ErnestHemingway海明威生平英文简介ppt课件

1、Ernest Hemingway,1899 -1961,The Lost Generation,Lost Generation refers to the generation after the World War I. Meanwhile, it also refers to the young writers who lived as expatriates(移居国外者) in Western Europe for a short time. The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein (格特鲁德.斯坦 )to refer

2、to a group of American literary notables (A person of distinction or great 名人 )who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, and Gertrude Stein herself,The Lost Generation,Because most of his works take

3、 the war as background, describe the pains and hurt the war brings to human being, and reflect a younger generations aimlessness and loss of the beliefs after the World War I, these works immediately won the responses from many people who survived the war physically but were afterwards spiritually a

4、nd morally adrift ( without direction or purpose). Then, Hemingway became the spokesman for what the Gertrude Stein had called “The Lost Generation,The Lost Generation,The Lost Generation is also called the Sad Young Man by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book which describes the disillusioned younger ge

5、neration after the First World War,Life,born in a small town called Oak Park in Illinois near Chicago father: a successful physician, middle class, love fishing and hunting; mother: music teacher a happy childhood; a lover of brutal sports, such as boxing and football in middle school Though his fat

6、her hoped him to be a physician, Hemingway refused to enter university. He chose to be a reporter. During the WWI, he wanted to join the army but was refused because of his poor eyesight. Then Hemingway came to Italy to work as an ambulance driver. He was seriously wounded in the battlefield. The ni

7、ghtmarish war experience changed his life,the second child, and first son ; *raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago ； *music lessons were useful in his writing and a lifelong passion for outdoor adventure and for living in remote or isolated areas,childhood,attended Oak Park and River For

8、est High School and excelled both academically and athletically; *first writing experience was for the schools newspaper and yearbook,school life,Hemingway at the time of his graduation from high school, 1917,worked as a reporter for The Kansas City Star( 堪萨斯星报) before World War I for only six month

9、s,after high school,joined the Red CrossAmbulance Corps(红十字会战场服务队); *on July 8, 1918, wounded but carried an Italian soldier to safety, received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery; *when in the hospital, met and fell in love with Agnesgnis , a Red Cross nurse but rejected,World war,began as a freel

10、ancer(自由职业)and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly; *also worked as an associate editor of the Co-operative Commonwealth, a monthly journal; *met Hadley Richardson, the first wife,and married in 1921,Journalist *made friends with James Joyce, F. Scott Fitzgerald ; *His marriage to Hadl

11、ey broke up as he was working on The Sun Also Rises because of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, divorced in January 1927 and married Pauline Pfeiffer, second wife, in May,Life in Paris(1921-1928,The 2nd wife,In 1928，they moved to Key West, Florida, to begin their new life together; *his father comm

12、itted suicide; *During the early 1930s Hemingway were busy with hunting, fishing, bullfighting, traveling and writing,life in Key West,Hemingway house,in 1937 he reported on the war for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA) *he used this experience in Spain as the background for For Whom the

13、Bell Tolls ; After the war, Hemingway divorced with Pauline and married Martha Gellhorn, his third wife in 1940 and wrote the famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize,Spanish Civil War,in Europe from June to Dec.1944 ; *involved in the war activities as a war c

14、orrespondent and in 1947 awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during WW II; *He left Martha in 1945 when preparing to return to Cuba and meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh, Time magazine correspondent, to marry him on their third meeting,World War II,had a series of accidents and health problems af

15、ter the war ; *When he traveled to the site of WW I and began to work on Across the River and Into the Trees(过河入林); *The next year wrote Old Man and the Sea the best I can write ever for all of my life“ and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952 and In October 1954 received the Nobel Prize in Literature

16、,Later years,Discouraged by a troubled family background, illness and the belief that he was losing his gift for writing, he quite deliberately shot himself with his favorite shotgun in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961,Suicide,Life,After the war, he still worked as a reporter. He was sent to

17、Paris and knew Pound, Gertrude Stein, Sherwood Anderson and some other famous writers who encouraged him to write. He also worked as a war reporter in the Spanish Civil War and the WWII. He is a tough guy with rather masculine manner. In all his life, he loved tough games, such as boxing, hunting, d

18、eep-sea fishing, bullfight and so on. He was injured many times. In all the operations, 237 steel fragments were taken out from Hemingways body. He also suffered 3 car accidents and 2 air crushes. He was admired as a hero by lots of people and his life style was imitated. In 1961, Hemingway shot him

19、self with gun in his home,Achievements Major Themes Artistic features,Works,1)“The Sun Also Rises” 1926 (Deep illusion of the whole generation after the WWI; the characters indulged themselves in depraved life to make themselves numb) (2)“A Farewell to Arms” 1928 (a tragic story about war and love)

20、(Hero and heroine: Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley) (3)“For Whom the Bell Tolls” 1940 (Spanish civil war) (also a story about war and love) (the title of the novel: from John Donnes sermons,Works,4)The Old Man and the Sea” 1952 (In 1954, Hemingway got the Nobel Prize) a quite special novel in a

21、ll his novels symbolism Santiago mankind; sea nature and environment; marlin purpose of life; shark the evil force which control humans fate theme: the importance of life lies in the process of searching and resistance,Major Themes,The “Nada” Concept *Grace under pressure *Code Hero,1.The Nada Conce

22、pt,Nada” (“nothing”) In the last part of the short story A Clean and Well-lighted Place, there is an evaluation about nada: “It was not fear or dread It was all nothing and a man was nothing too Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is w

