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丽 水 学 院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译（20 13 届）题 目 连杆盖钻孔专用设备的设计 指导教师 朱晓虹 院 别 工学院 专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化 班 级 机自091 学 号 09105010125 姓 名 王磊 2013 年 3 月 25 日至 2013 年 5 月 19 日共 8 周附件1： 立式轴承座钻孔组合机床设计摘 要：论述了立式轴承座钻孔组合机床设计的基本步骤，以及包括此类组合机床设计所要注意点。关键词：立式轴承座钻孔组合机床 设计1 分工序、定工位 生产类型分析此次设计的立式轴承座钻孔组合机床，其所加工的零件在汽车中应用十分广泛，应该属于大批量生产项目，所以在设计时应注意到尽量使加工简单，但又不影响加工质量。加工方案的制定划分工序要考虑到生产的规模、加工的精度、所用机床的特点、机床负荷情况等。 划分工序可以有两种趋向：工序集中和工序分散。 工序的集中分散各有其长处，一般说来，在大批量生产中以提高生产率为主，需广泛采用多刀、单轴与多轴自动或半自动机床，多轴龙门铣床、组合机床等，故采取工序集中可以获得突出的效果。此次设计的轴承座钻孔组合机床很大程度上使各工序尽量集中，发挥组合机床的优点，同时使各种误差减小到最低限度。由于此设计中所加工的零件10 个孔中部分孔距离太近，不便于加工，所以分开为两个工位完成，然后进行零件位置转换。主要工位经分析选取以下方案：1)装卸、夹紧；2)钻7个孔f13.5；3)钻3个孔一个为f14，钻2个螺纹底孔f14，孔号为8、9；4)钻横向孔f14；5)扩铰7个孔f14.5；6)攻丝。2 复合刀具的切削用量的计算切削用量的特点组合机床的正常工作与合理地选用切削用量，即确定合理的切削速度和工作进给量有很大的关系。 切削用量选的恰当，能使组合机床减少停车损失，提高生产效率，延长刀具寿命，提高加工质量。导套设计被加工7个孔直径为14.5 ，加工孔的直径与导套长度，导套内径尺寸，上下偏差以及孔轴线理想位置的偏移的关系。17号孔，以及810号孔和底孔的直径为14.5 mm ，它所需要的导套长度为(3240)mm ，内径尺寸偏差为+0.016+0.034 ，孔轴线理想位置偏移为(0.150.20)mm。孔加工切削用量计算用高速钢钻头加工此铸件 HB=204(钻17号孔，工位；钻810号孔，工位)；钻头直径：14.5mm；切削用量：v=(1018)m/min，s=0.2mm/r，转速350r/min。用高速钢钻头钻横向孔f16(工位) 加工直径：16mm；切削用量v=(1018)m/min；s=(0.180.25)mm/r；转速350r/min。用硬质合金扩孔钻扩铰孔17号孔(工位) 在工位上，扩铰7个孔时，采用扩铰复合刀具，进给量按扩孔钻选择，切削速度按铰刀选择，而且进给量应按复合刀具最小直径选用允许值的上限，切削速度则按复合刀具最大直径选用允许值的上限。加工直径：14.5mm；切削用量：v=(810)m/min，s=0.25mm/r，转速280r/min；扩孔钻刀杆及导向部分的公称直径d+0.08；扩孔钻公差：-0.036；刀杆导向部分公差：-0.006-0.0017；导套内径公差：+0.0240.006。孔加工常用工序间余量 扩孔直径为1020，直径上的工序余量为(1.52.0)mm；铰孔直径为1020，直径上的工序量为(0.100.20)mm(以上切削用量的选择由东风汽车公司设备制造厂设计科提供资料)。3 部件选用功率选择标准动力部件用以实现切削刀具的旋转和进给运动或只用于进给运动，此机床实现了切削刀具旋转和进给运动两项内容。每一种规格的动力头都有一定的功率范围，根据所计算出的切削功率及进给功率之需要，并适当提高切削用量的可能性，选用相应规格的动力头，公式如下：N动(N切+N进)/hkW。式中：N动为动力头电机功率；N切为切削功率，按各刀具选用的切削用量，由“组合机床的切削力及功率计算公式”中已求出；N进为进给功率，对于液压动力头就是进给油泵所消耗的功率，一般为(0.82)kW；h为传动效率，当主轴箱少于15根时，h=0.7，多于15根时，h=0.65。机床实际功率此立式组合机床左右分两个电机带动两个多轴箱进行加工。对于左半部分多轴箱刀具，在加工17号孔以及工位加工10号孔时其功率总和：N/kW=0.297+0.283=2.313因为左主轴箱少于15跟钻头，所以h=0.7，N/kW=2.313/0.7=3.3对于右半部分多轴箱刀具，在工位扩铰17号孔以及攻丝，钻头的实际功率： N/kW=0.14277=1.0 因为右主轴箱少于15根钻头，所以 h=0.7，N/kW=10.7=1.43 选用电机由于此机床在驱动方面没有特殊的要求，选用普通也是最可靠的Y系列电机，它是封闭自扇冷式鼠笼型三相异步电动机，取代J02系列的更新换代产品。左半部分所需功率为3.3kW，查Y系列三相异步电动机表，选用Y123S24型号的电机，额定功率为5.5kW，选用此型号电机比较合适。右半部分所需功率为1.43kW，查Y系列三相异步电动机表，选用Y112M26型号的电机，额定功率为2.2kW，选用此型号电机比较合适。4 夹具设计轴承座钻孔组合机床夹具分析根据工件不同的生产条件，可以有各种不同的安装方法：a)找正安装法；b)夹具安装法。基本定位原理分析 这里讨论6点定位中，6个自由度的消除，以便找出较合适的定位夹紧方案。一个物体在空间可以有6个独立的运动，即沿X、Y、Z轴的平移运动，分别记为X1、Y1、Z1；绕X、Y、Z轴的转动，记为X2、Y2、Z2，习惯上，上述6个独立运动称作6个自由度。如果采用一定的约束措施，消除物体的6个自由度，则物体被完全定位。例如讨论长方体工件时，可以在底面布置3个不共线的约束点，在侧面布置2个约束点，在端面布置一个约束点，则底面约束点可以限制X2、Y2、Z23个自由度，侧面约束点限制X1、Z12个自由度，端面约束点限制Y1这个自由度，就完全限制了长方体工件6个自由度。夹紧力“两要素”，方向与作用点 夹紧力方向应朝向定位元件，并使所需的夹紧力最小。确定夹紧力作用点的位置时应不破坏定位。夹紧力作用点的位置应尽可能靠近加工部位，以减小切削力绕夹紧力作用点的力矩，防止工件在加工过程中产生转动或震动。应保证夹紧变形不影响加工精度。夹紧力作用点数目应使工件在整个接触面上受力均匀，接触变形小。定位夹紧方案的确定此零件属于空心圆形铸件，一般的定位元件有V形块、定位套筒作半圆形定位，如果选用V形块定位的话，在Z轴方向移动以及绕X、Y轴旋转的自由度已经消除，在钻头进行加工时，绕Z轴转动的自由度却无法消除，所以用V形块定位的方案是行不通的。如果利用半圆形定位，其结果和用V形块是一样的，都无法使工件在绕Z轴的方向上稳定，最后决定利用定位套筒定位。环形套筒以H7/K6或H7/js6的过度配合装入夹具，零件放入套筒后，在X、Y方向的自由度消除，同时采用压板的方法;利用球头螺栓使压板紧压住工件体。在此压板的作用下，沿X轴旋转X2，以及沿Z轴旋转Z2和沿Z轴方向Z1自由度都被限制。所以在此套夹具的作用下，X1、Y1、Z1、X1、Y1等自由度完全被消除，而在压板的压力作用下，零件和刀具之间强大的摩擦力，以及在加工过程中轴向力的相互抵消，在Z的自由度也被消除。当进行到工位，加工横向孔时，X1、Y1、Z1的自由度已被消除，X2、Y2方向自由度也已被消除，在Z2方向上，由于压板的作用使工件在Z2方向的自由度也消除了。5 攻丝装置在组合机床上攻制螺纹时，根据被加工零件加工部位的分布情况和工艺要求等，常用的攻丝方法有3种：采用攻丝动力头攻丝，采用攻丝装置攻丝和采用活动攻丝模板攻丝。在此设计中，右半部分完成、工位的加工。电机只有5.5kW的功率，故综合考虑选用攻丝装置攻丝。当整台机床或机床的某一面全部用于完成攻丝工序时，广泛地采用了攻丝装置。攻丝装置由攻丝主轴箱和攻丝靠模头组成，由于靠模螺母和靠模杆是经磨削并配研的，其螺距要求与所需加工螺孔的螺距保持一定关系，并设有螺距误差补偿机构。因此利用攻丝装置进行攻丝可以达到较高的精度。6 组合机床冷却装置机床冷却液除对刀具和工件起冷却作用外，还能在金属表面形成润滑薄膜，起到润滑作用。