罗马化和身份认同

1、“罗马化”的早期表述：文明的传播 Francis Haverfield, The Romanization of Roman Britain. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906. R.G. Collingwood, Roman Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1932. “罗马化”的动力 罗马国家：C. R. Whittaker, Imperialism and Culture: The Roman Initiative. In Dialogues in Roman Imperialism, edited by D.J.M. Mattingly,

2、 143-63. JRA Suppl. 23. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1997. 地方上的竞争：P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990 地方效仿中心：M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990；Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman:

3、the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press. 1998 “罗马化”概念和研究框架的缺陷 主导的分析模式侧重行省地方上对罗马和意大利文化的效 仿，强调地方贵族在这一过程中的推动力，而占人口绝大多 数的农村平民在文化变迁中的作用及其与罗马文化之间的 互动被忽视； 同样未得到足够重视的是罗马与行省之间的互动。 在所有的分析模式中，罗马文化都自动被假设为高级文化 和文明的同义词，认为罗马文化的渗透是理所当然、大势所 趋。 在这种模式指导下的行省考古，尤其注重寻找“罗马”物质 文化的痕迹和成就。 “

4、罗马化”这个研究模式中的最大缺陷就在于或强调所谓罗 马文化的单向辐射或强调地方上对所谓罗马文化的单向模 仿和复制（replication）。 寻求新的语言表述和研究模式 Creolization（混语/混合文化）：J. Webster and N. Cooper (eds.), Roman Imperialism: post-colonial perspectives (Leicester Archaeology Monographs 3, Leicester) Discrepant identity：D. J. Mattingly, Imperialism, Power, and Ident

5、ity: Experiencing the Roman Empire. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2011. Patavium个案研究 Patavium Patavium (modern Padua, Padova) N CCXXV A(ulus) Publicius Felix v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito) (Not. Sc. 1926, p.352; now in Musei Civici di Padova ) CIL V 2864=ILS 5406: M(arcus) Iunius S

6、abinus IIIIvir aedili ciae potestat(is) e lege Iulia municipali, patronus collegi cen tonariorum, frontem templi vervis et hermis marmoreis pe cunia sua orna vit et tuition(i) dedit HS . N. CCXXXXII. (Musei Civici di Padova) CIL V 2943 Pancieras restoration (Panciera 2003: 191): B(onae) m(emoriae) /

7、 Domitiae Atilianae coniugi / karissimae quae vixit / ann(os) XLVII m(enses) VIII d(ies) XII / Fl(avius) Laetus v(ir) p(erfectissimus) et sibi / N(-) CCCCXXVIII. Alternative restoration : B(ene) m(erenti)/ Domitiae Atiliane coniuci/ karissimae quae vixit/ ann(is) XLVII m(ensibus) VIII d(iebus) XII/

8、Fl(avius) Laetus v(ivus) p(osuit) et sibi/ N(umero or nostro anno) CCCC XXVIII. ILS 5650 Clau(dius) Rogatus? in theatro manu sua deiecit. To the left of this NCCC. Musei Civici di Padova CIL V.415=Museo Maffeiano,Inv. n. 443 CIL V 2787 Museo Maffeiano, Verona Q Magurius Q f Fab Ferox lus(it or or) e

9、pidixib(us) et cetas(tis) I II III in greg(e) Veturian(a) quae et iuni- orum. A(quis) A(poni) dicavit euras VIII et petric(am or as) uncinor(um) XII. N CCL IX. CIL V 2787 建城 Livy 1.1 Iam primum omnium satis constat Troia capta in ceteros saevitum esse Troianos, duobus, Aeneae Antenorique, et vetusti

10、 iure hospitii et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerant, omne ius belli Achiuos abstinuisse; casibus deinde variis Antenorem cum multitudine Enetum, qui seditione ex Paphlagonia pulsi et sedes et ducem rege Pylaemene ad Troiam amisso quaerebant, venisse in intimum maris Hadriatici

11、sinum, Euganeisque qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant pulsis Enetos Troianosque eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primo egressi sunt locum Troia vocatur pagoque inde Troiano nomen est: gens universa Veneti appellati. 打败斯巴达人 Livy 10.2.14-15 Cleonymus vix quinta parte navium incolumi, nulla regione mari

12、s Hadriatici prospere adita discessit. Rostra navium spoliaque Laconum, in aede Iunonis veteri fixa, multi supersunt qui viderunt Patavi. Monumentum navalis pugnae eo die quo pugnatum est quotannis sollemni certamine navium in oppidi medio exercetur. 公元前174年，内乱，邀罗马促和 Livy 41.27.34: censores eo anno

13、creati Q. Fuluius Flaccus et A. Postumius Albinus legerunt senatumConsules votis in Capitolio nuncupatis in provincias profecti sunt. Ex iis M. Aemilio senatus negotium dedit, ut Patavinorum in Venetia seditionem conprimeret, quos certamine factionum ad intestinum bellum exarsisse et ipsorum legati

14、attulerant. Legati, qui in Aetoliam ad similis motus conprimendos ierant, renuntiarunt coerceri rabiem gentis non posse. Patavinis saluti fuit adventus consulis; neque aliud, quod ageret in provincia, cum habuisset, Romam redit. 公元前89年： fictitious Latin colony 公元前49年：罗马municipium After so many disti

15、nguished men had been slaughtered, Nero at last aspired to extirpate virtue itself by murdering Thrasea Paetus and Barea Soranus. He had hated both men for a long time, Thrasea on additional grounds, because he had walked out of the Senate when Agrippinas case was under discussion, as I have already

16、 related, and had not given the Juvenile games any conspicuous service. This hatred penetrated deeper, because this same Thrasea had sung in a tragedians dress at Patavium, his place of origin, in the ludi cetasti instituted by the Trojan Antenor. (塔西佗，编年史16.21) CIL V. 2823=ILS 945. (PIR1 P 76, cons

17、ul 36 CE.) Sex(to) Papinio Q(uinti) f(ilio) / Allenio, / tr(ibuno) mil(itum) q(uaestori), leg(ato) / Ti(beri) Caesaris Aug(usti), / tr(ibuno) pl(ebis), pr(aetori), leg(ato) / Ti(beri) Caesaris Aug(usti) / pro pr(aetore), co(n)s(uli), XVvir(o) / sacr(is) fac(iundis). / D(ecreto) D(ecurionum). “罗马化”的动

18、力 罗马国家：C. R. Whittaker, Imperialism and Culture: The Roman Initiative. In Dialogues in Roman Imperialism, edited by D.J.M. Mattingly, 143-63. JRA Suppl. 23. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1997. 地方上的竞争：P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan

19、 Press, 1990 地方效仿中心：M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990；Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press. 1998 CIL V 2864=ILS 5406: M(arcus) Iunius Sabinus IIIIvir aedili ciae potestat(is) e lege Iulia municipali, patronus collegi cen tonariorum, frontem templi vervis et hermis marmoreis pe cunia sua orna vit et tuition(i) dedit HS . N. CCXXXXII. (Musei Civici di Padov