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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 汽车变速器轴承的专用压装 装置设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923198学生姓名： 黄雨末 指导教师： 范圣耀 （职称：副教授） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 汽车变速器轴承的专用 压装装置设计 信机 系 机电一体化 专业学 号： 0923198 学生姓名： 黄雨末 指导教师： 范圣耀（职称：副教授 ） （职称： ） 2012年11月25日课题来源本课题来源于仪佳设备维修有限公司。本次设计的汽车变速器轴承的专用压机主要用于汽车4S店维修汽车变速器,对轴承拆卸后的重新压装。 轴承是变速箱的重要部件之一，为了使轴套与轴之间严格定位，滚动轴承与轴及轴承座孔间需要采用过盈配合，而过盈安装及其预紧力，不仅对轴承的定位、旋转精度及轴承的游隙有影响，还对滚动轴承的接触角、轴承刚度、轴承内部的载荷分布及摩擦力等产生影响，所以轴承压装过程直接影响变速箱的使用寿命。为了达到使轴承在变速箱内发挥到极佳的状态的目的，需设计一变速箱轴承的专用压装装置，即设计一能在无缝钢管两端均匀压入二轴套，且要保证二轴套的相对位置的压装装置，轴套压到底后，还需要在相应位置钻攻螺孔，压装装置的设计主要是为了保证轴承能够正确的安装，从而使车辆正常工作，使车辆性能发挥到极致。此课题就是由此而来。 科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）设计汽车变速器轴承的专用压机的意义在于，通过此装置，对4S维修部拆卸下来的轴承进行重新压装，其达到了人为手动操作无法达到的高强度、高精度的要求，还可以大大提高一次服务所耗费的时间，达到效率最高。 轴承在过去通常使用手工砸压的压装方式，如今已经远远无法满足现在企业的批量生产要求，然而压力机压装受力过程较复杂，无法准确测量甚至无法测量压装过程中和压装完成后轴和轴承的应力分布，如果压装力不足，会导致零件压装不到位。从而需要对其退卸后重新压装，这样一来，不仅影响了生产效率，还会使轴径及轴承受损，造成生产资源的浪费，增加生产成本。压装机车辆轴承的发展，也经历了不少更新换代。在过去的数十年里，我们国家最常见的就是移动小车式的转向架轴承压装机，其优点突出，移动方便，操作过程简单，但移动小车式压装机的弊端也很明显，工作精度差，失败率高，而且工人劳动强度大的缺陷使其随着车辆和轴承的不断发展，轴承和轴承的配合精度要求越来越高，逐渐被时代所淘汰，取而代之的则是固定式压装机。发展至今日，固定式压装机功能已经十分强大，随后圆锥滚动轴承压装机又渐渐被成为适应社会发展要求的新一代压装机，它不仅大大提高了压装质量，也减少了工作量。中国轴承工业的发展历程，大致可以分为三个阶段：奠基阶段：1949年瓦房店轴承厂恢复生产，成为中国第一家独立生产轴承的企业。抗美援朝期间其迁址哈尔滨并投入生产，而后伤害等市的生产基地也初步形成。至此，我国轴承工业瓦房店、哈尔滨、洛阳、上海四个主要生产基地初步形成，为轴承制造业奠定了基础。体系形成阶段：此阶段处于国家“一五”至“五五”五个五年计划发展时期，给轴承工业带来了新的机遇。此时期，轴承制造业为重点主机配套的新产品发展较快，已开始生产汽车万向节滚针轴承、磁电机轴承、机床主轴轴承和精密轴承，并试制了铁路机车、轧钢机、重型机械、石油工业和航空发电机、坦克等主机所需要的部分配套轴承。高质快速发展阶段：1978年中共十一届三中全会的召开揭开了中国历史崭新的一页，波澜壮阔的改革大潮在祖国大地汹涌澎湃。轴承行业不断推进改革，扩大开放，加速发展，实现生产力大解放，使综合技术经济实力明显增强，掀起了轴承工业发展史上的第三次浪潮。国外轴承的发展主要在于7个方面： （1）主要技术与经济指标：尽管轴承只作为各个主机中的支承元件，但因为其品种繁多、加工精密、尺寸大，其工业只能是机械工业中的一种特殊的独立产业。（2）轴承的整体技术水平，在近30年来得到了令人咋舌的进步。高精度、高转速、高可靠性、长寿命、免维护保养以及标准化、单元化、通用化已成为了轴承的基本技术指标。（3）设计理念：传统的轴承设计及其应用的理论和方法，多采用静力学和拟静力学的设计方法。但是近50年来，轴承设计理念有很大的突破，有限差分法、有限元法、动力学、拟动力学、弹性流体动力润滑理论等的出现有效的促进了轴承产品设计和应用技术的研究和发展。（4）通用轴承的结构改进：产量大并且用途广的通用轴承产品的结构一直以提高轴承载荷、延长使用寿命、增加强度和刚性、减少摩擦磨损、减小噪音、减小尺寸、降低重量、采用新材料及避免维修保养为研究重心。（5）轴承产品技术：主要有五个显著特征：坚持产品的“三化”方向，以最少的品种来满足不同产业的多样化需求，并有利于产品规模化生产；产品向轻量化、功能组件化、单元化、智能化方向发展、致力于满足主机产品的更新换代要求；产品向高速度、高精度、高可靠性、低摩擦、低振动、低噪声方向发展；采用和发展了计算机辅助设计、计算机辅助制造及计算机集成制造系统；在轴承产品上应用了现在高薪技术。（6）材料应用技术：1905年德国使用SAE52100高碳铬钢制造滚动轴承后，到1920年被广泛用于滚动轴承制造，五十年代末真空脱气钢问世，八十年达推广了真空脱气钢和钢包精炼，使轴承钢的纯度大幅提高。（7）加工、测试、专业化和自动化水平：在工业发达的国家，对批量大的标准轴承，通常采用高效、高精度的自动化设备进行加工制造，对批量更大的则组织自动生产线、自动化车间甚至自动化工厂进行生产。研究内容 了解轴承压机的工作原理，国内外的研究发展现状； 完成轴承压机的总体方案设计； 完成有关零部件的选型计算、结构强度校核及压机结构设计； 熟练掌握有关计算机绘图软件，并绘制装配图和零件图纸； 完成设计说明书的撰写，并翻译外文资料1篇。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析 确定该专机的设计方案时，不难发现其组成部分最重要的是一种能够往复运动的机构。最常用的有：齿轮-齿条机构加滚动或滑动导轨；丝杠螺母机构（滑动或滚珠丝杆螺母副）；气动或液压传动装置等。由动力机构通过传动机构将动力传送至执行机构，最终完成往复运动。采用皮带轮的好处在于柔性传动，过载时皮带会打滑，可起到辅助的保护作用，但绝不能当作主要的安全保护措施进行设计和使用。 两套之间的相对位置可通过定位实现。通过套上的凸台和的孔及的端面进行定位，的孔插入菱形销, 的凸台插入定位沉孔,用这种类似一面两销的六点完全定位方式保证其相对位置，其中一只套定位在压头上，另一只则定位在固定支座上。 根据三年多所学的专业知识及通过参阅机械设计手册、夹具设计手册及相关图册资料，综合考虑专用压装装置的制造成本和周期，本人拟采用的总体方案是：利用电机-减速机提供动力，通过皮带轮带动丝杠转动，进而带动装有螺母的压头移动，将旋转运动转化为直线压入运动。 该设计方案经慎重考虑，多次试验，多次论证，应该是切实可行的。