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鹤式 门式 起重机 设计

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鹤式（门式）起重机设计,鹤式,门式,起重机,设计

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太原科技大学 毕 业 论 文论文题目：8T内河港口门座起重机（中）机械部分二维设计姓 名： 学院：机械电子工程学院专 业：机械设计制造及自动化（起工）年 级：* *级指导教师： 2007年4 月 2 日太原科技大学毕业设计（论文）任务书学院（直属系）： 机械电子工程学院 时间： 2007 年 4 月 2 日学 生 姓 名 指 导 教 师 设计（论文）题目8T内河港口门座起重机（中）机械部分二维设计主要研究内容通过对内河港口装卸生产的熟悉和了解，按实际生产要求，对门座起重机进行整机设计（其中变幅机构用绳索补偿法），培养用所学的知识解决实际问题的能力研究方法根据所学知识、查找近期资料和参考行业中类似门座起重机的设计进行计算.主要技术指标(或研究目标)起重量8t，起升高度：轨上20m、轨下16m，起升速度12.5m/min，起升机构工作级别M5，吊钩抓斗互换；轨距基距1212m，运行速度16m/min，运行机构工作级别M3，回转速度1.5r/min，回转机构工作级别M4，变幅速度16m/min，变幅机构工作级别M5主要参考文献编写组编。北京：机械工业出版社1979编写组编。北京：机械工业出版社1980徐克晋主编。北京：机械工业出版社，1993说明：一式两份，一份装订入学生毕业设计（论文）内，一份交学院（直属系）。目录前言-（1）第一章：起升机构-（2）1.1:起升机构方案规划-（2）1.2：起升机构设计计算-（2）1.确定传动方案-（2）2.选择钢丝绳-（2）3.确定滑轮主要尺寸-（3）4.确定卷筒尺寸并验算强度-（3）5.选电动机-（4）6.验算电动机的发热条件-（4）7.选用标准减速器-（4）8.验算实际起升速度和实际所需功率-（5）9.校核减速器输出轴强度-（5）10.选择制动器-（6）11.选择联轴器-（6）12.验算起动时间-（7）13.验算制动时间-（7）第二章：运行机构-（9）2.1：运行机构方案规划-（9）2.2：运行机构设计计算-（9）1.起重机支腿受载-（9）2.选择车轮与轨道并验算其强度-（11）3.运行阻力计算-（12）4.驱动机构-（13）第三章：回转机构-（18）3.1. 回转机构方案规划-（18）3.2. 回转机构设计计算-（19）3.2.1.回转支撑装置-（19）3.2.2.回转驱动装置-（20）第四章：变幅机构-（26）4.1. 变幅机构方案规划-（26）4.3.用图解发设计滑轮组补偿系统-（26）第五章：起重机的稳定性-（45）第六章：选缓冲器-（49）第七章：起重机的防风抗滑安全性-（50）中英文翻译-（51）参考文献-（65）后记-（65）8T内河港口门座起重机（中）机械部分二维设计机械电子工程学院 机自 指导教师： 摘要：本次设计为8T内河港口门座起重机机械部分的设计，门座起重机是港口码头使用的最典型的电动装卸机械。门座起重机的机械部分主要由四大机构组成：起升机构、运行机构、回转机构、变幅机构。对各个机构有不同的要求：起升机构要实现吊钩和抓斗的互换；运行机构采用立式减速器；回转机构要采用大轴承作为支撑；变幅机构采用补偿滑轮组进行补偿。关键词: 门座起重机，内河，机械部分8T inland port door seat hoist ( China) the mechanical part is designed two-dimentionallyMechanical electronic engineering institute Ji Zi 0322 Mao Yong FongGuide a teacher: Yang Ming Liang Abstract : Design for the design of the mechanical part of seat hoist of 8T door of inland port this time, the door seat hoist is the most typical electronic loading and unloading machinery used at the port quay . The mechanical part of the door seat hoist is made up of four major organizations mainly: Is it promote organization , run mechanism , is it is it construct , become pieces of organization to transform to go back to get up. Have different demands to each organization: Getting up should realize the exchange of clivers and crab bucket to promote the organization; The operation organization adopts the vertical decelerator ; Go back to transform to construct to adopt the conduct of the great bearing to support ; Turn into an organization and adopt and compensate the pulley block to compensate. Key Words: Door seat hoist , the inland river, mechanical part太原科技大学毕业设计说明书前 言本次毕业设计课题为8t内河港口门座起重机，我在大量调查，参观，实习和借鉴各种文献资料的基础上，同时在老师的精心指导下及本组成员的共同努力下完成的。