高考英语语法专题非谓语动词讲解教师版

1、非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词 : a.动词不定式b. v-ingc.过去分词概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式 ,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词） ,又没有连词的情况下 , 还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus,leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus,but left her handbag on her seat.动词不定式一动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种， 由不定式符号 (to)加动词原形

2、构成。 不定式的形式有五种：1.一般式 to doI like to read English.2.进行式 to be doingHe seemedto be reading something at that time.3.完成式 to have doneHe seemed tohave cleanedthe room.4.被动式 to be doneThe work is to be done soon.5.完成被动式 to have been doneThe boy is said to have been sento hospital yesterday.疑问词 +动词不定式What,

3、 who, which, where, when, how, why 等疑问词构成不定式短语， 这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。二. 动词不定式的用法I. 作主语(1)不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To seeis to believeNot to get there in time is your fault.(2)注：常用 it 做形式主语，将to do 位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型 1：It + 谓语 +(+sb.)+时间 /金钱 + to doIt takes us an hour_to_ get there by bus.It costs you only

4、$ 100 a monthto cook at home.It seemed impossible to save money.句型 2：It s + n(+. for sb) + to doIt s our dutyto_ help the poor.It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the countryside.It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.句型 3： It is + adj （+ for sb） to do sth（是形容事

5、物的性质的）It is + adj （+ of sb） to do sth（是形容人的品质的）It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.疑问词 +不定式 作主语When to start remains undecided.第 1 页 共 11 页II. 作宾语接不定式做宾语I want to know this matter.I don t e

6、xpect to meet you here(1)常见动词有 ：like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, fail, manage, learn,seem, forget, want, prepare, pretend, plan, wish等They want to get_( get ) on the bus, didn t they?He said he wished_to be( be ) a professor.(2)it 作形式宾语I find/feel to work with himinteresting

7、I find/feel it interesting to work with him Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ considerit+adj/n +to do sth.1.We thought _it _ better _to_ start early.2.Do you consider _it_ better not _to_ go?3. I feel _it _ my duty _to_ change all that.4.We think it _ important _ to _ obey the law.5.I know _ it _ impos

8、sible _ to _ finish so much homework in a day.(3)疑问词 +不定式作宾语常常放在这些动词的后面作宾语：tell, advise, show, teach, indf out, decide, discuss, learn, explainHe taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.The dictionary didnttell the Frenchmanhow to pronounce the word.(4) 作介词 but, exce

9、pt, besides的宾语。 Cantchoose but doCanthelp but do/have no choice to do Do nothing but doIII. 作宾语补足语1. I getll someone _to_ repair the recorder for you.2. What caused him _to_ change his mind?v.+ sb.+ to doadvise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, invite , order,wish , want,

10、 warn, remind, promise, permit, persuade, request+ sb. to do注意：（1）在动词 feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三使），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看） (即：吾看三室两厅一感觉 )等后面的补足语中，不定式不带 to，但变为被动语态后，必须带 to。v.+ sb.+ doLetsgo to Thailand right now. （let sb. do sth.）They saw the boyfall off the tree

11、.(see sb. do sth.)The boy was seen tofall off the tree.He is often heardto sing(sing) the song.Though he often made his deskmatecry (cry).Today he was madeto cry(cry) by his deskmate. (make sb. do sth.)(2)help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带 to.I often help him（to） clean the room.help sb. (to) do sth. I hel

12、ped him (to) find his things .比较：The professor told the studentshow to do the experiment .第 2 页 共 11 页The professor told the studentsto do the experiment.IV 作定语I have something to tell you.(不定式作定语 )1.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语She is alwaysthe lastto leave the room.We needsomeoneto help with the work.She is alway

13、sthe first to answer questions.2.不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容I have no chanceto go there.He made apromiseto be a good boy.There is no needto build a dam on the small river.3. 不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Do you have anything to wash today?One of the most interesting placesto visit in Singapore is Bird Park. 不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动

14、宾关系时，须加介词 He bought a cup to drink water with .I have nothing to complainabout.He is looking for a room to livein .V.作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。I came hereto see you(目的 )We were very excited to hear the news（原因）He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果）(1)作目的状语 表示谓语动作的目的，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。强调动词不定式所表示

