTRAL,SUCHAS“TOGO”,“TODECEASE”STILLSOMEDEROGATORY,SUCHAS“TOCROCK”,“TOKICKTHEBUCKET”PEOPLEARERELUCTANTTOACCEPTTHEFACTTHATTHEDEADPERSONSHAVELEFTTHISWORLDFOREVER,ANDTHEYEMPLOYVARIOUSSTRATEGIESTOACHIEVETHEIRGOALDEATHISJUSTLIKE“AREST”ORSOMEOTHERFORMSOF“NONCONSCIOUSNESS”,SOTHEDEADJUST“CLOSETHEIREYES”AND“FALLASLEEP”DEATHIS“AJOURNEYORALEAVINGFROMLIFE”TOSOMESPECIFIEDORUNSPECIFIEDPLACES,SOTHEDEAD“PASSAWAY”AND“GOTOABETTERPLACE”OREVENARE“INTHEARMSOFJESUS”DEATHISANIMPERATIVEINVITATIONFROMTHEAUTHORITIESINTHEAFTERLIFE,SOTHEDEAD“RECEIVETHEFINALSUMMONS”ANDHAVETO“ANSWERTHECALL”DEATHISALOSSFORTHOSEWHOKNOWTHEDEAD,SOTHEDEADARE“NOLONGERWITHUS”ANDARE“SADLYMISSED”DEATHISALSOANEND,SOTHEDEAD“BREATHETHEIRLAST”ANDARENOMORELIUCHUNBAO,173174DEATHEUPHEMISMSALSOABOUNDINCHINESECHINESEDEATHEUPHEMISMAREMORECOMPLICATEDDUETOTHEDEEPCULTURALCONNOTATIONS,FORINSTANCE,DEATHEUPHEMISMSCANINDICATENOTONLYPEOPLESATTITUDESTOWARDSTHEDEAD,BUTALSOTHEIDENTITIESOFTHEDEADGENERALLYSPEAKING,WHENTHEDEADARERESPECTABLEANDTHESPEAKERSWANTTOEXPRESSTHEIRPROFOUNDCONDOLENCE,THEYMAYUSE“逝世”SHSHWHICHLITERALLYMEANSTOPASSAWAY,“长眠”CHNGMINWHICHLITERALLYMEANSALONGSLEEP,“牺牲”XSHNGA144A145A146A147A148A149BODY4WHICHLITERALLYMEANSTOSACRIFICEONESELF,WHILEIFSPEAKERSDISLIKETHEDEAD,THEYMIGHTEMPLOYPHRASESLIKE“翘辫子”QIOBINZIWHICHLITERALLYMEANSTOBRAILUPWARD,“完蛋了”WNDNLEWHICHLITERALLYMEANSTOBEFINISHED,“蹬腿”DNGTUWHICHLITERALLYMEANSTOSTRETCHONESLEGZHANGGONGGUI,171174THEREISRIGIDCLASSORDERINFEUDALCHINAALLPEOPLESHOULDSPEAKACCORDINGTOTHEIRDIFFERENTSOCIALRANKSDIFFERENTLEVELSOFPOLITICALOFFICIALSSPEAKDIFFERENTLYTHEREFORE,DIFFERENTSOCIALRANKSUSEDIFFERENTDEATHEUPHEMISMSDEATHOFEMPERORSISCALLED“崩”BNG,DEATHOFDUKES“薨”HNG,DEATHOFSENIOROFFICIALS“卒”C,DEATHOFSCHOLARS“不禄”BL,DEATHOFTHECOMMON“死”SZHANGZHIGONG,163DIFFERENTDEATHEUPHEMISMSAPPLYNOTONLYFORDIFFERENTLEVELSOFOFFICIALS,BUTALSOFORDIFFERENTAGESDEATHOFBABIESISNAMED“杏荡”XNGSHNGDEATHOFYOUTH“夭”YOANDDEATHOFSENIORPEOPLE“寿终”SHUZHNGZHANGZHIGONG,163MOSTPEOPLEINWESTERNSOCIETYBELIEVEINCHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANCULTUREPENETRATESINTOTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEMANYEUPHEMISMSONDEATHAREFROMHOLYBIBLEORCHRISTIANLEGENDSANDALLUSIONSANDSOMEOFTHEMMANIFESTTHEPHILOSOPHYOFCHRISTIANITYANDITSRELIGIOUSINTERPRETATIONOFDEATHFOREXAMPLE,JUSTBECAUSEGODCREATEDMENWITHCLAYANDMENARECREATEDEQUAL,“TODIE”ISCALLED“TORETURNTODUST/EARTH”OR“TOBECALLEDTOGOD”OR“TOANSWERTHEFINALSUMMONS”,OR“TOHANDINONESACCOUNTS/TOBESENTTOONESACCOUNT”THEDEADPEOPLESHOULDREPORTTOTHEGODHISWHOLELIFEANDWAITFOR“THELASTJUDGMENT”THEREFOREHUMANBEINGSSHOULDDOGOODDEEDSTO“PAYCHARON”WHOWILLBOATHIM“ACROSSTHERIVERSTYX”ANDTHENTHEYCAN“GOTOHEAVEN/PARADISE”DIFFERENTFROMTHESINGLERELIGIONINWESTERNSOCIETIES,THECHINESEHAVEMORETHANONERELIGIONAMONGTHEMTHEMAINRELIGIONSAREBUDDHISMANDTAOISMFORBUDDHISM,DEATHISADOORWAYTHROUGHWHICHONEPASSESADIFFERENTKINDOFEXISTENCEBUDDHISTSBELIEVETHEFINALGOALOFLIFEDIRECTSATTHEETERNALHAPPINESSAFTERMANSDEATHTHATMEANSBEINGFREEFROMTHEPAINFULWORLDSOTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHISLIFEISONLYTOPROVIDEGROUNDTHEETERNALHAPPINESSAFTERMANSDEATHBYMEANSOFDOINGGOODDEEDSREMOVINGEVILINTHISWORLDTHEBUDDHISTSCHOOSETOREMAINDAZUO打坐WHENTHEYPASSAWAY,WHICHSHOWSTHATTHEYARENOTAFRAIDOFDEATHANDTREATITASSOMETHINGNATURALLYPEACEFULDEATHWITHTHISPOSTUREISCALLED“坐化”ZUHUOR“坐蜕”ZUTUTAOISTSA144A145A146A147A148A149BODY5CALLTHATPROCESS“羽化”YHUOR“遗行”YXNGSINCEWHENTHEYACHIEVESTAO,HISSOULGOESTOTHEUPPERWORLDANDONLYTHEBODYISLEFTTHISGRADUALLYBECAMEADEATHEUPHEMISMBTHEEUPHEMISMOFDISEASEINTHEPAST,MANYDISEASESHADNOTBEENCAREDWELL,ANDSOMEDISEASESMEANTTHEDEATHTHEREFOREPEOPLEAVOIDMENTIONINGDISEASEDIRECTLYFOREXAMPLE,THEYUSE“LOOKOFFCOLOR,”WHICHLITERALLYMEANSTHEBADCOLOR,TOEXPRESSTHEBODYINANUNHEALTHYSTATEMODERNMEDICINEUSUALLYUSEABBREVIATESTOREPLACETHEFULLNAMEOFTHEILLS,WHICHNOTONLYAVOIDTHEWORDSPEOPLEAREUNWILLINGTOMENTION,BUTALSOEXPRESSWHATPEOPLEWANTTOSAYSUCHAS“BIGC”FORCANCER,“FLU”FORINFLUENZA,“BO”FORBODYODOR,“AIDS”FORACQUIREDIMMUNEDEFICIENCYSYNDROME,“VD”FORVENEREALDISEASE,AND“SARS”FORSEVEREACUTERESPIRATORYSYNDROMESANDSOONGENERALLYSPEAKING,PEOPLEALWAYSHATETOBEILLWHENTHEYTALKOFTHEDISEASE,THEYCANAVOIDMENTIONINGITTHUSPEOPLECREATEMANYIMPLICATIVEWORDSWHICHAREREFINEDANDMAKEPEOPLECOMFORTINCHINESESOMEPEOPLEEVENAREUNWILLINGTOREFERTOSICKENING,THEYONLYSAYTHEIRBODYUNCOMFORTABLEINALLAGESMANYNAMES,FOREXAMPLES,ANCIENTFAMOUSPEOPLEHUOQUBING霍去病,AGREATGENERALINTHEWARRINGSTATES,XINQIJI辛弃疾,ANANCIENTPOET,MODERNSTARZHANGWEIJIAN张卫健ANDSOON,ALLEXPRESSPEOPLESHATINGDISEASEANDWANTINGTOHAVEHEALTHBECAUSETHEDISEASESAREUNEXPECTABLEPHYSICALPHENOMENA,EVENTHOUGHSOMEONEISILL,HEALWAYSSAYSASEVEREDISEASETOBEASMALLONEORSMALLONETONOTHINGTHEREAREDISEASEEUPHEMISMSINCHINESECHOLERAISCALLED“子午沙”ZWSH,MADMAN“精神病患者”JNGSHNBNGHUNZH,DEAF“背气”BIQ,INDISPOSITIONISEXPRESSEDTHATTHEBODYISUNCOMFORTABLE,FEETANDLEGSAREOUTOFSTATIONINENGLISHCANCERISCALLEDLONGILLNESSORBIGCORCDCANCERDISEASE,LEPROSYISHANSENSDISEASE,CONSTIPATIONISIRREGULARITY,SYPHILISISSOCIALDISEASE,MADISMENTALPROBLEMBOSUBSTITUTESBODYODORAIDSISCALLEDDONKEYDISEASEITISSAIDTHATAFRICANDONKEYISTHEINFECTIONFOUNTAINHEADOFTHISDISEASE,SOPEOPLEUSEITASPRONOUNOFAIDSA144A145A146A147A148A149BODY6THEFUNCTIONOFAVOIDANCEOFVULGARITYATHEEUPHEMISMOFSEXEVERYNATIONSHOULDTAKETHEIRNATIONALGENES,WHICHDETERMINETHEIRSTATESOFSPIRIT,WAYSOFTHINKINGANDEVENTENDENCYOFBEHAVIORFROMTHEANCIENTTIMETONOW,PEOPLETALKOFSEXPRUDENTLYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANSOCIETY,THEREARESOMEOPENPARLANCES,BUTTHEMAINSTREAMISTHATPEOPLESTILLTALKABOUTITINANIMPLICIT,EUPHEMISTICWAYTHEREAREMANYGREATDIFFERENCESINATTITUDESTOSEXBETWEENCHINESEANDSOMEWESTERNCOUNTRIESTHEENGLISHHASMANYEXPRESSIONSABOUTSEXUALBEHAVIOR,SUCHAS“MAKELOVE”,“MAKEIT”,“TOAPPROACH”,“SLEEPTOGETHER”ANDSOONTHE“COHABITATION”,WHICHHASBEENAUSUALPHENOMENONINWESTERNSOCIETIES,ISCALLEDTHE“TRIALMARRIAGE”OR“MARRIAGEBUTNOTCHURCHED”THE“MISTRESS”BECOMES“THEUNMARRIEDWIFE”ANDTHE“BASTARD”BRAVELYBECOMES“THELOVECHILD”OR“THENATURALCHILD”THESEEUPHEMISMSTOSOMEDEGREESREFLECTTHEACCEPTANCEANDTHEPERMISSIONOFPEOPLEDIVORCERAPIDLYANDHASTILYITCANBECALLED“TOBREAKUP”,“TOSPLITUP”OREVEN“MATHRUPTCY”WHICHISABLENDINGOF“MATCH”AND“BANKRUPT”THEFUNNIESTEUPHEMISMFORDIVORCEIS“TOGOTORENO”“RENO”ISASMALLTOWNINNEVADAOFAMERICAANDISFAMOUSFORTHESPEEDINDEALINGWITHDIVORCEPROCEDUREAFTERTHEDIVORCE,WEHAVETHE“SINGLEPARENT”WHICHREFERSTOTHOSEPARENTSWHOBRINGUPTHECHILDRENAFTERDIVORCEAFTERTHESEEUPHEMISMSARETHEPRODUCTSOFTHESEXCONCEPTSINMODERNWESTERNSOCIETYTHECHINESEALSOHAVETHEEXPRESSIONSLIKE“那种事”,“同房”,“圆房”THEYALLREFERTOSEXUALINTERCOURSE,“桃色事件”ILLICITLOVEAFFAIRS,“第三者”THETHIRDPERSONOUTSIDETHEMARRIAGE,“外遇”PARAMOURAND“插足”PUTONESFOOTINOTHERSMARRIAGE,BUTUNTILNOWITISSTILLATRADITIONALSOCIETYTHATABIDESBYTHESEXMORALSSERIOUSANDRESTRICTEDANDTHEPSYCHOLOGYABOUTSEXISMORESHYANDIMPLICITALSODUETOTWOTHOUSANDYEARSOFACCUMULATIONOFTHEFEUDALSOCIETY,ALLEXPRESSIONSCONCERNINGSEXBELONGTOTHETABOOSFOREXAMPLE,EVENTHEMARRIEDHUSBANDANDWIFEARESHYTOA150A151A152A153A154A155BODY7CALLTHEOTHERSNAMEDIRECTLY,INSTEADTHEYUSE“我们那位/那个”NOTEHEREINSTEADOFTHESINGULARFORM“我”,THEPLURALFORM“我们”TOBEMOREEUPHEMISMINTHECOUNTRYSIDE,THEYUSE“孩子他爹/他娘”THISISTYPICALLYCHINESEEUPHEMISMINSUCHAKINDOFSOCIETY,THEMARRIAGEANDTHEFAMILYRELATIONSHIPARESOLIDANDSTABLEANDTHESEXACTIVITIESARERESTRICTEDBYTHESOCIALMORALSTHISFORMSASHARPCONTRASTBETWEENTHEWESTERNANDTHECHINESEMORALSANDTHESOCIALVALUESBTHEEUPHEMISMOFTHEPARTSOFBODYINENGLISHTHEREAREMANYEUPHEMISMSABOUTSECRETPARTSANDPRIVATEPARTSOFTHEBODYFOREXAMPLE,WHENPEOPLEWANTTOEMPHASIZESOMEBODY“INANATURALORPRIMITIVESTATE”ORHISCOMPLEXION,BODILYFORM,DRESS,THEYCANEXPRESSTHECHINESENUDEFROMMANYDIFFERENTASPECTS,SUCHAS“INADAMSANDEVESTOGS”,“INTHEBUFF”,“INTHERAW”,“SHOWINGONESFORM”,“BOTTOMLESS”,“TOPLESS”ANDSOONBUTTOCKSISAATTRACTIVEBUTINDIRECTLYSPOKENPARTOFTHEBODY,SOTHEENGLISHHAS“SEATS”,“RAFTERS”,“BACKSIDES”,“BEHIND”,“BUNS”,“BOTTOM”,“BACKSEATS”,“PACKINGPLACE”,“SITMEDOWNUPON”ANDSOONINWESTERNCOUNTRIESBREASTSISTHESECONDFACEOFWOMENANDTHEEROGENOUSPARTSITISNOTELEGANTTODIRECTLYSPEAK“BREASTS”PEOPLEUSUALLYUSEMETAPHOR,SUBSTITUTEANDOTHERMETHODSTOEXPRESSBREASTSFROMITSSHAPE,SIZE,COLOR,FUNCTIONANDTHELOCATION,SUCHAS“GLOBES”,“HEMISPHERES”,“MELONS”,“MOUNTAINS”,“TEACUPS”,“BIGBROWNEYES”,“HEADLIGHTS”,“BUMPERS”,“MILKBOTTLES”ANDSOONTHECHINESEHASCHUBBINESSANDOTHERWORDS,BUTINTHEMODERNCHINESE,PEOPLEUSES“X”ORSUSPENSIONPOINTSWHENREFERREDTOSEXORSEXUALORGANSCTHEEUPHEMISMOFEXCRETAFROMANCIENTTIMETONOW,INCOMMUNICATION,SOMEBEHAVIORSESPECIALLYPHYSIOLOGICALBEHAVIORSARENOTEXPRESSEDDIRECTLY,ONLYSENSEDNOTSPOKEN,SUCHASRELIEVINGTHEBOWELS,SOMEPARTSOFTHEBODY,WOMENSMENSTRUATIONANDSOONAVOIDINGPHILISTINISMANDSEEKINGELEGANCEHAVEBEENEXISTENTSINCETHEANCIENTTIMETHEREFORE,SOMETABOOEXPRESSIONSCOMEINTOBEINGA150A151A152A153A154A155BODY8INTHEDIFFERENTCULTURES,PEOPLEHAVEDIFFERENTATTITUDESTOTHESAMEPHYSIOLOGICALPHENOMENONINEUROPE,ITISACHARACTEROFTHEWESTERNCIVILIZATIONTHATPEOPLEALLFEELEMBARRASSEDATEVERYKINDOFEXCRETAMENSTRUATIONISANECESSARYPHYSIOLOGICALPHENOMENONOFTHEADULTFEM,BUTANYSOCIETIESHARDLYSPEAKITDIRECTLYINBRITAIN,THETABOOOFMENSTRUATIONHASATLEASTMILLENNIALHISTORYANDITSEUPHEMISMHASOVERONEHUNDREDKINDS,MOSTOFWHICHUSEMETAPHORINENGLISHMENSTRUATIONISEXPLAINEDASVARIOUS“FRIEND”,“AUNTIE”,“COUSIN”，“SISTER”,OR“BLUEDAYS”,“FEELINGUNWELL”,“THEFLOWERS”,“THATTIMEOFTHEMONTH”,“MONTHLYCOURSES”ANDSOONORSAIDTHAT“IMHAVINGMYPERIODS”,“IMAWOMANFORAWEEK”,“IMHAVINGMYFRIENDWITHME”ANDSOONINCHINESETHEREARESOMEEXPRESSIONSLIKE“例假PERIOD”,“不舒服UNCOMFORTABLE”,“身不净BODYSUNCLEANNESS”,“休息REST”,“来好事GOODTHINGCOMING”ANDSOONTHEREAREALSOSOMEDIFFERENCESINSECRETIONBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESESUCHENGLISHEUPHEMISMSHAVE“MOISTURE”,“FACIALDEW”,“P