23、hit thee.,1.The Nada Concept,Man is born into a naturalistic and indifferent universe that has no purpose, meaning, order, or value *“Nada” is then focused on 1. mans confrontation with the absence of God 2. indifference and hostility of the universe 3. absence of purpose, order, meaning, value,Moti

24、fs for Nada,Death-is inevitable and ever present *Darkness the world is in chaos; man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defe

25、ated spiritually. (Hays, 1990: 622-623,2.Grace under Pressure,For example : The Old Man and the Sea-while Santiago is struggling to fight off the sharks who are tearing apart the magnificent fish he has caught, he thinks to himself: “Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeat

26、ed.”The Sun Also Rises -Jake Barnes says, “I did not care what (the world) was all about. All I wanted to know was how to live in it.” For Whom the Bell Tolls- Robert Jordan knows that death is not to be feared if he can live his life to the fullest during the 72 hours he has with the Spanish Loyali

27、sts; it could mean the same as a full life of 72 years. “Across the River and into the Trees”-Richard Cantwell struggles to maintain dignity in the face of impending death,3.The Hemingway Code Hero,The phrase, Hemingway code hero originated with scholar Philip Young. He uses it to describe a Hemingw

28、ay character who lives correctly, following certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man,Typical traits for the code hero,1.The Hemingway hero is not a thinker, he is a man of action. But his actions are based upon a concept of life. 2. “Gr

29、ace under pressure” is their motto 3.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not defeated. -From The Old Man and the Sea Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment to a single woman or social convention

30、 to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery. 5.Admitting the truth of Nada,Conclusion,From Hemingways novels a clear developing process can be found. From the lost state at the beginning, he gradually found out the significance of life and the principles human should hold in a meaningless wor

31、ld. “The Old Man and the Sea” can be taken as a conclusion of his ideas. Common theme of his novels: “grace under pressure” Hemingway heroes: a noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero Significance of

32、 “Hemingway heroes”: restoring the human dignity in the 20th century,Artistic Features,The iceberg technique Language style,Hemingways Iceberg Theory,I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can el

33、iminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesnt show.” “I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts.” “If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about

34、 ,he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.” - Hemingway,Hemingways Language St

35、yle,Deceptively simple *Understatement and omission (see Iceberg Theory) *Repetition *Focus on facts “Find what gave you the emotion; what the action was that gave you the excitement. Then write it down making it clear so the reader will see it too and have the same feeling as you had.,Few adjective

36、s or adverbs, few conventional emotive language, few authorial comments *Simple ,short ,conventional words and sentences *Concise, vivid He noted that, “a writers style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift o

37、f brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists,Hemingways style,Reviewing Hemingways first novel in 1926, the New York Times wrote: “No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose

38、 that puts more literary English to shame”.166 The Sun Also Rises is written in the spare, tightly written prose for which Hemingway is famous, a style which has influenced countless crime and pulp fiction novels（庸俗的小说 ）.167 It is a style which some critics consider Hemingways greatest contribution

39、to literature.168 But the simplicity is deceptive. Hemingway uses polysyndeton .plsndtn (连接词的连续使用 )to convey both a timeless immediacy and a Biblical grandeur. Hemingways polysyndetonic sentenceor, in later works, his use of subordinate clauses169 - uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions a

40、nd images,the critic Jackson Benson has compared them to haikus.170 Many of Hemingways acolytes klait （助手）misinterpreted his lead and frowned upon all expression of emotion; Saul Bellow satirized this style as “Do you have emotions? Strangle them.”171 Hemingway, however, was not trying to eliminate

41、emotion but to portray it more scientifically. Hemingway thought it would be easy, and pointless, to describe emotions; he sculpted his bright and finely chiseled (凿过的，轮廓清晰的）collages of images in order to grasp the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be

42、 as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always. This use of an image as an objective correlative is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and of course Proust and is also part of the Japanese poetic canon. Hemingways writing style, in ot

43、her words, is not artless but poetic,by Ernest Hemingway 1952,The Old Man and the Sea,Outline,Basic content: context, plot, roles Focal point: the old mans character, “code hero” Difficult point: the relationship between the old man and the marlin (or the sea,Basic content Context,It was published i

44、n 1952 after the bleakest ten years in Hemingways literary career and was the last novel published in Hemingways lifetime. But it was an instant success. This short novel won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and played a significant role in Hemingways selection for the Nobel Prize for Literature

45、in 1954,The bleakest ten years,1940: For Whom the Bell Tolls1950: Across the River and Into the Trees (self-parody)1952: The Old Man and the Sea (an act of literary revenge,Basic Content Plot,Basic content roles,1.Santiagosntia:gu 2.Manolin 3.the marlin 4.sharks 5.the sea,Questions,Focal point: Afte

46、r the first shark attack, Santiago says: “Man is not made for defeata man can be destroyed but not defeated.” At the end of the story, is the old man defeated? Why or why not? Difficult point: Whats the relationship between the old man and the marlin (or the sea) ,Code Hero (Tough Guy,A man who live

47、s correctly, following the ideal of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.” -by Hemingway,the spirit of code hero,Endurance: to accept pain, even loss Pride: of knowing that one has done ones best Courage: act truly according to ones o

48、wn nature Will: to face defeat or victory He is a man of action but not a thinker,the relationship between Santiago and the marlin (or the sea,the sea,brotherhood,Santiago (Manolin,the marlin,catch,challenge,sharks,defend oneself,invade,His Writing,Code hero,Emphasis on Emotion,3,Iceberg principle,1

49、,2,Colloquial style,4,writing style (iceberg principle,1. What is the iceberg principle? 2. How does Hemingway use it in The Old Man and the sea? 3. Which phrases embody this principle fully,Iceberg principle,I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your i