15、的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to +V. (原形 )so as to +V. (原形 )但 so as to 不用于句首。The student saved much moneyto buy a new mobile phone.He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.= In order to catch the first bus, he got up early.People have learnt the importance of keeping a balanced dietto satisfy

16、 (satisfy) their nutritional needs.(2) 作结果状语不定式作结果状语时，多表示出乎意料的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式，为了表示强调可在不定式前加上only.I rushed to the station,only to find the train had already gone.We came hometo find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语时，常用于 so as to,such as to, enough to, tooto,only to等结构中。如：She wasso l

17、ate to miss half of the lecture.She is such a good teacheras to be repected by all her students.The house is largeenough to hold two hundred people.The hat is too large to wear.He walks too slowly to get there on time.(3)作原因状语。不定式与情感类形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用来作原因状语。这第 3 页 共 11 页类形容词主要有 : happy, kind, surprise

18、d, frightened, shocked, glad, delighted, dissapointed 等。They were surprisedto be informed of the news.She was very happyto hear that her son had been promoted. . 作表语动词不定式往往放在连系动词be 的后面作表语。（1）常说明主语的内容、性质、特征My wish is to become a teacher.Your job today is to clean the playground.To be kind to the enem

19、yis to be cruel to yourself.My suggestion is to put off the meeting.（ 2）动词不定式作表语，表示将来They are to marry next week.You are to deliver these flowers before 10疑问词 +不定式 作表语The question is where to get the medicine.The difficulty is how to do the most of work with the least of money.Practice1. His dream i

20、s to be a doctor.2. The next step is to turn on the TV.3. The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.4. Now my task is to finish the composition.5. The question was how to do the job well.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义I have something important to do.In the accident, the driver was to bla

21、me.This question is difficult to answer.The box is not easy to carry.动词的 ing 形式（ v-ing/doing ）一 . 动词的 ing 的基本构成主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneNo one likes being laughed at.I don t rememberhaving ever been given a chance to do it.二 .v-ing 的功用v-ing 相当于 adj. adv. n的.功能，所以，在句中可以

22、作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语1. 作主语Smoking does great harm to people s health.Helping her is my duty.第 4 页 共 11 页Collecting stamps is a good hobby.与动词不定式作主语的区别。(1)V-ing 形式作主语，表示一般性、经常性的动作。表示一次性的动作多用不定时。Walking/To walk is a good form of exercise for both young and old.To walk there /Walking there is impossi

23、ble.(2)不定式作主语常用 it 作形式主语， v-ing 作主语常位于句首。只有某些习惯用语如 no use, no good作表语用时，才用 it 作其他形式主语。It is no good/use doing sth.It is a waste of time/money doing sth.It is great fun doing sth.It is no use watching too much TV.It is no good talking to him , because he never listens.(3)句子主语若是不定式，主语也用不定式；句子表语若是 v-in

24、g ，主语也用 v-ing。 To seeis to believe./Seeing is believing.Talking to him is talking to a wall .2. 作表语 , 表抽象的，一般的行为，表主语的特征、性质和内容。It sounds interesting. The book seemsboring.My job is looking after children.3. 作宾语 ,既可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。She sat there withoutspeaking.以下动词或短语只v-ing 形式作宾语： admit(承认 ), avoid（

25、避免，躲避） , appreciate(感激 ), consider（考虑） , enjoy（享受，喜欢） , escape（逃脱） , finish （完成） , keep doing（一直做） , mind（介意） , suggest （建议） , delay（耽误） , deny（否认） , excuse（原谅） , practice（练习） , resist（抗拒）等动词。I have finished reading the novel.Do you mind buying a dictionary for me on the Internet?The little boy admi

26、tted taking away the money in the drawer.She kept waving to her husbanduntil he was out of sight. canthelp（禁不住） , give up（放弃） , feel like （想要） , keep on（继续） , think of （考虑）, set about（着手，开始做）, dream of（梦见，梦想）， havedifficulty/trouble (in) （做 有困难） , be busy (in)(忙于 ), put off （推迟）等短语。When my father he

