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鹤式
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起重机
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鹤式（门式）起重机设计,鹤式,门式,起重机,设计
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太原科技大学毕业设计说明书第五章 起重机的稳定性起重机的稳定性是指起重机在自重和外载荷的作用下抵抗翻到的能力，起重机的稳定性，按两种基本情况分别进行演算：工作时的稳定性载重稳定性；非工作时的稳定性自重稳定性。验算时，防风装置的作用不予考虑臂架类起重机按以下步骤校核抗倾覆稳定性：（一） 确定起重机的组别门座起重机属于组（二） 稳定性校核时，应按课本表13-3所列工况在最不利载荷组合条件下进行，若包括起重机自重的各项载荷对倾覆边的力矩大于或等于0（即M0）则认为起重机是稳定的，计算时规定起稳定作用的力矩符号为正，使起重机倾覆的力矩符号为负。（三） 倾覆边的不确定运行机构只作非吊重位移的定点吊装的起重机必须按上述的稳定性校核规定的计算原则。对支撑多边形车轮或支腿与地面接触点连线的每条倾覆边进行稳定性校核。臂架类起重机稳定性栽种状态的计算简图式中：0.95，1.5装卸用门座起重机第工况的载荷系数PG起重机的自重载荷 750KNPQ最大起升载荷 80KNRmax最大幅度 25mmb1/2轨距或基距，取其中较小者 b=1/212=6mx0最大幅度位置上起重机自重重心距回转中心的距离，假定x0=0.5m2有风动载荷工况如图所示，起重机在这种工况下较易翻倒的状态是：臂架垂直于倾覆边的轨道，并处于最大幅度位置，起吊额定重量，轨道前低后高，工作状态最大风力沿臂架方向由后向前吹，货物向外摆动角，并下降制动，这时起重机相对于倾覆边受到由起重机自重载荷在平行轨面方向上的分力、风力、货物起升载荷、货物偏摆的水平载荷、货物下降制动所引起的倾覆力矩和由起重机自重载荷在垂直轨面方向上的分力引起的复原力矩的作用。因而，这种工况下对倾覆边的总力矩，按下式计算：式中：0.95，1.35装卸用门座起重机第工况的载荷系数轨面坡度角010 =0.17h0在最大幅度位置起重机自重重心距轨面的距离，h0=10m，Pw工作状态作用在起重机上的最大风力h风总锋利Pw的作用点到轨面的距离，h风=12mh臂架至轨面的距离 h=16mP惯货物下降制动时所产生的惯性力，以PQ/g表示起升货物质量。V降（m/min）表示下降速度（一般等于起升速度，v降=v升）t制表示制动时间（可暂取1s）则：R起升绳偏斜后离倾覆边的距离，可由几何关系求得：3突然卸载工况这种工况对倾覆边作用的总力矩按下式计算：式中：0.95，0.2装卸用门座起重机第工况载荷系数4暴风袭击下的工作状态工况对倾覆边作用的总力矩按下式计算式中：0.95，1.1装卸用门座起重机第工况载荷系数在最小幅度位置上起重机自重重心距回转中心的距离，=1m作用在起重机上的非工作状态最大总风力，=40.59kN总风力的作用点距轨面的距离，=22.5m综上所述：起重机在四种工况下均能满足抗倾覆稳定性要求，即整机稳定性通过第六章 选缓冲器起重机一般必须装设缓冲器，缓冲器的作用是减缓起重机在运行到终点挡上器或两台起重机相互碰撞的冲击1初选缓冲器型号缓冲器行程S式中大车碰撞速度，有限位开关。取=0.65amax最大减速度，一般情况下amax21.51kN中英文翻译履带起重机市场发展现状及最新技术分析履带起重机以其起重量大、作业空间大、带载行走、接地比压小等独特的优势逐渐从众多起重机中脱颖而出，成为工程建设中的佼佼者。随着应用广度和深度的不断加大，履带起重机在结构、传动、控制等方面却发生着变化，从而巩固和提高了履带起重机的整体水平，使产品不断完善。1.国内履带起重机市场现状目前，国内市场的需求强劲，各行业的大型施工企业纷纷进口大型履带起重机，抢占市场制高点。2002年中石化公司进口德马格1250t履带起重机，2006年上半年中石油公司又引进了利勃海尔1250t履带起重机。国内大型履带起重机的进口已超过100台，2003年和2004年进口的245台和357台产品中，800t以上的大型产品近5台，750t近10台，600t10余台，400500t30余台。到2006年上半年底，国内已引进M21000型907t、CC5800型800/1000吨级产品。随着大型履带起重机市场需求量的不断增长，对履带起重机的性能、质量、可靠性要求也越来越高。欧、美、日相继推出新系列产品，如利勃海尔公司新推出的LR11250型1250t产品，马尼托瓦克公司的16000型400t、18000型600/750t和21000型907t产品，特雷克斯集团旗下的特雷克斯-德马格公司新推出的CC8800型1250t、CC2800-1增强型600t、CC2500-1型500t、CC5800型800/1000t产品，神钢公司新推出的CKE系列（目前最大吨位的是CKE4000型400t）产品。2.国外大型履带起重机新技术2.1结构方面（1）臂节连接。目前臂节的连接型式普遍采用4个销轴同向连接，安装时4个销轴同时对位，然后插销。这种方式安装较困难。国外产品对此进行了细节改进，组装时先对位、安装臂节上平面的2个销轴，然后再对位安装下平面销轴，减少安装难度。图1a是利勃海尔公司臂节安装示意。更为方便的是马尼托瓦克产品，臂节上平面力的传递方式不再是销轴型式，而是由定位销和挤压面共同完成。定位销尺寸小，只起到定位作用，力的传递完全通过挤压面实现，安装更简便。这种新型式已在18000型和21000型产品上成功应用。为降低臂节连接销轴直径，可借鉴履带板的多个支承面的连接原理，将销轴剪切面数由原来的2个增加为3个，这样销轴直径可减小20，安装也更为方便。这种新方式多应用于大型产品中，如特雷克斯-德马格的CC2800-1型产品。（2）变幅系统结构。20世纪90年代前普遍采用柔性索具作为变幅系统的承载构件。索具制作方式是将钢丝绳两端采用压制或浇注方式做成单双耳接头，长度与臂节匹配。由于索具安全系数高，自重大，刚度小，弹性变形量大，易引起悬垂现象，进一步增大变幅载荷和臂架载荷。为此出现了新的结构型式高强度拉板，这种高强度拉板承载能力大，屈服极限超过1000MPa，而且一次成型，不需焊接。由于弹性变形小，不存在悬垂现象。采用数控加工，制作精度高，可省去平衡拉板间载荷的平衡梁。国外小吨位产品已普遍使用。但考虑销轴连接处强度问题，拉板两端宽度较大，可达到中间部位的2倍以上，因此下料时材料利用率低。另外截面是矩形，侧向抗弯抗风振能力差。为节省材料、增强侧向承载能力，特雷克斯-德马格公司推出了钢管型式，该型式可以与臂架管材通用，此外钢管各向几何特性相同，抗弯抗扭能力强。但是管与管之间通过臂节接头方式连接，需要焊接，焊缝受拉力作用，对焊接要求较高。目前特雷克斯德马格公司的CC2800-1产品即应用此种型式。（3）主机结构。为降低成本，减少结构件质量，高强度材料已作为主机结构的首选材料，屈服强度达到500MPa以上。其结构尺寸明显减小。以LR1750型750t产品为例，转台、车架、履带架结构除特殊用板（履带与车架连接处）外，主要承载板厚度均在35mm以内（而以往结构需要40mm以上，常用的是5070mm的板）。并采用宽肢薄壁结构，极大地提高了结构整体稳定性和承载能力。主机结构的自重占整机（大基本主臂）自重的比例也由通常的60降到40，剩余自重完全由配重和车身压重分摊。可见其设计上的精益求精，甚至细致到小小的履带板也要采用变截面型式。而履带板的总重通常占履带架总成的40，采用变截面型式可使履带板总重降低10。转台结构型式主要有2大派系，一派是以欧美为代表的封闭式转台结构，另一派是以日本为代表的小箱型转台结构。封闭式结构由2个高度较大的工字型或箱型截面组成，刚性好，在大型产品中得到广泛应用。小箱型结构在小箱型截面上配置支座连接机构，两侧设置机棚放置发动机、油箱、回转机构等部件。为维修方便，日本新推出半开放式转台结构，一侧放置部件，另一侧设置走台板，完全开放，维修者很容易接近机构、动力部件，更换易损件或查看运转状况。考虑到运输方便性，对于大吨位起重机需转台拆解运输。转台组合方式有2大类，一是转台、回转支承与车架一部分连成为一体，转台其他部分可独立运输，或再拆解运输，如马尼托瓦克公司的M21000型产品。另一类是将上下车分开运输，分开部分与回转支承采用快速连接方式，如特雷克斯-德马格公司的CC5800型产品的快速销轴连接方式。