An addiction-prone society The social fundamentals of drug use and abuse.ppt

1、An addiction-prone society? The social fundamentals of drug use and abuse,Richard Eckersley Australia 21 Ltd, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health The Australian National University .au Web: .au,Layers of influence model,Source: Dahlgren G and W

2、hitehead M (1991), In Acheson (1998).,Health expenditures,Accounted for an average 9% of GDP in OECD countries in 2004, up from 5% in 1970. Australia 9.2% (2004) to 16% (2020). Prevention and public health programs receive only about 3% of health expenditures in OECD countries. 25% of health expendi

3、tures on people in last 2 years of life.,.drugs are but one of a number of social and health problems that can share common determinants .Drug use problems and mental illness are the leading causes of disease and injury in Australians aged 15 to 24, and the two often occur together Ministerial Counc

4、il on Drug Strategy Monograph 2004,Alcohol is strongly linked with anxiety and depression, particularly in those who are dependent on alcohol, and this increases the risks of violence and suicidal behaviour. Drinking among young peopleincreased throughout the 1990s. Ministerial Council on Drug Strat

5、egy Monograph 2004,Young people in Australia generally enjoy a level of health that is good and has improved in recent times, as indicated by levels of mortality, morbidity and disability Australias Health 2004 AIHW,Despite overall health improvements, the inequalities in health status across the po

6、pulation have remained very marked and in some cases have increased. No Time to Lose: The wellbeing of Australias children Sue Richardson, Margot Prior (eds), 2005,By contrast (to Xers), Yers are a happy, well-behaved and optimistic bunch.This is a healthy demographic, reporting low levels of psycho

7、logical distress. The World According to Y Rebecca Huntley, 2006,Deaths, all causes, males 15-24,by SES, 1985-87 and 1995-97,Source: Turrell implicated in mood disorders, heart disease.,Health trends explanations (cont),6.Environmental change: The dual trends of growing exploitation of ecosystem ser

8、vices and the generally declining condition of most ecosystems are unsustainable Ecosystem changes may occur on such a large scale as to have a catastrophic effect on human health. Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005,Health trends - interactions,S

9、ocial causes interact with individual, age, generational factors: Genes for depression, anxiety, addiction expression depends on environmental factors. Psychological changes eg, more anxiety, less control. Foetal, child and adolescent development increased vulnerability to risk. Other disorders (com

10、orbidity).,Satisfaction vs health: ATS,Large, longitudinal study of Victorian children. At age 19-20: Over 80% satisfied with their lives including lifestyle, work or study, relationships with parents and friends, accomplishments and self-perceptions. 50% experiencing one or more problems associated

11、 with depression, anxiety, anti-social behaviour and alcohol use.,Source: Smart pursuing constant gratification and external affirmation; prone to addiction, obsession and excess. Richard Eckersley Drug and Alcohol Review, 2005,Spirituality and addiction,Many of our human activities are copies or re

12、productions of impulses that are invisible, hard to discern, and poorly described in the over-used word spirituality.But it is a problem, because the deeper impulse has not been satiated, just temporarily relieved by vicarious displacement, by a stop-gap or addictive behaviour. David Tacey The Spiri

13、tuality Revolution, 2003,The power of the market,Big businesses in the United States now spend well over a trillion dollars a year on marketing. This is double Americans spending on all public and private education, from kindergartens through graduate schools. Michael Dawson The Consumer Trap: Big Business Marketing in American Life, 2003,Redirecting choice to improve wellbeing from this:,Weak families, communities,Self-interested, competitive individualism,Shallow democracy,Material progress,Illbeing,A vicious c