内河港口门起重机是近几年发展起来的一种新型起重机，深受内河港口单位的青睐，它具有广阔的发展前景和市场，由于该机械的设计过程中，主要需要设计四大机构：起升机构、运行机构、回转机构、变幅机构。能将我们所学的知识最大限度的贯穿起来，使我们学以至用。因此，以此机型作为研究对象，具有一定的现实意义，又能便于我们理论联系实际。全面考察我们的设计能力及理论联系实际过程中分析问题、解决问题的能力。在设计过程中，共同研究、讨论，成分发挥了团队协作的精神，历时三个月的时间。在此期间，我们得到了杨明亮、文豪等老师的指导和帮助，在此我们全组成员向他们表示衷心的感谢。由于我们的设计是一种初步尝试，而且知识水平有限，在设计中难免会有错误和不足之处，敬请各位老师给予批评指正，在此表示感谢。- 1 -太原科技大学毕业设计说明书第一章起升机构1.1起升机构方案规划起升机构是用来实现货物升降，因此它是任何起重机不可缺少的部分，是起重机中最基本的机构。其工作的好坏，将直接地影响到整机的工作性能。起升机构主要由驱动装置、传动装置、卷绕系统、取物系统与制动装置组成。针对此门座起重机采用两套驱动装置，两个电动机分别驱动，为使两个独立但相互协作的两个驱动装置能更好的发挥作用且不互相干涉所以采用如图1所示布置。由两个电动机分别通过齿式联轴器与减速器的高速轴相连，再由减速器低速轴带动卷筒将钢丝绳卷上或放出，经过滑轮组系统，使吊钩等取物装置实现上升和下降。选用齿式联轴器是为了安装方便与避免高速轴在小车架受栽变形时受到弯曲，且是用得最广范的，减速器选用三级柱式齿轮减速器。由于门座起重机是工作比较繁重的多用途起重机械，本设计采用抓斗吊钩互换使用。正因为工作级别比较高，对于钢丝绳和卷筒，滑轮来说要求是比较高的，为避免钢丝绳的磨损，卷筒和滑轮都取直径比较大的，且钢丝绳选用丝数较多的，为防止吊钩的旋转，钢丝绳选择向相反方向缠绕的两根。机构停止工作时，制动器是吊钩连同货物悬吊在空中，吊钩的升降靠电动机改变转向来达到，当滑轮组升降到最高极限位置时，使吊钩停止上升，以此可以保证安全。1.2起升机构设计计算1.确定传动方案按照构造宜紧凑的原则，决定采用下图的传动方案，采用双联滑轮组。按Q=8t，取滑轮组倍ih =2 因而承载分支数为 Z=2ih =4钓具自重G0=（0.0250.035）Q=22.8KN 取G0=2.5KN；2.选择钢丝绳若滑轮组采用滚动轴承，当i=3，查1中表2-1得滑轮组效率h=0.98。钢丝绳所受最大拉力：吊钩=单绳抓斗按下式计算钢丝绳直径dC-选择系数 查得C=0.104选择钢丝绳6W（19）公称抗拉强度155N/mm2，直径d=17.5mm，其钢丝破断拉力总和为Sb=138000N，标记如下：钢丝绳6W（19）-17.5-1550-I-光-右交（GB1102-74）3.确定滑轮主要尺寸滑轮的许用最小直径：（e-1）=17.520=350mm式中系数e=25由1中表2-3查得。由附表5中选用标准滑轮D=400mm4.确定卷筒尺寸并验算强度卷筒直径：（e-1）=17.518=315mm选用D=400mm。由附表12查得绳槽螺距t=16mm。卷筒长度：L=（）t+L12 =（）22+66 =1296.28mm 取L=1310mm式中：H-起升高度H=H1+H2=20000+16000mmn-安全圈数 取2L1卷筒端部不切槽部分长度，取L1=3t=66mm；D0卷筒的计算直径D0=D+d=414.5mm。卷筒壁厚： =0.02D+（6-10）=0.02400+（6-10） =14-18mm 取=15mm 卷筒壁的压应力计算：A-应力减小系数，一般取A=0.75 对于HT15-33铸铁材料，抗压强度极限by=650N/cm2，抗拉强度极限为b=150N/cm2。故许用压应力： = 故强度足够扭曲应力：5.选电动机计算静功率： 式中：机构的总效率，取=0.85（注：一般规定在初选电动机时取=0.80-0.85。因=hj0，卷筒效率j=0.96-0.98；ZQ型减速器效率0=0.94，故对于一般无开式齿轮的传动效率0.85。所以取=0.85比较合适） 查手册选用电动机YZR200L-8，其，6）验算电动机的发热条件按照等效功率法求得：当JC%=40时，所需的等效功率式中：工作类型系数，查（1）中表6-4，=0.75（中级）；系数，根据tq/tg值查得。tq/tg起重机构平均起动时间与平时工作时间的比值，由（1）中查得当tq/tg=0.1时，=0.87。 由以上计算结果可知，初选电动机能满足发热条件，即7）选择标准减速器卷筒转速：减速器总传动比：查手册选QJR-D400-40IICW减速器，当中级工作类型时，许用功率N=39kw；i0=40，自重Gg=1390kg，输入轴直径轴端长l1=110mm（锥形）8）验算起升速度和实际所需功率实际起升速度： 误差：=15%，可以。实际功率：9）校核减速器输出轴强度（1） 输出轴最大径向力：由1中公式（6-16） 式中：aSmax=226810N卷筒上卷绕钢丝绳引起的载荷；Gj=2240N卷筒及轴自重，参考附表13决定；R=55000NQJR-D280减速器输出轴端最大容许径向载荷，由附表35查得。