下车结构的改进更为明显。考虑增大行走牵引能力和提高工作速度，行走机构可选用四驱型式。履带架的结构随之改进，其张紧通过张紧梁套接于履带架结构中实现，为降低驱动转矩，驱动轮采用链轮型式，以减小直径，特雷克斯-德马格公司的CC2500型产品即采用了这种型式。履带总成数量也在发生根本性改变，不仅仅是传统的左右2条履带总成，而是采用多组总成，如马尼托瓦克公司的21000型产品，下车由8条履带组成，每两条履带为一组，载荷的传递原理类似于门座起重机的大车行走结构。每条履带承载更均匀，对地基的要求也更低，并且可形成宽模式和窄模式，以适应不同工作场合的要求，车架结构也有明显改进，考虑运输方便性，超大型起重机的车架一般由3部分甚至更多部分组成，中间箱型结构（上端连接回转支承）和两侧箱型纵梁，更为新颖的结构是改进三者连接方式，使纵梁呈放射性放置，从而减小与履带架连接处的集中载荷。2.2臂架组合作业臂架组合中，除标准配备：主臂、主臂固定副臂、主臂塔式副臂、主臂轻重混合的方式外，为适应市场需要，又新增添2种组合方式：重型短副臂和副臂副臂组合，是重型短副臂组合，但副臂为特制，非常短，专用于化工用各种反应塔的吊装，有较高的提升高度及一定的幅度，关键是超大的起重量，与同长度同幅度下的主臂作业起重量接近，甚至超过其幅值。 在欧美产品中都已开发应用。图11b副臂副臂组合，用于电力建设方面，以增加作业空间，如风力发电设备的安装，总臂架组合长度可达到150m以上。这种型式在利勃海尔公司产品得到应用。2.3系列产品的通用性考虑产品设计和制造的通用性，欧美三大公司自身的配重从50t到1250t产品均可互换。臂节的互换性强，甚至对于同一型号不同产品也能做到互换。考虑运输尺寸限制，臂架的运输宽度统一，从某种程度上简化了制造工艺。如特雷克斯-德马格公司的CC2200、CC2500、CC2800型产品的臂架运输宽度相同，在3m以内。马尼托瓦克公司产品对同尺寸不同绳径的卷扬机构，采用更换绳槽表面也可实现通用化。这些都为安装运输使用提供了便利条件。2.4电气控制（1）液压系统的电子控制。液压系统的控制方式由过去开式比例阀控变量系统发展成为开闭式结合或全闭式电比例泵控变量系统，传动更平稳，结构更紧凑。而且液压系统、发动机、状态与安全保护监测、极限载荷控制已全部采用数据总线电子控制。各公司也都开发出各自的电子控制系统，如马尼托瓦克公司的EPIC控制系统，利勃海尔公司的LICCON控制系统，特雷克斯-德马格公司的IC-1控制系统。（2）力矩限制器的无线传感器方式。力矩限制器的力传感器布置方式有多种，通常置于变幅系统，即变幅拉板与桅杆（或人字架）连接处，可用拉力传感器或销轴传感器。马尼托瓦克公司最新采用钢丝绳用无线拉力传感器，直接与钢丝绳楔套相连，由于无线传感，不受臂长限制，这在其555、16000、18000型新产品上得到应用。（3）大屏幕显示及多个摄像监视器。从人性化角度采用大屏幕彩屏可显示更多信息，包括吊装状态参数、机构工作参数、故障诊断、报警提示，更主要的是可进行吊装工况选择与模拟演示，甚至可达到三维模拟演示。另一个安全性考虑是多个摄像头监控，在司机室放置多个监视器进行实时显示。如利勃海尔公司的LR1750型产品，共有5个摄像头：转台后方两侧各1个，便于回转时察看后方情况；转台上1个，便于察看卷扬排绳；底节臂和超起桅杆的卷扬处均设置1个，以察看缠绳情况。使用各种电子眼，大大降低了操作人员的工作强度，提高了工作安全性。（4）臂架配重的无级变幅。目前的产品均能保证主臂和副臂作业时主（副）臂的无级变幅。塔式工况作业时不仅实现了副臂无级变幅，同时也实现了主臂无级变幅，替代原有的多个主臂固定角度的作业方式（如85，75，65等）。这种主副臂的同时无级变幅方式增加了作业覆盖面及多种作业工况组合的灵活性，也是电子控制技术质的飞跃。根据此原理，超起作业时超起配重的位置也实现了无级调整，无论是水平还是垂直方向，均可通过油缸或超起桅杆变幅实现，极大地减少了各种辅助环节。利勃海尔公司率先实现了无级变幅，马尼托瓦克和特雷克斯-德马格公司也相继实现此功能。由此可见，国外产品不是仅以满足基本功能要求为目标，而是更注重人性化理念和产品细节，以新理念和细节设计赢得市场。每个细节的改进都需要不断的创新，以求产品的精益求精。这些新技术和敬业精神很值得国内同行借鉴。3.国内履带起重机生产现状国内履带起重机的生产历史较短，目前正处于成长发展时期，尚无规模较大的专业生产企业。生产履带起重机的企业有：抚顺挖掘机制造有限责任公司、徐工集团徐州重型机械有限公司、中联重科浦沅分公司、上海三一科技有限公司、山东鲁能光大重型机械设备有限公司、哈尔滨四海工程机械制造公司、北方交通公司。国内产品从2004年得到迅速发展，当年销售量为213台，比2003年的123台增长了73.2。2005年继续保持了增长势头，截止到10月份累积销售197台，同比增长15.5，但产品以100吨级以下产品为主。随着市场需求量的不断增加，企业在不断向大规模、系列化方向发展。抚顺挖掘机制造有限责任公司是我国唯一批量生产履带起重机的企业，引进日立技术，产品系列有35t、50t、80t、100t和150t，年产量占国内销售总量的60左右，高居国内榜首。其推出的250t产品融入了新技术，如电比例泵控系统，半开放式转台结构等。预计2006年推出350t产品。徐工集团徐州重型机械有限公司目前已批量生产50t履带起重机。1998年与大连理工大学合作开发了具有自主产权的150t履带起重机，随后研发了100吨级产品。其自行研制的300t履带起重机2005年11月已交付用户，产品风格与日本相同。现与大连理工大学合作开发大型系列产品，从200t到1000t，计划3年内完成，现已完成220t、260t产品设计，正进行450t和650t产品设计，预计2006年出样机。中联重科浦沅分公司以生产汽车起重机为主，2002年开始研发履带起重机，与大连理工大学合作开发了70200t的系列产品，200t产品2005年初下线。70t产品2005年10月下线，100t和160t产品2006年上半年将下线。技术风格与欧美相同，现与大连理工大学合作开发300800t系列产品，计划3年内完成，预计2006年推出600t产品。上海三一科技有限公司2005年上半年通过400t产品评审，2006年5月召开推介会。已有及后续研发产品有50t、80t、150t、200t和250t。山东鲁能光大公司在开发了50t、80t、100t、200t产品基础上，也将向大型产品进军。山东奥奇重工有限公司也正在研发100400t级产品。预计2006年国内各制造企业生产履带起重机的产值在14亿元左右。在技术水平上国内产品与国外还有一定差距，这与国内配套力量薄弱不无关系。目前国内产品还处于发展成长阶段，主要目标是首先保证产品的基本功能，在产品细节及可靠性方面还有待不断完善，因此造成产品大问题没有，小问题不断，在使用上产生诸多不便。改变这种局面的有效措施是注重对产品的敬业精神和开拓自主创新技术。从国外产品在细节上不断的变化，已明显看出创新无处不在，只有创新，产品才有持久的生命力。除此以外，大型产品的研发还要注重基础性理论研究工作与技术创新。尽管国内企业通过借鉴吸收国外先进技术、采取国际化配套，提高产品起点，但是产品质量的深入提升需要有：（1）扎实的理论根基。（2）研发资金的投入，技术队伍的培养建设。（3）新标准新规范的制订。 尽快提升产品质量、缩短研发周期的有效途径是产学研联合，发挥学校、科研院所的基础理论、技术研发实力和企业制造实力，并求得政府和起重机用户的支持。学校力量的注入可有效拓展提高企业技术队伍，企业加大研发资金的投入，向国家求支持，共同搭建基础性试验研究平台，是技术创新的可靠保证。规范的修订、新标准的编制工作也将会在此基础上有序的展开。这种方式已在大连理工大学和徐工集团徐州重型机械有限公司、长沙中联重科浦沅分公司的合作中得到很好的验证。4.结语综上所述可以看出，国内大型履带起重机的研制势在必行，具备天时（市场需求，政策保护）、地利（地理位置优势、价格优势、国际化配套）、人和（先进设计理念、技术手段、企业技术队伍的实力）的条件。但若想赢得更多用户的支持，获得市场的认可，还应持续不断的提升产品性能、质量和可靠性，而自主创新技术的研发和结构的精细设计与制造是产品持久生存的根本条件。