1名词和情态动词

1、名词1. 分类1.专有名词：人名Mike 事物Gone with the wind 地名Shanghai 节日Mothers Day 机构WTO2.普通名词： 可数名词：个体名词book 集体名词class police family 不可数名词：物质名 water air tea 抽象名 love happiness informetion2. 名词的数1.规则：（1）+S （2）以s.x.ch.sh结尾的+es class box match brush (3)辅音加y的 city-cities2.以o结尾 （1）+es hero potato tomato Negro edo (2)只+

2、s 词末两个元音 bamboos radios zoos studios(工作室） kangaroos（袋鼠） （3）有些外来词+s photos kilos pianos3.以f. fe结尾 f-v+es leaf-leaves life-lives shelf-shelves wife-wives thief-thieves half-halves knife-knives wolf-wolves self-selves 但 beliefs believe handkerchief-handkerchiefs -handkerchieves4.特殊变化 man-men woman-wome

3、n foot-feet tooth-teeth child-children mouse-mice oasis-oases5. 单复同形 Sheep dear Chinese Japanese fish（不同种类加es）6.合成名词 一般只变主体名词 sons-in-law apple trees shoe shops toy boats grand-children grown-ups passers-by 但a man doctor mendoctors women-teachers girl students 7.同时有两种复数形式： 二个人 二个民族 two people two pe

4、oples two work two works（作品） two paper two papers（论文） nationality 8.有些名词是带s的 physics ，maths ，politics ，news 但它们是单数 9. hair fruit 通常是单数 drink tea 但如表若干用复数， clothes复数 cloth 衣，裤，布 Clothing布料 police的动词总是用复数 policeman-policemen Several hundred police are on duty.3. 名词的所有格1.Lilys book teachers room childr

5、ens desks Lucys and Lilys mothers. Lucy and Lilys mother. 2.表示店铺或某人家时，名词所有格后常省略 She is staying at my aunts（home）. the barbers理发店 （shop） the bakers面包店 3.friends of mine（hers） my friend. friends of toms. Toms friend4. 名词的单位1.可数-普通量词 -特殊量词普：few a few many a great many a good many a number of特：a bag of

6、，a basket of ，two groups of ， a pair of，a row of ， a crowd of2.不可数普：little，a little ，a bit of ，a little bit of ，a great deal of， a good deal of ， a large amount of特：a piece of ， a glass of， a drop of （滴），a bowl of ， a cup of 情态动词常见的：can能 may可以 will（would）意愿 need需要 dare敢 must必须 have to不得不 shall（shoul

7、d）应该（义务） ought to应该 used to惯于 have got to（=must）一定 be to愿意 had better最好 would rather宁愿1. can ，could 1.表能力，“能，会，能够” Can you drive a car？ No ，I cant. Yes，I can. 2.表允许，口语中代替many，“可以”Can I use your bike? 3.表可能性，常用于否定疑问句中Can it be true？He cant be at home. 4.could表委婉，客气Could I come to see you tomorrow？ 5.

8、can 与be able to 时态I havent been to get in touch with her.Can能力 be able to 通过努力做到2. may，might 1.表许可或征求对方许可，“可以”You may go now.May I use your book？ 2.回答 May I smoke here？ Yes ，you may.或 Yes，please. No ，you cant.或 No，you mustnt . No ，youd better not. 3.表猜测，通常只用于陈述句You may be right.= Maybe you are right

9、. 4.might更委婉，客气Might I use your pen？ 5.口语中can，may可换表许可，can较随便，may更正式May I check your passport？3. must 1.表义务，“必须”You must obey the traffic rules. 2.否定句中表不许，禁止You mustnt leave here. 3.表坚定的坚建议You must come and see us tomorrow. 4.表推测，暗含很大的可能性He must be ill，he looks so pale.注：may暗含可能性较小，must较大 5.回答 Must

10、I clean the room at once？ Yes，you must. No，you neednt. No，you dont have to.4. have to 虽是情态动词，但有人称，数的变化1.have to 客观需要义务，must 主观认识 I missed the train，so I had to tala a taxi.2.在疑问句和否定句，have to 与do搭，must直接提前或+not Did he have to do it？ He didnt have to finish it.3. 在否定句中，have to 表不需要，must表不允许 You dont h

11、ave to go.= You needt go. You mustnt go.5. Need情态：无人称，数的变化+动词原形实义: 有人称，数的变化+to do /doing 1.用于否定时，表“不必”， You neednt worry. 2.用于疑问时，表“需要吗？” -Need you go？ -Yes ，I must. 或 No，I neednt. 3.实义 Do you need to go there？6. shall 和 should1. shall 用于将来时是助动词 用于征求对方意见时表“决心”，是情动 I shall(will) visit English this ye

12、ar. Shall I turn on the light? 征求 I shall be there. 决心2.should 将来时是助动，表“应当，猜测”，是情动+ do = ought to do = be supposed to do We thought we should never see you again.（过将） I should write some letters tonight.（应当） They should be there now.（猜测） 七.will would 1.will或would 用于将来时-助动 表意志，决心，请求-情动 Hell be here t

13、his afternoon. Will you tell her that Im here. 2.在疑问句中用于第二人称，提出请求，询问 Will you type this，please？ Wont you sit down？ 3.注意 Would like to do = want to do = feel like doing Will you .？ 表示肯定含义的请求时说 Will you like + to do表示肯定含义的请求时说 Would you please +do 疑问句中一般用some，不用any Would you like some cake？8. had bett

14、er do Youd better put on your hat. not do Hed better not play with dogs. had better have done sth 表示与事实相反的结果，表“本来最好”，“最好做某事” You had better have come earlier.9. 情态表“推测” 情动+ 动原 表对“现在”发生动作，状态的推测 情动+ 完成时 表对“过去”发生动作，状态的推测 1.must have done 表过去一定做了什么，十分肯定 You must have finished your work. 2.cant have done

15、 表过去不可能做了什么，是上边的否定形式，也很肯定 He cant have gone to Beijing，for I had a talk with him just now. 3.neednt have done 表过去没有必要做什么，但已经做了 You neednt have come so earlier. 4.should have done 过去该做什么，但没有做（含有责备） You should have started earlier. 5.shouldnt have done 过去不该做什么，但做了（含有责备） You shouldnt have helped him，he

16、 could do it himself. 6.ought to have done 过去该做什么，而没有做（是职责和义务） You ought to have helped him .（but you didnt） 7.can（could）do sth 对现在情况的猜测，常用于否，疑问，感叹 This news cant be true . 8.may（might) do sth 对现在情况猜测，肯定句 He may know her telephone number.10. 带to 的情动 ought to， have to， used to do， be to，have got to，

17、be able to注意这六个的否，疑， 1.Do they have to pay their bill at last? 2.She didnt use to play tennis before she war 14. 3.You ought not to have told her all about it. 4.Ought he to see a doctor now? be to + do 1.表“应该”= should= ought to You are to report to the police. What is to be done？应该怎么办呢？ 2.表“必须”= mu

18、st= have to The letter is to be handed to him. You are to do your homework before you watch TV. 3.在否定句表“禁止”= mustnt The books in library are not to be taken outside. You are not to smoke in the classroom. 4.表“可能，可以”，=may，can The news is to be found in the evening paper. Such people are to be found every there.11. 比较 need 和 dare（敢）相同：二者既是实义，又是情动， 作为情动二者只用于疑，否条件句； 作为实义 dare （to）do not do need 实义 need+ n. +to do sth 情动 need+do +not do 表被动 need，want，worth（adj.