半精镗及精镗气缸盖导管孔组合机床设计【说明书+CAD】
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英文技术资料及中文翻译1.中文翻译掘进机箱体及组合机床全断面掘进机是集机械、电气、液压和自动控制于一体的世界上公认的快速地下开挖工程最有效的大型高技术成套施工装备，是将掘进、移动、出碴和衬砌等多功能有机组合在一起的联合机组，融合了新材料、新工艺、液压、自动控制、信息、电子、电力、环保、人工智能、激光制导、遥测、遥感等高新技术。由于采用全断面掘进机施工法具有快速、优质、安全、对围岩破坏小、利于环境保护、降低劳动强度及改善工作环境等特点，已广泛用于引水、水电、铁路、公路、煤矿、城市地铁和管网以及军事设施等方面的地下工程的施工。目前，全断面掘进机已成为大型隧道施工工程的首选设备。它是实现掘进、岩渣装运、洞壁支护等一次开挖成洞的高科技施工设备，是目前世界上最先进的隧道施工机械。从隧道施工的实用概念出发，为了区别于其它开挖隧道的机械，我们通常可以把隧道掘进机定义为：用机械能破碎或切削隧道掌子面、随即将破碎或切削物质连续向后输出并获得预期的洞型、洞线的机器。隧道掘进机按一次开挖断面占全部断面的比例分为全断面掘进机和部分断面掘进机两种。全断面掘进机主要包括全断面岩石掘进机（也称为TBM）和全断面盾构机（一般称为盾构机）。全断面岩石掘进机主要用于具有一定自稳能力的岩石地层的掘进，多用于野外的长隧道（如引水隧洞、铁路隧道等）。而盾构机主要用于有水地层、软弱不稳定围岩、对地表有严格沉降控制要求的城市地下工程或过江隧道工程的掘进。全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）主要分为敞开式、单护盾、双护盾等几种；盾构机主要分为土压平衡、泥水平衡等几种。两者工作原理有一定区别。全断面岩石掘进机的机头与掌子面之间没有形成密闭空间，按其用途，不需控制地表的沉降。其技术重点在高速、高可靠性的长距离掘破高强度岩石、地质适应能力强、准确定向、输变电及通风除尘等方面。而盾构机机头与掌子面之间形成了密闭空间，以平衡地层压力，控制地表沉降是其重点。总体来说，全断面岩石掘进机的技术难度大于盾构机。全断面掘进机作为地下空间开发的最现代化大型施工装备，无疑是地下空间开发的主力设备。但从目前国内所有采用掘进机施工的工程来看，所使用的掘进机却几乎被国外制造商所占据，大部分是整机进口，少量的是在国内企业生产一部分机械件，其余均进口，在国内装配。如任其这种现象发展，结果是我国的投资，却拉动了别人的经济，让外国人把钱全部赚走。另一方面，由于国外公司控制着核心技术和集成技术，使TBM的价格居高不下，在很大程度上，制约了掘进机在隧道施工中的广泛应用。因此，国内的施工企业期盼拥有自主知识产权的本土设备能早日问世。全断面掘进机是技术含量高和附加值高的产品，反映了一个国家的综合国力和科技水平，是装备制造业创新体系的重要组成部分。所以全断面掘进机产业的发展，对于调整我国产业结构，带动相关产业的发展，提高我国装备制造业的水平将起重要作用。从长远的战略发展角度考虑，我国不能一直依靠国外的设备和人才来开发地下空间。我国有如此巨大的掘进机市场，又作为装备制造业的大国，绝不能长期整机进口国外掘进机，任由国外掘进机制造商来瓜分我国的市场。因而，“十一五”期间，我们必须掌握全断面掘进机的核心技术及集成技术，建立我国自己的全断面掘进机产业。全断面掘进机发展现状全断面掘进机始于19世纪初的英国，发展于德、日等国，适用于地铁隧道、铁路隧道、公路隧道、引水隧道、矿山巷道、城市市政隧道等各种隧道工程。我国全断面掘进机的研制、开发始于20世纪60年代，发展于90年代，其中地铁使用的数量最多，约占80%。现代全断面掘进机已演变成为一种高度智能化，集机、电、液、光、计算机技术为一体的大型地下工程机械装备。1、 国外发展状况国际上，掘进机的发展经历了一个较漫长的过程。掘进机的雏形可上溯到19世纪。1876年，英国人John Dickinson Brunton和George Brunton申请了第一个机械化盾构专利，该盾构有一个由几块板构成的半球形的旋转刀盘，开挖的土料落入径向装在刀盘上的料斗中，料斗将渣料转运至胶带输送机上，再将它转到后面从盾构中运出，这一构想后来被用于修建地铁隧道。但由于技术和战争的缘故，掘进机的发展一直停滞不前。直到1959年，用液体支撑隧道工作面的想法由Elmer CGardner成功地试用于一条直径为3.35m的排污隧道。1960 年，Schneidereit提出了用膨润土悬浮液的活动工作面支撑。在这之后，HLorenz申请了用加压膨润土浆来稳定隧道工作面的专利。至此，为现代盾构的设计制造奠定了技术基础。1963年，日本Sato Kogy0公司首先开发出了土压平衡盾构机，1967年，第一台用切削轮和水力出土的泥水盾构机在日本投入使用，其直径为3.1m。同年，德国第一台用膨润土液支撑隧道工作面的盾构机由Wayss&Freytag开发并应用。至此，具有工程实用的两类盾构机均已出现，为现代盾构机及其工法的发展和应用奠定了基础。从1845年开始的100多年的时间里，全世界的发明家都在寻找实现岩石隧道掘进机械化的方法。直到1952年，美国罗宾斯公司的创始人吉姆斯罗宾斯先生开发了第一台具有实用性的、开掘岩石隧道的岩石掘进机，找到了岩石隧道掘进机械化的方法。此后至今的40年来，无论是岩石掘进机还是盾构掘进机都得到了突飞猛进的发展。使用岩石掘进机掘进的隧道已超过10000km，盾构机掘进的隧道更多。目前，在国际上掘进机技术已经成熟，已达到工作可靠性高，定向精度高，自动化水平高，适应能力强，掘进速度快，使用寿命长。掘进机的技术发展一直在围绕地层稳定和地面沉降控制、自动化掘进和提高掘进速度、衬砌和隧道质量三个要素进行盾构机的改进和施工方法的革命。主要技术有：1）地层稳定和地面沉降控制技术；2）结构设计技术；3）刀具刀盘技术；4）导向及姿态控制技术；5）衬砌技术；6）防水和同步注浆技术。国际上目前掘进机技术有以下特点：（1）高度自动化对掘进机全部作业进行制导和监控，使掘进过程始终处于最佳状态，向着机械、电气、液压自动化控制一体化、智能化方向发展，采用了类似机器人的技术，计算机控制、遥控、传感器、激光导向、超前地质探测、通讯技术等已普遍应用。随着计算机技术的快速发展，掘进机的自动化程度越来越高，具有施工数据采集功能，掘进姿态管理功能，施工数据管理功能，设备管理功能，施工数据实时远传功能。可自动检测掘进机的位置和姿态，并利用模糊理论自动进行调整，可自动实现平衡压力的控制，可自动实现管片的拼装等等。在有些掘进机上，还采用了GPS地面卫星定向系统以及超远程监控等技术。（2）大型、超大型化和长寿命对于岩石掘进机，其最大规格直径已达到12m，大功率、大推力、大行程、大刀具是主要特点，其单台使用寿命最长已达50Km，平均寿命约为15km，平均月进尺已超过1000m，盘形刀具直径达19，可适应抗压强度高达450MPa的岩层，刀盘回转功率已超过3500kW，最大推进行程已达2.45m，最大推进力达到35MN。盾构掘进机最大规格直径已达到15,44m，并且可适应软硬不同的复杂地质情况，寿命可达到掘进7km，最高日进尺达到30m。（3）形式多样化从断面形状方面出现了矩形，马蹄形、椭圆形、MF形（双圆搭接、三圆搭接）等多种异圆断面盾构。其中双圆、三圆盾构掘进机已在上海地铁施工中成功应用；从功能上讲出现了球体盾构、母子盾构、扩径盾构、变径盾构、分岔盾构、途中更换刀具（无需竖井）盾构、障碍物直接切除盾构等特种盾构；从盾构机的掘削方式上看出现了摇动、摆动掘削方式的盾构。全断面岩石掘进机出现了扩孔、斜井和马蹄形等形式掘进机。（4）高适应性随着现代掘进机技术的发展，硬岩掘进机与软土盾构技术相互渗透、相互融合，使其地质适应能力大大增强。目前，正在朝着将硬岩和软岩掘进机合二为一的适应性更强的复合型掘进机方向发展，这种掘进机在有高压水及断层情况下，能全封闭按泥浆加压盾构原理工作，在无水时，可很快转换为敞开式掘进。此外，还增加高压水辅助破岩，可提高50%左右的掘进速度。降低成本25%，传动功率消耗减少25%左右。围岩无侧限抗压强度（UCS）适应范围可达3385MPa（常见范围为50180MPa）。当然，掘进机技术也像其它技术一样，也会随着实际隧道工程的新的要求以及科技水平的发展而不断发展，也不断有新问题需要解决。如将要建设的成都地铁地质情况，目前，在世界其它地方都还未遇到过，这对于盾构掘进机的设计来说，是一个新的挑战；再如南水北调西线工程，所有的隧洞工程都在海拔4000m以上，且单条洞线长度长，这在全世界已有的工程中也是从未遇到过的。所以，不管对于哪一家公司来说，都要进行新的探索和研究。目前，国际上生产盾构掘进机著名的厂商有：日本的三菱重工、川崎重工、石川岛播磨重工、日立建机和小松制作所，德国的海瑞克（Herrenknecht）公司、维尔特（Wirth）公司所属的NFM公司，加拿大的罗瓦特（Lovat）公司，法国的FCB公司。生产岩石掘进机著名的厂商有：美国的罗宾斯（Robbins）公司，德国的维尔特公司、海瑞克公司，加拿大的罗瓦特公司。这些公司已基本上将自己的掘进机产品系列化。2.