因此R，（2）通输出轴最大扭矩：由1中公式（6-17） 式中：电动机的额定力矩；max=2.9当JC%=40时电动机最大力矩倍数，由附表25查得；0=0.95减速器传动效率；M=21200kgf.m 因此 =1552017737kgf.mM由以上计算可知所选减速器能满足要求10）选择制动器所需制动力矩：式中：kz=2.0制动安全系数，由1查得。 由手册选用YWZ2-300/50制动器，制动轮直径Dz=200mm; 其额定制动力矩Mez=200N.m， 制动器重量Gz=43kg。11）选择联轴器 高速轴的计算扭矩： 式中：等效系数，查表2-7得；安全系数，查表2-21得；Mel相应与机构JC%值的电动机额定力矩换算到高速轴上的力矩由手册查得YZR200L-8电动机轴端为圆锥形d=60mm，l=140mm由手册查得QJR-D400-40IICW减速器的高速轴端为圆锥形d=65mm，l=140mm。从表3-12-7选用CLZ3半联轴器，最大允许扭矩Mmax=3150Mm，飞轮矩（GD2）l=0.12kg.m2，重量Gl=25.4kg。12）验算起动时间起动时间：+0.2=2.92kgf.m 静阻力矩： 平均起动力矩： 因此， 查1对于3-80t通用桥式起重机tq=1-2sec，故所选电动机合适。13）验算制动时间制动时间：查1当v12m/min时，tz=10sec。因为tztz，故合适。下降是电动机轴上的静力矩- 8 -太原科技大学毕业设计说明书第二章 运行机构2.1.运行机构方案规划运行机构的任务是使起重机或载重小车作水平运动。门座起重机属于非工作性的运行机构可以调整工作位置。该性能是依靠电动机驱动使运行机构及整机在轨道上运行，运行机构主要由支撑装置和驱动装置两大部分组成。本设计中采用有轨运行支撑装置，四条支腿，考虑最大轮压不易过大，所以一个支腿由两个车轮支撑，车轮可用铸钢车轮，为方便两轮所受轮压均衡，采用一个运行台车。有轨运行驱动方式有两种：自行式和牵引式。自行式运行驱动机构设在运行部分上靠主动车轮与轨道的附着力驱动，构造简单布置方便，是最常用的运行驱动方式。自行式驱动机构的缺点是：自重较大，驱动力有限，不能产生较大的加速度，并且也不能用于坡度较大的场合。牵引式运行驱动机构装在运行部分以外，具有自重及驱动力没有限制的优点。它的缺点是：牵引钢丝绳寿命短，维修麻烦运行阻力较大，牵引式运行驱动机构用于要求自重轻或运行坡度较大的重机上。本设计采用自行式，为了保证足够的驱动力，采用对角驱动，这是门座起重机常用的。这种布置方式能够保证主动车轮之和基本上不随臂架位置变化。驱动力由电动机通过带制动轮的联轴器传给减速器：选用立式三级圆柱齿轮减速器：此方案电动机的位置是横向的，因而横向尺寸较大。传动方案如图所示2.2.运行机构设计计算1.起重机支腿受载（1） 自身的垂直力门座部分的自重载荷为回转部分的自重载荷起升载荷作用点近似为回转中心其它力对回转中心所产生的力矩回转部分自重载荷取回转部分重心到回转中心距离，取=0.1m起升重量，取80kNR最大幅度，R=25m（2） 工作时风力风力系数，=1.2计算风压150Pa 250PaA迎风面积，A=50m2风压高度系数（3） 非工作时风力估计为5m支撑力（4）车轮及主动车轮的确定采用8轮运行，两轮驱动，且对角布置，其分配到每个轮的最大最小轮压为：等效轮压：2.选择车轮与轨道并验算其强度（1）选择车轮与轨道根据车轮踏面疲劳强度计算等效轮压 可选用车轮直径为D=500mm，材料ZG55-，表面淬硬度为轨道选320HBS 轨道型号P38（2）车轮踏面疲劳强度校核所选车轮踏面都为圆柱形轨道凸顶半径r=300mm与材料有关的应力常数，=0.132Nmm2C1转速系数，C1=1.13C2工作级别系数，C2=1.25R取轨道凸顶与车轮曲率半径中较大者此处R=r=300mmmr/R之比的有关系数，m=0.388（3）车轮踏面最大强度校核本设计规定轨道接头高度h不大于1mm运行冲击系数车轮踏面最大强度校核：3.运行阻力计算起重机稳太运行阻力由摩擦力、风阻力和坡度阻力（1）满载时最大摩擦阻力满载时最小摩擦阻力式中：附加阻力系数，=1.5摩擦阻力系数，采用滚动轴承，取=0.006空载时最大摩擦阻力：（2）风阻力=11.88kN（3）坡度阻力坡度阻力系数，去=0.0034.驱动机构（1）选择电动机电动机静功率：式中：稳态运行时静阻力，=14370N大车运行速度，=16/60=0.267m/sm=2驱动电动机台数。=0.95机构传动效率.根据稳态静功率和机构JC值=25%，CZ=150，查手册选用YZR112M-6电动机Pn=1.8kw；nn=815r/min；（GD2）d=0.23kg/m2（2）选减速器传动比：式中：电动机额定转速车轮转速，查手册选用QJS170-80减速器：P许=2.1kw i=80；实际运行转速16m/min（3）选联轴器计算扭矩：式中：=1.35安全系数，刚性动载系数，=1.8电动机额定功率。由手册查电动机YZR112M-6两端伸出轴为圆柱形d=32mm，l=80mm；由手册查QJR-236减速器高速轴端为圆柱形d1=22mm，l=50mm。故选带制动轮D=200的半齿联轴器。靠减速器轴端选半齿联轴器：CLZ3M=710Nm,J=0.03,G=7.96kg。