一些冷却液中含有碳酸钠，亚硝酸钠等防锈剂，它们在金属表面形成胶状吸附膜或氧化物薄膜，又能使金属免受腐蚀的作用。因而选择冷却液时，应根据组合机床完成工艺、加工方法、刀具材料以及被加工零件的材料来决定。在加工铸铁件时，由于铸铁本身含有石墨能自身润滑，一般都不加冷却液。在大量生产中有时为了减少加工中的铁粉飞扬，也增加冷却系统，以改善操作条件。有时可采用苏打水，5%的乳化液，其乳化剂的主要成分可以是氧化油膏或硫化切削油。其配方为：油膏2%5%，粗加工取低值，精加工取高值;亚硝酸钠0.2%0.25%;无水碳酸钠0.2%0.3%。在铸铁工件上攻丝时，则都采用润滑液，以提高表面光滑度，减少功率的消耗。通常采用煤油，亦可采用硫化切削液及混合油等。冷却液的流量应根据刀具的形式、直径的大小、加工方法、切削用量等具体条件确定，组合机床的设计使用经验表明，对镗刀、钻头以及铣刀一类刀具，每根刀具冷却液的平均流量约为(26)L/min。国外资料推荐按加工直径选择，每把刀具的冷却液流量。7 工作循环说明一台组合机床，其工作循环常常是比较复杂的，不仅有好几个动力头按不同的循环进行工作，而且这些循环还需其他部件，如移动工作台，回转工作台以及鼓轮等配合动作。各动力部件借助程序控制挡铁，按规定顺序进行工作。工作循环应当尽可能的简单而且控制元件应该少，否则机床的制造成本加大，安全性能也会降低。本组合机床适合在大批量生产中使用，生产效率大大提高。为了降低成本，应多选用复合刀具，尽量做到一次成形，减少装夹次数。选择合适的电机和动力头，选择恰当的切削用量和切削速度。附件2： Design of the Vertical Bearings Hole Drill BedZhang YinbaoLiu ShaoweiAbstract: This essay narratives the basic steps of upright axle bearing seat borehole combination and main points of designation of the combination machine toolsKeywords: The vertical axle bearing seat drills constituting a machine tool Design1 Allotting working procedure, booking the labor placeProduction type analysisThe vertical axle bearing seat machine tools designed this time and parts processed extensively apply to the use of the automobile and belong to the mass production project, therefore we should pay attention to that when designing we should make the process as simple as we can without affecting the quality.Working out the process schemeDividing working procedure needs to think the production scale, accuracy, characteristics of a machine tool used and the situation of the machine tool loaded. Dividing working procedure has two kinds of tendencies: concentrating the working procedure and s dispersing working procedure. The working procedure concentrated and the dispersed have their own strong points. Generally speaking, improving efficacy in mass production need adopt multicut , single axis and polyaxis automation or semi-automatic machine tool broadly. The poleaxis and the machine tool adopt concentrating working procedure in order to gain outstanding effect.That the axle bearing seat machine tools designed this time uses concentrating working procedureas much as possible in order to bring the merits of the combination machine tools into full play and makes the various error diminution arrive at the floor at the same time.Because the distances between of the ten parts are too close, it is inappropriate to process. So the place is completed by two labors, then changes the locations of the parts.The main labor place chooses the following scheme after analysis: 1) loads and unloads , clamps; 2) drills 7 holes f13.5; 3) drill 3 holes one is f14 , the other 2 are thread bottom holes f14 , hole number is 8 , 9; 4) drills transverse direction hole f14; 5) expands hinge 7 holes f14.5; 6) tapping.2 Calculation of compound cutter cutting dosagesCut the dosages characteristicsThe regular work of a machine tool has very big something to do with to selecting and using cutting dosages reasonably, which means that choosing the appreciate cut speed and the job feed amounts ascertain rational cutting. Choosing appreciate cut dosages can make the combination machine tool cut down the parking loss, improve production efficiency, prolong the cutter increased longevity, and improve the quality of processing.Designing the lead cover The diameters of the 7 holes processed are is 14.5mm, followed the lead cover length, the internal diameter dimension of it, deviation and shift relations of the ideal hole axis location. The cover lengths of holes from No.1 NO.7 and NO.8 