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2013年1月20日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月21日-2013年3月15日：填写毕业实习报告,学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月16日-2013年3月22日：轴承压机结构初步设计。2013年3月23日-2013年4月20日：绘制装配图校核后并进行修改。2013年4月21日-2013年5月 3 日：绘制相关零件图。2013年5月 4 日-2013年5月10日：毕业论文撰写。2013年5月 6日-2013年 5月20日：毕业论文修改工作。成果： 设计的轴承压机应可解决人工装配时劳动强度大、效率低、定位精度低的问题，而且满足了大批量生产要求。特色或创新之处（1）能解决精度低、劳动强度大的问题，还大大提高了效率。（2）整体结构简单，小巧，外观整洁，稳重。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件：设计过程中所需要的各种软硬件资源和相关产品实物照片。尚需解决的问题：相关文献资料的缺乏，对一些结构设计部分的具体设计指导，以及三维软件的高级运用技巧。指导教师意见 指导教师（签名）： 年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 系主任（签名）： 年 月 日系意见主管领导签名： 年 月 日 英文原文Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the systemWith mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion / 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: fever, with a father拉稀 (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry:Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.(1)used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noise; (7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spillWater-based hydraulic systems Water-based hydraulic systems traditionally have been used in hot-metal areas of steel mills. The obvious advantage of water systems in these industries is their fire resistance. Water-based hydraulic systems also have obvious cost advantages over oil-based fluid. First, non-toxic, biodegradable synthetic additives for water cost $5 to $6 per gallon. One gallon of concentrate can make 20 gallons of a 5% solution, so the cost of water-based hydraulic fluid actually can be less than 30 cents per gallon. Considering the costs associated with preventing and cleaning up environmental contamination, water-based hydraulic systems hold the potential for tremendous cost savings at the plant level. Oil that has leaked already becomes a very important problem. It must be collected, properly contained. Water containing synthetic additives, however, can by dumped into plant effluent systems. Cost savings at the plant level dont stop at the lower cost of the fluid and its disposal. Because water-based hydraulic fluid consists of 10 parts water and one part synthetic additive, 5 gallons of additive mixes with water to make 100 gallons of water-based fluid. A 50gallon container is certainly easier to handle than two 55-gallon drums, so warehousing is simpler, cleaner, and less cluttered. Transportation costs also are lower.5 o: p# a6 |% N! e! Other potential plant-wide savings include improved safety for workers because the water-based fluid is non-toxic as well as non-flammable. These attributes can reduce plant insurance rates. Spills cost less to clean up because granular absorbents or absorbent socks are unnecessary. Water is hot again# g# D4 The oil embargo in the 1970s sparked interest in water-based fluids as a less-costly alternative to oils. Even the most expensive water additives became attractive when designers learned that one gallon of concentrate would make 20 gallons of fluid. Y9 y7 q& ?