（4） 起动时间运行机构总飞轮距为：式中；计及传动机构中其它低速传动部分零件的飞轮距影响系数，取=1.15起动功率Pq计算：计算起动时间，取=3.4s实际起动时间：一台电动机的平均起动力矩电动机起动力矩倍数，当工作级别MJC=25%，=1.6机构满载稳定运行静阻力矩J总转动惯量（5）电动机过载验算电动机过载功率按下式进行验算基准接电持率时，电动机额定功率，=1.8kW（6）起动打滑验算起动打滑验算按下式进行粘着系数，取0.12粘着安全系数，取=1.05平均加速度，轴承摩擦直径，=0.1m轴承摩擦系数，滚动轴承取=0.015D车轮直径，D=0.5m（GD）2一台电机所担飞轮距Pmin最小轮压，Pmin =30.1kN左边右边左边右边- 17 -太原科技大学毕业设计说明书第三张 回转机构3.1回转机构方案规划起重机的回转部分相对于非回转部分实现回转运动的装置称为回转机构。回转机构是臂架型回转起重机的主要工作机构之一，它的作用是使已被起升在空间的货物绕起重机的垂直轴线作圆弧运动，以达到在水平面内运输货物的目的。回转部分与变幅机构配合工作。可使服务面积扩大到相当宽的环形面积。回转机构与运行机构配合工作，可是服务范围扩大到与桥架型起重机一样。回转机构也包括：回转支撑装置和回转驱动装置。回转支撑装置的任务是保证起重机回转部分有确定的回转运动，并能承受起重机的各种载荷所引起的垂直力、水平力与倾覆力矩，回转支撑装置的形式，概括可以分两大类；柱式回转支撑装置与盘式回转支撑装置，前者的主要优点是承受倾覆力较好，后者的主要优点是所占的空间高度较小。本设计采用转盘式中的滚动轴承式回转支撑装置。它是目前国内外广泛采用的一种转盘式回转支撑。它是一个大型滚动轴承，能承受水平载荷PH、垂直载荷PV、及倾覆力矩M滚动轴承式回转支撑装置的优点：结构紧凑；装配与维护简单，密封及润滑条件良好，轴向阻力小，磨损也小，寿命长；轴承中央可以作为通道，对于起重机总体布置带来某些方便。回转驱动装置采用立式电动机联轴器水平安置的制动器行星齿轮减速器最后一级大齿轮传动。这种方案使平面布置紧凑，更好地利用了空间，避免了圆锥齿轮或涡轮传动，传动效率高。立式齿轮减速器采用三级圆柱齿轮传动，是较为理想的方案。3.2 回转机构设计计算Q起升载荷R最大幅度25mG1臂架自重2ta臂架中心到回转中心的距离=25x35%=8.75mG2回转部分自重45tb回转部分中心到回转中心距离2mG3对重30tC对重到回转中心的距离10mPw风阻力19.8KNh风阻力距回转中心的距离5m3.2.1回转支撑装置1.考虑八级风时的最大载荷：2.不计风力考虑125%实验载荷：3.不计风阻力工况可作为静态计算，工况可作为动态容量计算，回转支撑机构形式采用滚动轴承，单排四点接触式（01系列）根据手册查得工况参数和载荷换算系数如下：fs=1.25 fd=1.55接触压力角 ka=1.0 kr =5.046回转支撑载荷为：静态Fa= fs（kaFa+ krFr）=1.251.055000=687500NM=fs ka M=1.251.0160104=2.0106NM动态Fa= fd（kaFa+ krFr）=1.551.055000=821500NM=fd ka M=1.551.01199000=1.86106NM对照承载能力曲线可确定轴承型号选用：011.45.1600外形尺寸：D=1740mm d=1460mm H=110mm外齿参数：De=1817.2mm m=14mm z=127mm结构尺寸：d1=15983.2.2回转驱动装置（一）计算回转力矩1.回转支撑装置中的摩擦阻力矩换算摩擦系数=0.01摩擦中心线直径D=1.598P-滚动体法向反力绝对值总和接触角60k滚动体形状与刚度的系数取4.82.风阻力矩Pw1物品上的风力R 幅度25mPw2风向垂直臂架时作用于起重机回转部分上的风力l回转部分迎风面积形心到回转轴线的距离5m验算电动机发热的等效风阻力矩为：3.倾斜阻力矩PG回转部分自重 45tl自重距回转轴线的距离 2m轨道坡度 0104.回转阻力矩（1）电动机工作时.类载荷（2）接触疲劳强度的类载荷（3）类载荷（二）驱动机构1.选电动机计算静功率Pj每分钟回转数传动效率考虑起动影响选用较大电动机选用YZR200L-8电动机P额=15kw 转速nd=712最大转距倍率 =2.9 J=0.6222.选齿轮和减速器回转机构总传动比：-减速器传动比-工况系数 取1.4-电动机输出转距根据 选取行星减速器ZZLP 450100JB/T9043.2-1999T出=39.25KNm-大齿圈速比大齿圈 121 m=12齿轮齿轮直径d=mz=1217=204mm实际减速比3.验算起动时间式中J-折合转动惯量，单位kgm2则符合推荐范围38s4.选制动器起重机回转机构的制动力矩，由于幅度很大需要在相当范围内调整。因而采用常开式可调节的制动器，确定其最大制动力矩，顺风、顺坡条件下。一定时间内制动 取tzh=7s式中：安全系数刚性动载系数电机额定力矩Mn根据电动机轴伸尺寸和联轴器计算力矩Mc选联轴器，使Mc小于联轴器许用力矩Mc电动机轴伸：d=60mm l=140mm减速器高速端轴伸：d=45mm l=70mm选用CLZ2联轴器 许用力矩T=1400Nm5.电动机验算（1）发热校核由手册查得JC= 40% CZ=1000 G2=0.6Pn=8.503kwPs-稳态平均功率G2-查手册 取0.6（2）过载校核Pn=15kw过载功率式中；H-系数 取H=1.55 -电动机转距允许过载倍数 2.9则电动机过载验算通过- 25 -太原科技大学毕业设计说明书第四章 变幅机构4.1变幅机构方案规划变幅机构是在回转类起重机中，从取物装置中心线到起重机旋转中心线的距离称为起重机的变幅，在非回转的臂架型起重机中，从取物装置中心线到臂架饺轴的水平距离，或其它典型轴线的距离称为起重机的幅度，用来改变这一幅度的机构。本设计中门座起重机的变幅采用俯仰式。在用臂架俯仰进行变幅的起重机中，为使载重在变幅过程中沿水平线或近似水平线移动，一般采用绳索补偿法和组合臂架法。