27、ard the news, hecouldnt help laughing.I don feelt like going to see the film.He was busy (in) preparing his lessons.He kept on working until midnight though he was tied. 在下列短语中， to 是介词，后面应用 v-ing 作宾语。be/get used to, look forward to, devote to, pay attention to, object to, get down to等。I look forward

28、 to seeing him again.Are you used to living there alone?下列动词或短语， 既可以跟 v-ing 作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语， 但意义上有区别。表示经常性的行为后接 v-ing ；love, like, prefer, hate表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。I like swimming, but I donliketo swim this afternoon.第 5 页 共 11 页但要注意，如果like, love, prefer 前有 would ，后面择接动词不定式。Would you like to go shopping wi

29、th me?What would you prefer to eat tonight?下面几组词接v-ing 作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义不同。doing sth. 忘记已做过某事。forgetto do sth.忘记要做某事doing sth.记得做过某事rememberto do sth. 记得要做某事doing sth. 后悔做过某事regretto do sth. 遗憾要做某事doing sth. 意味着meanto do sth. 打算做某事doing sth 禁不住做某事canthelp(to)do sth. 不能帮忙做某事to do sth.努力做某事trydoing sth试着

30、做某事to do sth.停下来去做某事stopdoing sth 停下正在做的事情to do sth. 继续做原来的事情go ondoing sth. 继续做正在做的事动词 need, require, want作“需要”讲时，以及 be worth 其后用 v-ing 的主动形式表示被动意义。Your coat wants washing.= Your coat wants to be washed.The method needsimproving .This pair of shoes requiresmending.The question is well worth discuss

31、ing4作宾语补足语，补充说明主语的性质或状态。常跟动词的 -ing 作补语的动词有：表示感觉和心理状态的动词。常见的有 see，watch，hear，feel，smell，find ，notice，observe，catch 等等。I could feel my heart beating fast.使役动词。常见的有have，set，keep， get, leave等。They had the light burning all night .5. 作定语。We have got aswimming pool in our school.Do you know the boy standi

32、ng at the gate?6. 作状语 ,它作状语时， 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，用来对谓语动词表示的第 6 页 共 11 页动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。它可以表示时间、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作，相当于相应的状语从句。表示时间。Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.Seeing its mother, the baby smiled.当强调与谓语动词同时发生时，在v-ing 前可以用连词when 或 while.Be careful when crossing the street.表示原因。Being ill , he went

33、home.表示条件。Working hard, you will succeed.表示结果。The snow lasted a week,leading to a serious traffic jam in the whole area. 表示伴随， v-ing 形式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句代替。She sat at the deskreading a newspaper.They walked on the way home,singing and laughing.三 v-ing 的复合结构v-ing 前可以加一个 物主代词 或名词所有格 来表示这个

34、 v-ing 的逻辑上的主语 ，构成 v-ing 的复合结构或 v-ing 短语。1.v-ing 复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格 或形容词性的物主代词。Nixon svisiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.2. 在口语和非正式语体中， 只要不是作主语， v-ing 复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用 名词通格或人称代词宾格 。The doctor does not mindme /m

35、y eating a little meat occasionally.Do you mind Jacks/Jack leaving now?Im afraid of the tent falling down.过去分词过去分词相当于adj. 和 adv. 的功能，所以，它可以作定语，状语，宾语补足语和表语。过去分词的用法， 一是表完成，二是表被动。规则动词的过去分词以 -ed 结尾构成，不规则动词的过去分词变化见不规则动词表。1作定语： 过去分词作定语，如果是单个的词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。如果是过去分词短语作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后。a broken cup 一只打破的杯子

36、(被动 )spoken English 口语（被动）a retired worker 退休的工人 (完成 )badly-built house 修得很差的房子（完成）newly- arrived visitors 新来的参观者 (完成 )well- behavedchildren表现好的孩子（完成）注意：过去分词作定语与v-ing 形式，动词不定式作定语的区别。the risen sun 已升起的太阳（完成）第 7 页 共 11 页the rising sun 正在上升的太阳（进行）the fallen leaves 落在地上的叶子（完成）the falling leaves正在飘落的叶子（进

37、行）Have you read the bookwritten by Lu Xun ？Have you seen the personwriting the book?I have an important letter to write.The bridge ,built in 1950 ,broke down yesterday.The workers having built the bridge have left here.The workers to build the bridge are from mountainous areas.2作表语The cup is broken.