Track current situation of the development and the newest technological analysis of hoist marketTrack with the weight heavy , homework space heavy taking year walk , earth than press unique advantage such as being light show ones talent from numerous hoists gradually hoist, become the outstanding one in engineering construction. With using the constant increasing of the breadth and depth, the track hoist is changing in such but the respects as the structure , transmitting , controlling,etc., thus consolidated and improved the integral level of the track hoist , made the products perfect constantly. 1.Current situation of hoist market of the domestic track At present, domestic market is sought-after, the large-scale construction enterprises of every profession and trade import the large-scale track hoist one after another , seize the market commanding point. China Petrochemical Industry Company imported the horse one dose of 1250t track hoists of Germany in 2002, the oil company introduced Liebherr 1250t track hoist again in the first half of 2006. The import of the domestic large-scale track hoist has been already over 100, in 245 and 357 products imported in 2003 and 2004, 800t above large-scale product nearly 5, nearly 10 of 750t, 600t10 Yu Tai, 400- 500t30 Yu Tai. At the end of half by 2006 , has already introduced Model M21000 907t , CC5800 type 800/1000 -ton products at home. With the constant growth of the market demand of the large-scale track hoist, the performance , quality , dependability to the track hoist require higher and higher. Europe , the United States and Japan put out the new series of products in succession, such as the Model LR11250 1250t products which Liebherr Company introduce newly, the horse Buddhist nun holds type 16000 400t of one gram of companies of tile, type 18000 600/750t and 21000 type 907t products, Trecker Trecker of group then then- doses of Model CC8800 1250t that Company put out newly , horse of Germany , enhanced 600t of CC2800-1, products , 500t of Model CC2500-1 and 800/1000t of Model CC5800, supernatural steel CKE series products that Company introduce newly. 2.Hoist new technology of the foreign large-scale track 2.1 structure ( 1) Arm festival connection. Connection patterns in festival of arm generally adopt 4 pivots to join in the same direction at present, the counterpoint at the same time of 4 pivots while installing, then the socket . It is relatively difficult for this way to install. The foreign products improve the detail to this, 2 pivots in the level in the counterpoint , installation arm festival that while assembling firsting , then install the level pivot in the counterpoint , reduce and install the degree of difficulty . Fig. 1a is installed and hinted by the arm festival of Liebherr Company. Asking tile grams of producting horse Buddhist nun convenient even more, arm section transmission, level of strength way pivot pattern again, but and push the surface to finish together by the locating stud. The locating stud size little, only play the function of orientating, the transmission of strength is totally realized through pushing the surface, install more simple and more convenient. Such new pattern succeed in application at the products in 18000 type and 21000 type already. In order to reduce the diameter of the connection pivot of festival of arm, a lot of that can draw lessons from the track board supports Taxi connection principle, cutting the tangent plane of the pivot and counting to increase from 2 original to 3, in this way the diameter of the pivot can reduce 20% , it is more convenient too to install. Such new way is applied to the large-scale products more, such as Trecker then- the Model CC2800-1 products of dose of horse of Germany. ( 