NO. are (32 40) mm and the bottom hole diameter are 14.5 mms, inside diameter dimension deviation is 0.016 + + 0.034, ideal hole axis location offsets for (0.15 0.20) mm.Calculation of processing a hole dosagesUse high-speed steel drill to process this casting HB = 204 (drill NO.1 NO. 7 holes, II labors place; drill NO.8 NO.10 hole, III labors); Bore bit diameter: 14.5 mms; Cut dosages: V = (10 18) m/min, s = (0.18 0.2 5mm/r, rotation rate 350 r/min.With high-speed steel drill drill transverse direction hole f16 (IV labor, the place) processes a diameter: 16 mms; Cut dosages vs = (10 18) m/min; S = (0.18 0.25) mm/r; Rotation rate 350 r/minUse carbide alloy reamer to expand the reaming 1 7 number holes (V labor place) on labor place V , expand to ream 7 Kong Shi , adopt to expand the hinge compound cutter, feed amounts choosing according to the reamer , cut speed choose according to the broach , enter and the upper limit should select and use permission value according to minimal diameter of compound cutter upper limit for amounts , cutting speed be that the maximum diameter selects and uses permission value according to compound cutter.Process a diameter: 14.5 mm; Cut dosages: V = (8 10) m/min , ses = 0.25 mm/r , rotation rate 280 r/min; Reamer cutter arbor and nominal guiding part diameter d + 0.08; Reamer common difference: -0.036; Cutter arbor guiding part common difference: -0.006 - 0.0017; Lead the cover inside diameter common difference: + 0.024 0.006.The hole processing procedure room margin in common use reaming is 10 20, the upper diameter working procedure margin is (1.5 2.0) mm; provides the reaming diameter to 10 20 ;diameter room margin is (0.10 0.20 ) mm . (all the reference offered by Dong Feng Automobile Co. equipment manufactory design section.3 The component selection and usageChoosing power standardThe driving force component has been used to realize the rotation and the moving forward of the cutting tooling. This machine tool has come true cutting tooling rotation and moving forward. Each driving force head has certain power range according to the cut power and the need of the moving forward power calculated to improve the possibility of the cut dosage, choose the appreciate drive force head, the formula as follows:N moves (N eager + N of N entering)/ hkW.Among it: N moves is driving force head electric motor power; N eager is cut power , the force and power already have been calculated according to each toolings cut dosages from the conbination machine tool cut force and power calculation formula ; N entering is feed power , which is feed power consumed by oil pump for hydraulic pressure driving force, being (0.8 2) kW in general; H is drive efficiency , the ding-dang main spindle box is less than 15 time , h = 0.7, more than 15 time , h = 0.65.Machine tool actual powerThis upright combination machine tool retinue is allotted two electric motors drive many two axle boxes to carry out treating. To many axle boxes of half parts of left cutter, in the hole processing NO.1 NO.7 and the III labor place processes 10 Kong Shi Qi power sum as well as:N/kW = 0.29 X 7 + 0.283 = 2.313Left main spindle box is less than 15 follows the bore bit , soH = 0.7, N/kW = 2.313/0.7 = 3.3To many axle boxes of half parts of right cutter, the labor V, the place expands hinge NO.1 NO.7 holes and the actual power attacking silk , the bore bit actual power: N/kW = 0.1427 X 7 = 1.0Right main spindle box less than 15 bore bits, soH = 0.7, N/kW = 1 / 0.7 = 1.43Select and use an electric motorsince this machine tool has no special requirement in the field of drive, select and use the average ,also the most reliable Y series electric motor, which is close self dyadic cold fan mouse cage type three-phase asynchronization electric motor , substitutesing the J02 series renovation and upgrade product.The left half part required power is 3.3 kW. Check the Y series three-phase asynchronization electric motor form and select and use the Y112M26 type electric motor. Fixed power is 5.5 kW . It is appreciate to select and use this type electric motor.The right half part right required power is 1.43 kW. Check the Y series three-phase asynchronization electric motor form and select and use the Y112M26 type electric motor. Fixed power is 2.2 kW. It is appreciate to select and use this type electric motor.4 Clamp designThe axle bearing seat drills constituting machine tool clamp analysisAccording to different conditions of the workpiece, there have various installation methods: a) look for installation method; b) the clamp installation way.The basic fixing position principle analyses：among the 6 oclock fixes position discussed here and 6 liberty degree eliminating find out a righter allocation clamp scheme. A object can have independent 6 motion in space, which is moving along X , Y , Z-axis and separately use X1 , Y1 , Z1 to stand for ; Rotating round X , Y , Z-axis, write down for X2 , Y2 , Z2 . The 6 self-movement are called 6 liberty degree usually. If adopt certain constraint measure to remove the 6 liberty degree of the object, the objects position will be fixed completely. Take a rectangular parallelepiped as an example, arrange 3 constraint point not on the same line in the basal plane , arrange 2 constraint point in the side , arrange a constraint point on the top face and the basal plane constraint point can restrict the three free degree X2 , Y2 , Z2. Side constraint point restricts two free degree X1 , Z1. This liberty degree on the top face restricts Y1, thus liberty 6 spends with regard to are restricted .That two key elements , direction and effects count the fastening motion force clamps force direction should be on the direction of the location component, making required fastening motion strenuously minimal together.Make sure that the location of clamping the force effect point should not destroy allocation. The location of clamping the force effect point should be close the process location as much as possible in order to diminish cutting a force go round the force moment clamping the force effect point to prevent workpiece from coming into being in the process of treating rotating or shake. We should ensure that fastening motion deformation does not affect process accuracy. The number of clamp force effect point should make workpiece accept a force homogeneously on entire contact surface , contact deformation smaller.Ascertain fix position clamping scheme This part belongs to hollow circular casting , the same allocation component has the V shape piece , the thimble fixing position assumes arch allocation, if selecting and using V shape piece allocation, liberty degree moving and winding X , Y axis revolution in Z-axis direction already eliminates, go round the liberty degree that Z-axis turns but have no way to eliminate, therefore using the localized V shape piece scheme is impractical during the period of the bore bit carries out treating. Whose bears fruit and uses V shape piece to be the same if making use of an arch to fix position,having no way to make workpiece stabilize