38、 (表被动，完成 )He is retired. (完成 )注意 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. (被动语态，表示动作 )The library is now closed. (过去分词作表语 )注意 过去分词作表语与 v-ing 形式作表语的区别。 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词来修饰人，用 v-ing 形式来修饰物。The book is interesting and Im interested in it.We ar

39、eexcited at the news.The news he told us isexciting.3作宾语补足语 : 过去分词作宾补，和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，要注意与动词不定式、 v-ing 形式作宾补的区别。能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词:(1) 表示感觉或心理状态的动词，如： see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think 等。I heard the songsung in English。I heard her singing the songin the classroom. I heard

40、 her sing the songyesterday.We found the ground covered with snow.We found him lying on the ground.(2) 表示“使，致使”意义的词。如: have, make, get, keep, leave等。I llhave my hair cut tomorrow.He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.Dontleave those things undone.4作状语 , 表被动，完成的动作，和句子主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。Seen from the hill,

41、 the village looks move beautiful.Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 注意：与动词不定式、 v-ing 形式作状语的区别。 Seen from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.第 8 页 共 11 页Seeing from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.(Hearing/heard) the bad news,they couldn t help

42、crying(When. they heard the bad news) (Giving/Given) more time , we could do it better. (If they had been given more attention) I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.Being so angry, he couldn t go to sleep. (Because he was so angry)They came into the classroom,singing and laughing. (and they

43、 were singing laughing)To servethe people well, I study hard.(In order to serve the people well)with +复合宾语结构（1）with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词Don t speakwith your mouth full .（2）with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词The square looks more beautiful than everwith the lights on.（3）with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语He was asleepwith his headon h

44、is arms.（4）with + 名词 / 代词 + v-ingShe felt very nervouswith so many peoplelooking at her.With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.（5）with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.（6）with + 名词 / 代词 + -en 分词With his matter settled, we left

45、 the room.Exercises of non-finite verbs1. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.AwaitingBto waitingCwaitDto be waiting2. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close3.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _

46、 on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off5. Tony lent me the money, _ that I d do as much for him.A. hopingB. to hopeC. hopedD. having hoped6. I rememberedthe door before I le

47、ft the office, but forgot to turn off thelights.A. lockingB. to lockC. having lockedD. to have locked7. Whenfor his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it veryinteresting and rewarding.A. askingB. askedC. having askedD. to be asked8. _to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderfu

48、l film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked9. We re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _at the meeting will influence the future of our company.A. to be madeB. being madeC. madeD. having been made10. The party will be held in the garden, weather.第 9 页 共 11 页A. p

49、ermittingB. to permitC. permittedD. permit11. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_such art forms as music andpainting.A. having compared toB. comparing toC. compare toD. compared to12. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. correctsB. correctC. to correctD. correcting13.

50、 _ with care, one tin(罐) will last for six weeks.A. UseB. UsingC. UsedD. To use14. _ at the door before you enter my room, please.A . KnockB. KnockingC. KnockedD. To knock15. China recently tightened its waters（海域，近海） controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ in the S

51、outh China Sea.A. attackingB. having attackingC. being attackedD. having been attacked16. Pressed from his parents, and _ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.A. realizingB. realizedC. to realizeD. being realized17. _ in a long queue, we waited for the

52、store to open to buy a New iPad.A. StandingB. To standC. StoodD. Stand18. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meetsB. meetingC. meetD. to meet【解析】动词不定式常作连词but, except, besides 的宾语。如果这些介词前有do 的任何形式，后面就省掉to.常用的结构有：cantchoose but docanthelp but do不得不 ,只得have no choice but do dodo nothing but doSeeing the room crowded, Ihad no choicebut to stand in the dark.Seeing the room crowded, Icould do nothing but stand in the dark.What do you like to do besidesplay football?They didntopen their mouths exceptto complain.19. George returned after t