英文技术资料Roadheader cabinet and combination machine tools Whole section tunneler is set for the mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and automatic control in the integration of the world recognized rapid underground excavation engineering the most effective large high technology, is complete construction equipment will be heading, mobile, out of ballastless and lining etc multifunctional organic combination together of the joint unit, blend the new materials, new technology, hydraulic, automatic control, information, electronic, electric power, environmental protection, artificial intelligence, laser-guided, remote measure, remote sensing such high-tech. Due to the whole section roadheader construction method is fast, high quality, safety, to rock destruction to environment protection, small, the reduction of labor intensity and improve the working environment, are widely used in characteristics such as water, water and electricity, railways, highways, mines, urban subway and network and military facilities underground engineering construction. At present, the whole section roadheader has become a large-scale tunnel construction engineering device of choice. It is to achieve heading, rock slag sensitisity bracing shipment, the holes once excavation construction equipment, is the high-tech world most advanced tunnel construction machinery. From the practical concept of tunnel construction, to distinguish themselves from other excavation tunnel machinery, we can usually defined as the tunnel boring with crushing or cutting tunnel influence mechanical energy, then will break or cutting material output and obtain continuous backward expected hole type, tunnel line machine. According to a cross section of tunnel boring excavation of all sections of proportion is divided into whole section roadheader and part two roadheader cross-section. Whole section tunneler is mainly including whole section rock tunneler (also called TBM) and whole section shield machine (commonly referred to as the shield). Whole section rock tunneler is mainly used to have certain ability of rock strata since the instability in the wild, more for tunneling of long tunnel (such as diversion tunnel, railway tunnel, etc.). And a shield machine is mainly used for water strata, weak instability surrounding rock, there is strict settlement control on the surface of the city underground engineering or request tunnel across the excavation engineering. Whole section rock tunneler (TBM) mainly divided into open wide type, single shield, double shield to wait for a few kinds; Shield machine is mainly divided into earth pressure balance, slurry balance to wait for a few kinds. Have some difference between working principle. Whole section rock tunneler nose and influence the enclosed space between not formed according to its use, without the need to control the surface subsidence. The technical key in high-speed, high reliability of long distance dug broken high strength rocks, geological adaptiveness, accurate orientation, transmission and ventilation dust removal, etc. And nose and environmental constraints shield between formed an airtight room to balance the formation pressure, the control of the ground surface settlement is the key. Overall, whole section rock tunneler is greater than the technical difficulties shield machine. Whole section roadheader as the underground space development in the most modern large-scale construction equipment for underground space development, is undoubtedly the main equipment. But from the current domestic all adopt in the construction of perspective, se se but used by foreign manufacturers are almost occupied, mostly the machine imported, and a small amount of domestic enterprise production is in part, the others all import of mechanical parts in domestic assembly. As the development of its this phenomenon, the result is Chinas investment, but the economy, boosting others enable foreigners earn all his money away. On the other hand, because foreign companies control the core technology and integrated