on the direction going round Z-axis , decide to make use of the thimble fixing position to fix position finally.After annularity thimble excessiveness with H7/K6 or H7/js6 puts a thimble inside in coordination with putting the clamp , the part in, method removing , adopt pressure board at the same time in X , Y direction liberty degree; Make use of the ball head bolt to make pressure board hold the workpiece body down tightly.Under here pressure board effect, along zeta-axis revolution X2,and, along Z-axis revolution Z2 and along Z-axis direction Z1, liberty degree is all restricted. X1 , Y1 , Z1 , liberty degree such as X1 , Y1 are removed completely, but under pressure board pressure effect therefore under the effect copying a clamp here,between the part and the cutter friction big and powerful, in the process of treating axial force mutuality is counteracted and , the liberty degree in Z is also removed. Should carry out Kong Shi who processes transverse direction to labor place , IV, X1 , Y1 , Z1 liberty degree have already been removed , X2 , Y2 direction liberty degree have been removed also already , the liberty degree in Z2 direction has also been eliminated on Z2 direction, since controlling the unnatural effect uses workpiece.5 Chasing barAttack on combination machine tool when making thread, the part processes location distribution condition and technological requirements etc. , tapping in common use method has 3 kinds according to being processed: Adopt tapping driving force head tapping , adopt chasing bar tapping and adopt the tapping exercising tapping form board.Labor place treating designing that middle , half parts of right are completed V , VI here. The electric motor selects and uses chasing bar tapping only when 5.5 kW power , reasons think synthetically. Some side be used to be completed when attacking silk working procedure , broad all fields pawning entire platform machine tool or machine tool have adopt a chasing bar.The chasing bar is composed of tapping main spindle box and the tapping explorator head , is keeps certain relation, and is sets up since the explorator nut and the explorator pole are go through a grinding to match inkstones together, to have pitch of screw error to compensate organization. The tapping making use of a chasing bar to be in progress therefore can reach higher accuracy.6 Constitute the machine tool cooling deviseCooling liquid gets rid of a machine tool besides playing cooling role to the cutter and workpiece , can get up in the film forming lubrication metal outside, to lubrication action. Contain sodium carbonate in a little cooling liquid, nitrous acid sodium waits for a slushing compound, their effect forming the colloidal adsorption film or oxide film , being able to make metal avert corrosion in the metal outside. Come when choosing cooling liquid as a result, to decide the material should accomplish handicraft , job operation , cutter material and the part being processed according to combination machine tool.When processing iron casting, oneself lubricates since casting iron containing black lead per se being able to, do not add cooling liquid in general. Cooling system sometimes flying upward , also increasing by in duplicate work for cutting down iron pink in processing, to improve handling condition. May adopt the mineral , 5%s emulsion sometimes, whose emulsifier staple can be that the oxide ointment or vulcanization cuts oil. Whose formula is: Ointment 2% 5%, rough process
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