2) Change a systematic structure. Generally adopted the flexible rigging as changing a piece of systematic bearing the weight of the component before 1990s. The rigging is made the way adopts both ends of the steel wire rope and suppress or pour the way to make into the single ears and connect, match in length and arm festival. Because the safety coefficient of the rigging is high, it is great to conduct oneself with dignity, rigidity is small, elastic deformation amount is great , apt to cause hanging the phenomenon of hanging down , it is loaded to increase and turn into a load and arm shelf further. The new structure pattern has appeared for this reason - -The high strength draws the board, this kind of high strength draws the bearing capacity of the board big, surrender limit and exceed 1000MPa, and shaping, does not need to weld . Because the elasticity is out of shape and little, do not exist and hang the phenomenon of hanging down . Adopting numerical control to be processed, making is high in precision, can save the balance and draw the loaded balance roof beam among the boards . The foreign pickup products have already been generally used. But consider the question of intensity of junction of the pivot, it is relatively large in width to draw both ends of the board , can reach more than 2 times of the middle position , so the material utilization ratio is low at the time of unloading. The section is the rectangle in addition, the side direction resists and resists the wind to shake ability badly curved. For save material , strengthen side direction bearing capacity, Trecker then- doses of Company , horse of Germany , introduce the steel tube pattern, pattern this can shelf pipe in common use with arm, in addition to characteristic the same geometry have every steel tube, resist and resist the ability of spraining strongly curved. But join through the piecing way of festival of arm when in charge of and in charge of, need welding , the welding seam receives pulling force function , to welding expecting relatively much. Then Trecker at present - A dose of CC2800-1 products of company of horse of Germany use this kind of pattern promptly. ( 3) Structure of the host computer . In order to lower costs, reduce structure pieces of quality, high strength material regard as first-selected material, host computer of structure already, surrender the intensity and reach above 500MPa. Its physical dimension is obviously reduced. Taking Model LR1750 750t products as an example, a structure of revolving stage , frame , track is except that use the board (track and frame junction ) specially, bear the weight of the thickness of the board within 35mm mainly (but the past structure needs above 40mm, a commonly used one is the board of 50- 70mm). Adopt the structure of thin wall of wide limb , has improved the whole stability of the structure and bearing capacity greatly. The dead weight of the structure of the host computer accounts for the complete machine (big basic main arm ) the proportion of conducting oneself with dignity drops to 40% from 60% common too, surplus is conducted oneself with dignity to totally press and share again by the counterweight and automobile body. It is obvious what in its designed kept improving , even so careful that the small track board should arrive. And the gross weight of the track board usually accounts for 40% that the track shelf always becomes, it makes the gross weight of the track board reduce by 10% to adopt and turn into the sectional pattern. The structure pattern of the revolving stage has 2 great factions mainly, one group is the structure of closed