technology, make the price of TBM, in a great extent high, restricted the roadheader wide application in tunnel construction. Therefore, the domestic construction enterprises with independent intellectual property rights expect local equipment will soon come out. Whole section tunneler is with high technical content and added value high products, reflect a nations comprehensive national strength and scientific and technological level, the equipment manufacturing industry innovation system is the important component. So whole section roadheader industry development, for the readjustment of industrial structure of our country, driving the development of relevant industries, improve the level of the equipment manufacturing industry in China will play an important role. From a long-term strategic development, China cant always view on foreign equipment and talents to develop underground space. Our country has such a great roadheader market, and as the power equipment manufacturing, can never long-term machine imported foreign roadheader, allow foreign roadheader manufacturers to carve up Chinas market. Therefore, 11th five-year plan period, we must grasp the core technology of the whole section roadheader, establish and integration technology in their whole section roadheader industry. Whole section roadheader development situation Whole section roadheader began in the early 19th century Britain, development, and Japanese ought to apply to the subway tunnel, railway tunnel, road tunnels, water diversion tunnel, mine laneway, city municipal tunnel, etc. Various kinds of tunnel engineering. Our whole section roadheader in the research and development began in 1960s, development in 1990s, including the largest number of subway use, accounting for approximately 80%. Modern whole section roadheader has evolved into a highly intelligent, the collecting machine, electricity, liquid, light, computer technology as one of the major underground construction machinery and equipment. 1, overseas development situation The development of international, roadheader experienced a relatively long process. The prototype of the roadheader can be traced back to the 19th century. In 1876, British John Dickinson Brunton and George Brunton apply for the first mechanization shield patent, this shield a composed of several pieces of plate by the rotation of the hemispherical knife dish, excavation of earth material fall into radial installed in the knife dish in the hopper, hopper will slag on feeding transship to belt conveyor, it can be turned to shield out from behind in, the idea later be used to build subway tunnel. But because technology and wars sake, roadheader in development has remained stagnant. Until 1959, supported by liquid by the idea Elmer tunnel C.G ardner successfully trial on a diameter for 335 m drainage tunnel. In 1960, proposed Schneidereit with bentonite suspension of mining the activities support. After this, the orenz application with pressurized H.L bentonite pulp to stabilize the patent tunnel. So far, the design of shield for modern manufacturing established. In 1963, Japan Sato Kogy0 company first developed soil pressure balance shield machine, in 1967, the first with a cutting wheel and realize hydraulic shield unearthed in Japan put into use, its diameter is 3.1 m. That same year, Germany with bentonite liquid support the shield tunnel work face by Wayss&Freytag develop and apply. So far, the two kinds of engineering practical shield machine were already appear, for modern shield construction machine and its development and application of methods to lay the foundation. Start from 1845 100 years, the worlds inventors were looking for realizing method of rock tunnel heading machine. In 1952, founder of the American Robbins company - James Robbins sir developed the first practical, the rock tunneler dig rock tunnel excavation, found a method of rock tunnels. Mechanized Since then the 40 years since, whether rock tunneler or shield tunnelling