前者特点为：物品在变幅过程中引起的升降现象，依靠起升缠绕系统中及时放出或收入一定长度的起升绳的办法来补偿，使其在变幅过程中沿水平或近似水平的轨迹移动。它主要有两种：（一）补偿滑轮组法，即在起升绳系统中增加一个补偿滑轮组，这类补偿法的优点是结构简单，对臂架受力情况有利，容易获得较小的最小幅度。缺点是起升绳的长度大，起升绳绕过滑轮组数目多，因而磨损快，小幅度时物品摆动角度大。（二）补偿滑轮法，即从卷筒出来的钢丝绳，经过装在摆动杠杆上的导向滑轮，然后通向臂架头部。与前者比较，它的优点是起升绳的磨损减小，缺点是臂架所受弯曲力矩较大且难获得最小幅度。本次设计采用补偿滑轮组法。变幅驱动机构有绳索滑轮组、曲柄连杆、扇形齿轮、齿条、螺杆、液压杆等形式。绳索滑轮组，这种传动形式结构简单，布置方便，臂架受力好，但由于钢丝绳为挠性件，不能承受压力，在小幅度时臂架有后倾的可能。曲柄连杆变幅的优点是能自动限制变幅极限位置，使工作可靠性增大，但其变幅速度不均匀，电动机与曲柄间所需传动比大，因而装置尺寸和自重增大，该形式现已少用。扇形齿轮变幅也因件速机构笨重，已逐渐被淘汰。齿条变幅的主要优点是结构紧凑自重轻，但启制动有冲击，不平稳，齿条工作条件差，易磨损。螺杆变幅虽可获得较大的传动，变幅平稳。但其效率低，润滑和维修不太方便。液压杆变幅的有点是机构紧凑自重轻，可无级调速，但对制造精度和密封防漏要求高。考虑实际情况与要求，经比较，最后选用液压杆变幅驱动机构。4.2用图解法设计滑轮组补偿系统已知臂架系统的参数：Rmax=25m,Rmin=8m,f=2m(起重机回转中心线到臂架绞点的水平距离)，起升滑轮组的倍率m=2，补偿滑轮组的倍率mF=5，起升载荷PQ=80KN，确定补偿点的位置B解：图解法得到的补偿点B应保证物品在变幅过程中尽可能水平移动。作图的假定条件：由载荷PQ引起的臂架端部的合力对臂架下绞点O的力矩杂在变幅过程中都等于0，即合成作用线与臂架轴线相重合。作图的具体步骤如下：1 以一定的比例作出最大幅度Rmax和最小幅度Rmin的臂架位置，并在Rmax与Rmin之间分成若干幅度间隔，取11个臂架位置。2 在幅度1位置，由臂架端部A1以一定比例引垂线并截取（等于起升载荷）以C1为圆心，为半径，画弧交臂架轴线于D1点，过A1点作C1D1的平行线A1 A1，这些直线得出一个交点范围，在此范围内即可初选出补偿滑轮的补偿点B，即可定出OB的长度及其与铅垂线的夹角3 补偿点B的位置确定后，就可根据整个变幅范围内的一系列臂架位置，作出变幅过程中物品移动的实际轨迹线，并根据此校核实际最大高度差是否满足要求，一般应使y3%Rmax，此外，还应根据整个工作幅度内一系列臂架位置上未平衡的力矩作出其变化图，并根据此校核未平衡物品力矩的最大值y3%Mmax，一般应使其不超过最大载荷重力矩的10%4 若补偿点B的位置不能使以上两个条件得以满足，则应修正B点的位置，重复上述步骤，直到满足条件为止。校核实际最大高度差ymax: h2=m( h2- h1)-mF (l1- l2) =2x(11035.14-9000)-5(22916.04-22131.81)=149.13 mmh3=m( h3- h1)-mF (l1- l3) =2x(12970.2-9000)-5(22916.04-21369.84)=344.4 mmh4=m( h4- h1)-mF (l1- l4) =2x(14790.45-9000)-5(22916.04-20639.95)=200.45 mmh5=m( h5- h1)-mF (l1- l5) =2x(16482.05-9000)-5(22916.04-19949.02)=129 mmh6=m( h6- h1)-mF (l1- l6) =2x(18032.11-9000)-5(22916.04-19308.58)=26.92 mmh7=m( h7- h1)-mF (l1- l7) =2x(19428.84-9000)-5(22916.04-18729)=-77.52 mmh8=m( h8- h1)-mF (l1- l8) =2x(20661.61-9000)-5(22916.04-18220.04)=-156.78 mmh9=m( h9- h1)-mF (l1- l9) =2x(21721.03-9000)-5(22916.04-17792.38)=-176.24 mmh10=m( h10- h1)-mF (l1- l10) =2x(22599.06-9000)-5(22916.04-17454.56)=109.28 mmh11=m( h11- h1)-mF (l1- l11) =2x(23288.99-9000)-5(22916.04-17214.73)=71.43mmymax=h3-h9 =344.4-（-176.24）=520.64mm3%Rmax=0.03x25000=750mm实际最大高度差满足要求。