* d, r As oil prices gradually dropped, so did interest in water-based hydraulics. In retrospect, interest in water-based fluids centered around their cost saving potential. Most designers lost interest when they discovered that they could not just change the fluid in their systems from oil to water without making other substantial changes. They then become reluctant to accept other disadvantages - read substantial changes - of switching over to water-based hydraulics.& 4 w: G, R) u# j7 e4 + p. _8 I What were viewed as disadvantages were really different rules that apply to water-based hydraulic systems? Designers probably resisted learning more about water-based hydraulics because they were intimated by all the work required to lean about how to design a new system or retrofit an older system. By closing their minds to this different technology, they missed the many other advantages of water-based fluid beyond initial cost. Now that environmental concerns have added disposal costs to the price of hydraulic fluids, water-based hydraulics has again become a hot topic. Fighting freeze9 W, y+ J4 j0 I8 o6 V- F9 y Water-based hydraulic systems do, of course, have limits to their applications. One limitation is the potential of freezing. This possibility is probably the most significant blockade to more widespread application of water-based systems, especially in the mobile equipment industry. Longwall mining is by far the largest sector of mobile equipment that has been able to take advantage of water-based systems. Temperatures underground do not approach the freezing point of water, and fire resistance is essential. Mobile and even marine equipment used in temperate climates could cash in one the advantages of water based systems, but there is no guarantee that such equipment always will be used in above-freezing temperatures. Nevertheless, adding an anti-freeze to a water-based fluid can depress its freezing temperature to well below 32F. Ethylene glycol - used in automotive anti-freeze - is toxic and is not biodegradable, so its use for anti-freeze in water-based hydraulic fluid would defeat the environmental advantage water-based fluid has. There is an alternative. Propylene glycol is not toxic and is biodegradable. It costs more than ethylene glycol and is not quite as effective antifreeze, so it must be used in slightly higher concentrations. Two more techniques to reduce freezing potential are to keep fluid circulating continuously and use hose where practical. Sealing the system9 n$ i$ a. V i$ U$ u; J Two more perceived problems with water hydraulic systems are bacterial infestation and difficulty in maintain proper concentrations. Sealing the system from atmosphere can hold bacterial growth in check. Addition of an anti-bacterial agent to the fluid can have a lasting effect on preventing bacterial buildup if air is excluded from the system. t! h0 B8 P1 K: i& s A sealed reservoir eliminates another problem suffered by many hydraulic systems: water ingression. This