machine have been improved by leaps and bounds development. Use the tunneling of rock tunneler is already more than 10000km tunnel shield tunneling, the tunnel more. At present, in international roadheader technology has matured, has reached work high reliability, high precision, automatic horizontal directional high, adaptable, heading speed and long service life. The technical development has been especial around stratigraphic stability and land subsidence control, automation heading and improve speed and lining and tunnel excavation quality three factors of shield machine improvement and construction method of the revolution. Main technology are: 1) formation stability and land subsidence control technology; 2) structure design technology; 3) tool knife plate technology; 4) orientation and the attitude control technology; 5) lining technology; 6) waterproof and synchronization grouting technology. International currently roadheader technology has the following features: (1) high automation All of roadheader operations in guidance and the monitoring, make the tunneling process always at its best, toward the mechanical, electrical, hydraulic automation control integration, intelligent direction, using a similar robot technology, computer control, remote control, sensors, laser guidance, early geological exploration, communication technology etc have applies generally. Along with the rapid development of computer technology, automation degree of roadheader in more and more high, high construction data acquisition function, heading stance management features, construction data management function, equipment management function, construction data real-time remote transmission function. Can the automatic detection roadheader position and posture, and by using fuzzy theory, it can automatic automatically adjust the control, balanced pressure can be automatically realize segment of the assembly, etc. In some roadheader, has also used the GPS ground satellite directional system and super remote monitoring techniques. (2) exist large change and long life For rock tunneler is, its biggest diameter specification has reached 12m, high power, big thrust, big trip, big knives are the main character, its single platform use the longest life expectancy has amounted to about 50Km, average life expectancy 15km, average monthly footage has more than 1000m, disk cutter diameter of 19 , can be used as the compressive strength of 450MPa layers, the knife dish already more than 3500kW, turn power maximizes trip has reached 245 m, 35MN maximizes force to achieve. Maximum diameter of shield tunnelling machine has reached 15,44 m specifications, and can adapt to soft different complex geologic conditions, life can reach the highest 7km tunneling, as well, to the footage. (3) various form From the rectangular cross-section shape, have followed, oval, MF shape (double circular lap, three round lap) etc. Various different circular cross-section shield. Double round, three circles of shield tunnelling machine in subway construction in Shanghai has been successfully applied; Tell from the function appeared sphere mother shield, shield, the hole diameter diameter changes of shield, shield, bifurcation shield, exchanging cutting tool (without shaft on shield, obstacles) shield etc special directly resection of shield; The shield machine from dig cut way see appeared shaken, the swinging the dig cut way of shield. Whole section rock tunneler appeared reaming, slope and the form such as roadheader followed. (4) high adaptability With modern roadheader technology development, the hard-rock roadheader shield technology with soft soil infiltration, and mutual confluence, make its geological adaptability greatly enhanced. At present, is moving will hard-rock and soft rock tunneler is incorporated in the adaptability stronger composite roadheader direction, this kind of roadheader in a high-pressure water
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