校核未平衡力矩的最大值Mmax： F1 =22843.97N，e1=429.84mmM1= F1 e1=22843.97Nx429.84mm=9.82KNmF2 =23429.94N，e2=203.75mm M2= F2 e2= 23429.94Nx203.75mm=4.77F3 =24231.62N，e3=41.73mm M3= F3 e3 =24231.62Nx41.73mm1.01KNmF4 =24909.9N，e4=84.63mm M4= F4 e4 =24909.9Nx84.63mm =2.11KNmF5 =25568.53N，e5=166.37mmM5= F5 e5 =25568.53N x166.37mm =4.25KNmF6 =26199.13N，e6=196.35mmM6= F6 e6 =26199.13N x196.35mm =5.14KNmF7 =26777.41N，e7=174.4mmM7= F7 e7 =26777.41N x 174.4mm =4.67KNmF8 =27332.1N，e8=120.88mmM8= F8 e8 =27332.1N x 120.88mm =3.30KNmF9 =27810.31N，e9=27.83mmM9= F9 e9 =27810.31N x27.83mm =0.77KNmF10 =28212.72N，e10=208.6mmM10= F10 e10 =28212.72N x208.6mm =5.89KNmF11 =28527.45N，e11=379.7mmM11= F11 e11 =28527.45N x 379.7mm =10.83KNmMmax=M11=10.83KNm10%x最大载重力矩 =0.1x80x25=200 KNm未平衡力矩最大值满足要求。4.3变幅驱动机构计算1.选液压缸（1）变幅力计算： F 液压力Q+q 物品与吊具重力GB 臂架的重力Pw 臂架中心处的风力l 液压缸中心线至铰点的垂直距离L 臂架长度l 起升滑轮组拉力至铰点的垂直距离m 起升滑轮组倍率mF 补偿滑轮组倍率nt 转台回转速度R 幅度 臂架仰角 钢丝绳偏摆角=5。 =113.354KN（2）计算液压缸直径：D 活塞直径P 工作压力，选用16MP的液压缸F 液压力选用液压缸DGJ100CE1ED=100mm d=55mm 推力F=125.66KN 最大行程6m2. 选液压泵： 全程变幅时间： Rmax 最大幅度 Rmin 最小幅度 v 变幅速度液压缸的平均速度：smax 最大行程smin 最大行程流量计算：v 液压缸的运行速度D 液压缸的内径 =1478.94ml/s排量计算：Q 流量v泵 泵的转速，选用2000r/min选用泵CBG1024额定压力16MP 额定转速2000r/min最大压力20MP 最大转速2500r/min排量50ml/r- 44 -太原科技大学毕业设计说明书第五章 起重机的稳定性起重机的稳定性是指起重机在自重和外载荷的作用下抵抗翻到的能力，起重机的稳定性，按两种基本情况分别进行演算：工作时的稳定性载重稳定性；非工作时的稳定性自重稳定性。验算时，防风装置的作用不予考虑臂架类起重机按以下步骤校核抗倾覆稳定性：（一） 确定起重机的组别门座起重机属于组（二） 稳定性校核时，应按课本表13-3所列工况在最不利载荷组合条件下进行，若包括起重机自重的各项载荷对倾覆边的力矩大于或等于0（即M0）则认为起重机是稳定的，计算时规定起稳定作用的力矩符号为正，使起重机倾覆的力矩符号为负。（三） 倾覆边的不确定运行机构只作非吊重位移的定点吊装的起重机必须按上述的稳定性校核规定的计算原则。对支撑多边形车轮或支腿与地面接触点连线的每条倾覆边进行稳定性校核。臂架类起重机稳定性栽种状态的计算简图式中：0.95，1.5装卸用门座起重机第工况的载荷系数PG起重机的自重载荷 750KNPQ最大起升载荷 80KNRmax最大幅度 25mmb1/2轨距或基距，取其中较小者 b=1/212=6mx0最大幅度位置上起重机自重重心距回转中心的距离，假定x0=0.5m2有风动载荷工况如图所示，起重机在这种工况下较易翻倒的状态是：臂架垂直于倾覆边的轨道，并处于最大幅度位置，起吊额定重量，轨道前低后高，工作状态最大风力沿臂架方向由后向前吹，货物向外摆动角，并下降制动，这时起重机相对于倾覆边受到由起重机自重载荷在平行轨面方向上的分力、风力、货物起升载荷、货物偏摆的水平载荷、货物下降制动所引起的倾覆力矩和由起重机自重载荷在垂直轨面方向上的分力引起的复原力矩的作用。因而，这种工况下对倾覆边的总力矩，按下式计算：式中：0.95，1.35装卸用门座起重机第工况的载荷系数轨面坡度角010 =0.17h0在最大幅度位置起重机自重重心距轨面的距离，h0=10m，Pw工作状态作用在起重机上的最大风力h风总锋利Pw的作用点到轨面的距离，h风=12mh臂架至轨面的距离 h=16mP惯货物下降制动时所产生的惯性力，以PQ/g表示起升货物质量。V降（m/min）表示下降速度（一般等于起升速度，v降=v升）t制表示制动时间（可暂取1s）则：R起升绳偏斜后离倾覆边的距离，可由几何关系求得：3突然卸载工况这种工况对倾覆边作用的总力矩按下式计算：式中：0.95，0.2装卸用门座起重机第工况载荷系数4暴风袭击下的工作状态工况对倾覆边作用的总力矩按下式计算式中：0.95，1.1装卸用门座起重机第工况载荷系数在最小幅度位置上起重机自重重心距回转中心的距离，=1m作用在起重机上的非工作状态最大总风力，=40.59kN总风力的作用点距轨面的距离，=22.5m综上所述：起重机在四种工况下均能满足抗倾覆稳定性要求，即整机稳定性通过第六章 选缓冲器起重机一般必须装设缓冲器，缓冲器的作用是减缓起重机在运行到终点挡上器或两台起重机相互碰撞的冲击1初选缓冲器型号缓冲器行程S式中大车碰撞速度，有限位开关。取=0.65amax最大减速度，一般情况下amax21.51kN中英文翻译履带起重机市场发展现状及最新技术分析履带起重机以其起重量大、作业空间大、带载行走、接地比压小等独特的优势逐渐从众多起重机中脱颖而出，成为工程建设中的佼佼者。随着应用广度和深度的不断加大，履带起重机在结构、传动、控制等方面却发生着变化，从而巩固和提高了履带起重机的整体水平，使产品不断完善。1.国内履带起重机市场现状目前，国内市场的需求强劲，各行业的大型施工企业纷纷进口大型履带起重机，抢占市场制高点。2002年中石化公司进口德马格1250t履带起重机，2006年上半年中石油公司又引进了利勃海尔1250t履带起重机。