addresses another misconception about water-based systems: water-based systems not sealed from the atmosphere must be closely monitored to ensure that the additive concentration stays within tolerance. That is because water evaporates from the reservoir more readily than the additive does. Consequently, water evaporation causes the additive concentration to increase. When new fluid is added to a system, samples of the existing fluid must be taken to determine the concentration of additive in solution. These results then reveal the ratio of additive to fluid that must be added so that fluid concentration is correct. p z- & v N: n$ With a system that seals fluid from the atmosphere, the evaporation problem is virtually eliminated. Fluid that escapes by leakage is a solution containing water and additive. Therefore, the quantity of fluid in the system changes, but concentration does not. System fluid is replenished simply by adding a pre-mixed solution of water and additive to the reservoir.3 s1 v6 Y; v* S 中文原文液压传动液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件和液压油。 动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。 执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。 控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。 辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。 液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。 液压系统的作用就是帮助人类做工。主要是由执行元件把压力变成转动或往复运动。 液压系统由信号控制和液压动力两部分组成，信号控制部分用于驱动液压动力部分中的控制阀动作。液压动力部分采用回路图方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之间的相互关系。液压源含有液压泵、电动机和液压辅助元件；液压控制部分含有各种控制阀，其用于控制工作油液的流量、压力和方向；执行部分含有液压缸或液压马达，其可按实际要求来选择。在分析和设计实际任务时，一般采用方框图显示设备中实际运行状况。 空心箭头表示信号流，而实心箭头则表示能量流。基本液压回路中的动作顺序控制元件（二位四通换向阀）的换向和弹簧复位、执行元件（双作用液压缸）的伸出和回缩以及溢流阀的开启和关闭。 对于执行元件和控制元件，演示文稿都是基于相应回路图符号，这也为介绍回路图符号作了准备。根据系统工作原理，您可对所有回路依次进行编号。如果第一个执行元件编号为0，则与其相关的控制元件标识符则为1。如果与执行元件伸出相对应的元件标识符为偶数，则与执行元件回缩相对应的元件标识符则为奇数。 不仅应对液压回路进行编号，也应对实际设备进行编号，以便发现系统故障。DIN ISO1219-2标准定义了元件的编号组成，其包括下面四个部分：设备编号、回路编号、元件标识符和元件编号。如果整个系统仅有一种设备，则可省略设备编号。实际中，另一种编号方式就是对液压系统中所有元件进行连续编号，此时，元件编号应该与元件列表中编号相一致。 这种方法特别适用于复杂液压控制系统，每个控制回路都与其系统编号相对应与机械传动、电气传动相比，液压传动具有以下优点：1、液压传动的各种元件，可以根据需要方便、灵活地来布置。2、重量轻、体积小、运动惯性小、反应速度快。3、操纵控制方便，可实现大范围的无级调速（调速范围达2000：1）。4、可自动实现过载保护。5、一般采用矿物油作为工作介质，相对运动面可自行润滑，使用寿命长；6、很容易实现直线运动/7、很容易实现机器的自动化，当采用电液联合控制后，不仅可实现更高程度的自动控制过程，而且可以实现遥控。液压系统的缺点：1、由于流体流动的阻力和泄露较大，所以效率较低。如果处理不当，泄露不仅污染场地，而且还可能引起火灾和爆炸事故。2、由于工作性能易受到温度变化的影响，因此不宜在很高或很低的温度条件下工作。3、液压元件的制造精度要求较高，因而价格较贵。4、由于液体介质的泄露及可压缩性影响，不能得到严格的传动比。5、液压传动出故障时不易找出原因；使用和维修要求有较高的技术水平。在液压系统及其系统中，密封装置用来防止工作介质的泄漏及外界灰尘和异物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏会造成工作介质的浪费，污染机器和环境，甚至引起机械操作失灵及设备人身事故。内漏会引起液压系统容积效率急剧下降，达不到所需要的工作压力，甚至不能进行工作。侵入系统中的微小灰尘颗粒，会引起或加剧液压元件摩擦副的磨损，进一步导致泄漏。因此，密封件和密封装置是液压设备的一个重要组成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用寿命，是衡量液压系统好坏的一个重要指标。除间隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相邻两个偶合表面间的间隙控制在需要密封的液体能通过的最小间隙以下。在接触式密封中，分为自封式压紧型密封和自封式自紧型密封（即唇形密封）两种。液压系统的三大顽疾1、发热 由于传力介质（液压油）在流动过程中存在各部位流速的不同，导致液体内部存在一定的内摩擦，同时液体和管路内壁之间也存在摩擦，这些都是导致液压油温度升高的原因。温度升高将导致内外泄漏增大，降低其机械效率。同时由
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