revolving stage represented by America and Europe, another group is the small case type revolving stage structure represented by Japan. The closed structure is made up by 2 I-shapes or case type sections bigger in height, rigidity is good, used widely in the large-scale products. The little case type structure disposes the connection organization of a seat, part of putting the engine , fuel tank , transforming to construct in setting up machine canopying on both sides etc. on the little case type section. For maintain convenient, Japan introduce half open revolving stage structure newly, one side put the part, setting up and going a board in another side, totally opening, the persons who maintain are very apt to be close to the organizations , motive force parts, change quick-wear parts or look over the state of operating. Consider the convenience of transporting, need revolving stage to disassemble transportation to the large tonnage hoist . Revolving stage mode of combination have 2 big class, first , revolving stage , is it support with frame a part becoming an organic whole in succession to turn round, other parts of revolving stage can be transported one gram of Model M21000 products of company independently, or disassemble and transport . Another kind will get on or off the bus and transport separately , will separate it with turning round and supporting and adopting and connecting the way fast partly, if Trecker then- doses of Model CC5800 products of company, horse of Germany, the pivot connect the way fast. The improvement of the structure is more obvious to get off. Considering increasing and walking and drawing ability and improving the working speed, walking in the organization can select four patterns of driving for use . The improvement thereupon of structure of the track shelf , his one answers and realizes the shelf structure of the track through a urgent roof beam suit urgent, in order to reduce and drive the torque, the drive wheel adopts the pattern of the sprocket , in order to reduce the diameter, Trecker then- doses of Model CC2500 product of Company , horse of Germany , adopt this kind of pattern promptly. The track always becomes the fundamental change is taking place too in the quantity , it is not merely that traditional 2 pieces of track of left and right sides always succeed, adopt many group succeed always , ask tile grams of 21000 type product of Company by Buddhist nun such as horse , it is made up of 8 pieces of track to get off, every two pieces of track are one group, the structure that the cart that the loaded transmission principle is similar to the door seat hoist walks. Each track bears the weight of more even , the requisition for ground is lower too, and can form the wide mode and narrow mode , in order to meet the needs of different working occasions, the structure of the frame has obvious improvement too, considering the transportation convenience, the frame of the ultra large-scale hoist is generally made up by even more parts of 3 parts, the middle case type structure ( joins and turns round and supports on the top ) and case type longeron on both sides, more novel structure is improving by the three and connecting the way, make the longeron present radioactivity to put , thus reduce it with the centralized load of a junction of the track. 