国内大型履带起重机的进口已超过100台，2003年和2004年进口的245台和357台产品中，800t以上的大型产品近5台，750t近10台，600t10余台，400500t30余台。到2006年上半年底，国内已引进M21000型907t、CC5800型800/1000吨级产品。随着大型履带起重机市场需求量的不断增长，对履带起重机的性能、质量、可靠性要求也越来越高。欧、美、日相继推出新系列产品，如利勃海尔公司新推出的LR11250型1250t产品，马尼托瓦克公司的16000型400t、18000型600/750t和21000型907t产品，特雷克斯集团旗下的特雷克斯-德马格公司新推出的CC8800型1250t、CC2800-1增强型600t、CC2500-1型500t、CC5800型800/1000t产品，神钢公司新推出的CKE系列（目前最大吨位的是CKE4000型400t）产品。2.国外大型履带起重机新技术2.1结构方面（1）臂节连接。目前臂节的连接型式普遍采用4个销轴同向连接，安装时4个销轴同时对位，然后插销。这种方式安装较困难。国外产品对此进行了细节改进，组装时先对位、安装臂节上平面的2个销轴，然后再对位安装下平面销轴，减少安装难度。图1a是利勃海尔公司臂节安装示意。更为方便的是马尼托瓦克产品，臂节上平面力的传递方式不再是销轴型式，而是由定位销和挤压面共同完成。定位销尺寸小，只起到定位作用，力的传递完全通过挤压面实现，安装更简便。这种新型式已在18000型和21000型产品上成功应用。为降低臂节连接销轴直径，可借鉴履带板的多个支承面的连接原理，将销轴剪切面数由原来的2个增加为3个，这样销轴直径可减小20，安装也更为方便。这种新方式多应用于大型产品中，如特雷克斯-德马格的CC2800-1型产品。（2）变幅系统结构。20世纪90年代前普遍采用柔性索具作为变幅系统的承载构件。索具制作方式是将钢丝绳两端采用压制或浇注方式做成单双耳接头，长度与臂节匹配。由于索具安全系数高，自重大，刚度小，弹性变形量大，易引起悬垂现象，进一步增大变幅载荷和臂架载荷。为此出现了新的结构型式高强度拉板，这种高强度拉板承载能力大，屈服极限超过1000MPa，而且一次成型，不需焊接。由于弹性变形小，不存在悬垂现象。采用数控加工，制作精度高，可省去平衡拉板间载荷的平衡梁。国外小吨位产品已普遍使用。但考虑销轴连接处强度问题，拉板两端宽度较大，可达到中间部位的2倍以上，因此下料时材料利用率低。另外截面是矩形，侧向抗弯抗风振能力差。为节省材料、增强侧向承载能力，特雷克斯-德马格公司推出了钢管型式，该型式可以与臂架管材通用，此外钢管各向几何特性相同，抗弯抗扭能力强。但是管与管之间通过臂节接头方式连接，需要焊接，焊缝受拉力作用，对焊接要求较高。目前特雷克斯德马格公司的CC2800-1产品即应用此种型式。（3）主机结构。为降低成本，减少结构件质量，高强度材料已作为主机结构的首选材料，屈服强度达到500MPa以上。其结构尺寸明显减小。以LR1750型750t产品为例，转台、车架、履带架结构除特殊用板（履带与车架连接处）外，主要承载板厚度均在35mm以内（而以往结构需要40mm以上，常用的是5070mm的板）。并采用宽肢薄壁结构，极大地提高了结构整体稳定性和承载能力。主机结构的自重占整机（大基本主臂）自重的比例也由通常的60降到40，剩余自重完全由配重和车身压重分摊。可见其设计上的精益求精，甚至细致到小小的履带板也要采用变截面型式。而履带板的总重通常占履带架总成的40，采用变截面型式可使履带板总重降低10。转台结构型式主要有2大派系，一派是以欧美为代表的封闭式转台结构，另一派是以日本为代表的小箱型转台结构。封闭式结构由2个高度较大的工字型或箱型截面组成，刚性好，在大型产品中得到广泛应用。小箱型结构在小箱型截面上配置支座连接机构，两侧设置机棚放置发动机、油箱、回转机构等部件。为维修方便，日本新推出半开放式转台结构，一侧放置部件，另一侧设置走台板，完全开放，维修者很容易接近机构、动力部件，更换易损件或查看运转状况。考虑到运输方便性，对于大吨位起重机需转台拆解运输。转台组合方式有2大类，一是转台、回转支承与车架一部分连成为一体，转台其他部分可独立运输，或再拆解运输，如马尼托瓦克公司的M21000型产品。另一类是将上下车分开运输，分开部分与回转支承采用快速连接方式，如特雷克斯-德马格公司的CC5800型产品的快速销轴连接方式。下车结构的改进更为明显。考虑增大行走牵引能力和提高工作速度，行走机构可选用四驱型式。履带架的结构随之改进，其张紧通过张紧梁套接于履带架结构中实现，为降低驱动转矩，驱动轮采用链轮型式，以减小直径，特雷克斯-德马格公司的CC2500型产品即采用了这种型式。履带总成数量也在发生根本性改变，不仅仅是传统的左右2条履带总成，而是采用多组总成，如马尼托瓦克公司的21000型产品，下车由8条履带组成，每两条履带为一组，载荷的传递原理类似于门座起重机的大车行走结构。每条履带承载更均匀，对地基的要求也更低，并且可形成宽模式和窄模式，以适应不同工作场合的要求，车架结构也有明显改进，考虑运输方便性，超大型起重机的车架一般由3部分甚至更多部分组成，中间箱型结构（上端连接回转支承）和两侧箱型纵梁，更为新颖的结构是改进三者连接方式，使纵梁呈放射性放置，从而减小与履带架连接处的集中载荷。2.2臂架组合作业臂架组合中，除标准配备：主臂、主臂固定副臂、主臂塔式副臂、主臂轻重混合的方式外，为适应市场需要，又新增添2种组合方式：重型短副臂和副臂副臂组合，是重型短副臂组合，但副臂为特制，非常短，专用于化工用各种反应塔的吊装，有较高的提升高度及一定的幅度，关键是超大的起重量，与同长度同幅度下的主臂作业起重量接近，甚至超过其幅值。 