2.2 arm shelves make the homework up In the arm shelf is made up , except that the standard is allocated : Outside the way in which main arm , main arm + regular pair of arms , main arm + tower pair of arms , weight of main arm mix, in order to meet the needs of market , add 2 kinds of modes of combination newly: Heavy-duty short pair of arms and one pair of arms + one pair of arms association, is the heavy-duty short pair of arms association , but one pair of arms is purpose-built , it is very short, use various kinds of reaction towers of hoist and mount special-purposly in the chemical industry, highly there is higher promotioning and certain range , the more important thing is oversize weight of getting up, with get up weight close with between length and main arm homework of range, even exceed its amplitude. Have already developed and adopted in the American-European products. Fig. 11b one pair of arms + one pair of arms association, used in the electric construction aspect, in order to increase the homework space, such as the installation of the wind-force generating equipment, the total arm shelf can reach above 150m to make the length up . This kind of pattern gets application in Liebherr Company products. Commonability of 2.3 series of products The commonability of considering the product design and making, three American-European big companys own counterweights are interchangeable from 50t to 1250t products. The interchangeability of festival of arm is strong, even can exchange different products of the same type . Consider the size of transportation is limited , the width of transportation of the arm shelf is unified , has simplified manufacturing engineering to a certain extent. If Trecker then- doses of CC2200 , CC2500 , arm shelf , Model CC2800 of products of company , horse of Germany , transport width to be the same, within 3m. The horse Buddhist nun asks the products of one gram of companies of tile are to raising the organization with one of the different ropes foot-path of the size, adopting can realize the universalization to change the rope trough surface. All these have offered the facility that installation is transported and used. 2.4 is controlled electrically ( 1) The electron systematic in hydraulic pressure is controlled. Hydraulic pressure by person who turn on proportion valve accuse of variable system is it turn on person who close combine or person who close electric proportion pump accuse of the variable system all to develop into in the past systematic control method, the transmission is more steady, the structure is more compact. And hydraulic pressure system , engine , state and safe protection are monitored, the limit load controls and already all adopts the bus electron of the data to control. Every company develops ones own electronic control systems too, hold tile one grams of EPIC control systems of company such as the horse Buddhist nun, LICCON control system , Liebherr of Company, Trecker then - one dose of IC-1 control systems of Companies , horse of Germany ,. ( 2) Limiter wireless sensor way of the moment . The strength sensor of the moment limiter assigns the way to have many kind, usually put in a system of changing, namely change one and draw the board and junction of mast (or peoples cabinet frame ) , available pulling force sensor or pivot sensor . The horse Buddhist nun asks the tile adopt the steel wire rope to use the wireless pulling force sensor newly in one grams of companies, link with wedge set of steel wire rope directly , because of wireless sensing , do not receive the long restriction of arm , this gets application on its type 555 , 16000 , 18000 new products. ( 3) Large screen display and a lot of make a video recording the monitor. Adopt the color of the large screen and can show more information to reject in terms of humanization, including hoist state parameter , organizations working parameter , trouble diagnosing , warning suggestion, the mainer one can hoist the operating mode to choose to be demonstrated with simulation, even can reach three-dimensional simulation to demonstrate . Consider being controlled , show when put a lot of monitors to carry on really in the cab of a lot of lenses in another security . Such as the Model LR1750 products of Liebherr Company, there are 5 lenses in all: Each one both sides of revolving stage rear, watch the rear situation when being easy to turn round; One on revolving stage, easy to watch one to raise and arrange the rope; Bottom festival arm is it get up roll of mast raise office set up one , in order to watch the rope woolding situation to exceed. Use various kinds of electronic eyes , has reduced the attenbants working intensity greatly , have improved the working security . ( 4) The arm withstands the counterweight has no grade to change one. Present products can guarantee main arm and packs of arm main fact (pack ) arm have magnitude become piece at the homework. Tower operating mode realize packs of arm have grade become piece , realize main arm have magnitude become piece at the same time at the homework, the homework way to substitute a lot of already existing regular angles of main arm (such as 85, 75, 65 ,etc.). There is not one grade of a way of changings while of one pair of arms in this kind of main fact to increase the flexibility that the coverage rate of the homework and many kinds of homework operating mode make up, it is a qualitative leap of electronic control technology too. According to principle this , exceed at giving homework is it get up position of counterweight is it have magnitude change to realize either to exceeding, no matter horizontal or vertical direction, or exceed the mast to turn into a piece of realization through the cylinder, have reduced various kinds of auxiliary links greatly. Liebherr Company has taken the lead in realizing having no grade to change one, the horse Buddhist nun holds tile gram and Trecker then- one dose of companies of horse of Germany realize this function in succession. Therefore, the foreign products do not only regard meeting the basic function demand as the goal, but pay attention to the humanized idea and products detail even more , design and win the market with new idea and detail. Each improvement of detail need constant innovation, so that product keep improving. These new technologies and professional dedication are very worth domestic counterparts drawing lessons from . 3.Hoist production status of the domestic track The production history of the domestic track hoist is relatively short, in growing up developing period at present, there is not a bigger professional manufacturing enterprise yet. Enterprises producing track hoist are as follows, excavator manufacture Co., Ltd. of Fushun, heavy-duty Industrial Co., Ltd. of Xuzhou of Engineer Xu group, China unites Pu Yuan Branch of heavy department, three one Science Technologies Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, Shandong Luneng carry forward the engineering machinery manufacturing companies of the four seas of heavy-duty mechanical equipment Co., Ltd. , Harbin , northern traffic company. The domestic products will be developed rapidly since 2004, sales volume was 213 in that year, than 73.2% for 123 growth in 2003. Will continue keeping the growth in 2005 , accumulate and sell 197 by October , increase by 15.5% compared with the same period of last year, but the 100 -ton following products of Israel of products are as the main fact. With the constant increase of the market demand, enterprises are developing toward extensive , seriation constantly. Excavator manufacture Co., Ltd. of Fushun is enterprises producing track hoist of only batch of our country, introducing the technology of Hitachi, the product series are 35t , 50t , 80t , 100t and 150t, the annual production accounts for about 60% selling the total amount at home, occupy the domestic first place in a contest high. 250t products that put out its incorporate new technology, electric proportion pump for instance accuse of system, half open revolving stage structure,etc. It is estimated that will put out 350t products in 2006. The heavy-duty Industrial Co., Ltd. of Xuzhou of Engineer Xu group has already produced 50t track hoist in batches at present. Developed 150t track hoist with independent property right cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian in 1998, research and develop the 100 -ton products afterwards. Its 300t track developed by oneself has already been delivered to users in November of 2005 of hoist , the style of the products is the same as Japan. Develop the large-scale series of products cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian now , from 200t to 1000t , plan to finish in 3 years, has already finished 220t, 260t product design now, is carrying on 450t and 650t product design, it is estimated that will offer the prototype of a machine in 2006. China unites Pu Yuan Branch of heavy department and mainlies product automobile crane, began to research and develop the track hoist in 2002, developing the series of products of 70- 200t cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian, 200t products roll off the production line at the beginning of 2005. 70t products roll off the production line in October of 2005, 100t and 160t products will roll off the production line in the first half of 2006. The technological style is the same as America and Europe, develop the 300- 800t series products cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian now, the plan is finished in 3 years, it is estimated that will put out 600t products in 2006. Three one Science Technologies Co., Ltd. in Shanghai evaluates through 400t products in the first half of 2005 , hold the introduction meeting in May of 2006. Had already and follow-up having 50t to research and develop the products , 80t , 150t , 200t and 250t. Shandong Luneng carries forward the company on the basis of developing 50t , 80t , 100t , 200t products, will march into the large-scale products too. Very heavy worker Co., Ltd. of Shandong is researching and developing the 100- 400t grade products too. It is estimated every domestic manufacturing company will produce the output value of the track hoist about 1,400 million yuan in 2006. There is certain disparity in the domestic products and foreign countries of engineering level, this has some relations with domestic related strength weakly . The domestic products are still at the stage of growing up of development at present, the main goal is to guarantee the basic function of the products at first, still remain to be perfecting constantly in detail of the products and dependability , so cause the big problem of the products not to have, the small problem is constant, produce a great deal of inconvenience in using. The effective measure which changes this kind of situation is to pay attention to professional dedication and open-up autonomous innovation technology to the products. From the constant change on the detail of products of foreign countries , have already obviously found out that it is ubiquitous to innovate, only innovating,
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