在欧美产品中都已开发应用。图11b副臂副臂组合，用于电力建设方面，以增加作业空间，如风力发电设备的安装，总臂架组合长度可达到150m以上。这种型式在利勃海尔公司产品得到应用。2.3系列产品的通用性考虑产品设计和制造的通用性，欧美三大公司自身的配重从50t到1250t产品均可互换。臂节的互换性强，甚至对于同一型号不同产品也能做到互换。考虑运输尺寸限制，臂架的运输宽度统一，从某种程度上简化了制造工艺。如特雷克斯-德马格公司的CC2200、CC2500、CC2800型产品的臂架运输宽度相同，在3m以内。马尼托瓦克公司产品对同尺寸不同绳径的卷扬机构，采用更换绳槽表面也可实现通用化。这些都为安装运输使用提供了便利条件。2.4电气控制（1）液压系统的电子控制。液压系统的控制方式由过去开式比例阀控变量系统发展成为开闭式结合或全闭式电比例泵控变量系统，传动更平稳，结构更紧凑。而且液压系统、发动机、状态与安全保护监测、极限载荷控制已全部采用数据总线电子控制。各公司也都开发出各自的电子控制系统，如马尼托瓦克公司的EPIC控制系统，利勃海尔公司的LICCON控制系统，特雷克斯-德马格公司的IC-1控制系统。（2）力矩限制器的无线传感器方式。力矩限制器的力传感器布置方式有多种，通常置于变幅系统，即变幅拉板与桅杆（或人字架）连接处，可用拉力传感器或销轴传感器。马尼托瓦克公司最新采用钢丝绳用无线拉力传感器，直接与钢丝绳楔套相连，由于无线传感，不受臂长限制，这在其555、16000、18000型新产品上得到应用。（3）大屏幕显示及多个摄像监视器。从人性化角度采用大屏幕彩屏可显示更多信息，包括吊装状态参数、机构工作参数、故障诊断、报警提示，更主要的是可进行吊装工况选择与模拟演示，甚至可达到三维模拟演示。另一个安全性考虑是多个摄像头监控，在司机室放置多个监视器进行实时显示。如利勃海尔公司的LR1750型产品，共有5个摄像头：转台后方两侧各1个，便于回转时察看后方情况；转台上1个，便于察看卷扬排绳；底节臂和超起桅杆的卷扬处均设置1个，以察看缠绳情况。使用各种电子眼，大大降低了操作人员的工作强度，提高了工作安全性。（4）臂架配重的无级变幅。目前的产品均能保证主臂和副臂作业时主（副）臂的无级变幅。塔式工况作业时不仅实现了副臂无级变幅，同时也实现了主臂无级变幅，替代原有的多个主臂固定角度的作业方式（如85，75，65等）。这种主副臂的同时无级变幅方式增加了作业覆盖面及多种作业工况组合的灵活性，也是电子控制技术质的飞跃。根据此原理，超起作业时超起配重的位置也实现了无级调整，无论是水平还是垂直方向，均可通过油缸或超起桅杆变幅实现，极大地减少了各种辅助环节。利勃海尔公司率先实现了无级变幅，马尼托瓦克和特雷克斯-德马格公司也相继实现此功能。由此可见，国外产品不是仅以满足基本功能要求为目标，而是更注重人性化理念和产品细节，以新理念和细节设计赢得市场。每个细节的改进都需要不断的创新，以求产品的精益求精。这些新技术和敬业精神很值得国内同行借鉴。3.国内履带起重机生产现状国内履带起重机的生产历史较短，目前正处于成长发展时期，尚无规模较大的专业生产企业。生产履带起重机的企业有：抚顺挖掘机制造有限责任公司、徐工集团徐州重型机械有限公司、中联重科浦沅分公司、上海三一科技有限公司、山东鲁能光大重型机械设备有限公司、哈尔滨四海工程机械制造公司、北方交通公司。国内产品从2004年得到迅速发展，当年销售量为213台，比2003年的123台增长了73.2。2005年继续保持了增长势头，截止到10月份累积销售197台，同比增长15.5，但产品以100吨级以下产品为主。随着市场需求量的不断增加，企业在不断向大规模、系列化方向发展。抚顺挖掘机制造有限责任公司是我国唯一批量生产履带起重机的企业，引进日立技术，产品系列有35t、50t、80t、100t和150t，年产量占国内销售总量的60左右，高居国内榜首。其推出的250t产品融入了新技术，如电比例泵控系统，半开放式转台结构等。预计2006年推出350t产品。徐工集团徐州重型机械有限公司目前已批量生产50t履带起重机。1998年与大连理工大学合作开发了具有自主产权的150t履带起重机，随后研发了100吨级产品。其自行研制的300t履带起重机2005年11月已交付用户，产品风格与日本相同。现与大连理工大学合作开发大型系列产品，从200t到1000t，计划3年内完成，现已完成220t、260t产品设计，正进行450t和650t产品设计，预计2006年出样机。中联重科浦沅分公司以生产汽车起重机为主，2002年开始研发履带起重机，与大连理工大学合作开发了70200t的系列产品，200t产品2005年初下线。70t产品2005年10月下线，100t和160t产品2006年上半年将下线。技术风格与欧美相同，现与大连理工大学合作开发300800t系列产品，计划3年内完成，预计2006年推出600t产品。上海三一科技有限公司2005年上半年通过400t产品评审，2006年5月召开推介会。已有及后续研发产品有50t、80t、150t、200t和250t。山东鲁能光大公司在开发了50t、80t、100t、200t产品基础上，也将向大型产品进军。山东奥奇重工有限公司也正在研发100400t级产品。预计2006年国内各制造企业生产履带起重机的产值在14亿元左右。在技术水平上国内产品与国外还有一定差距，这与国内配套力量薄弱不无关系。目前国内产品还处于发展成长阶段，主要目标是首先保证产品的基本功能，在产品细节及可靠性方面还有待不断完善，因此造成产品大问题没有，小问题不断，在使用上产生诸多不便。改变这种局面的有效措施是注重对产品的敬业精神和开拓自主创新技术。从国外产品在细节上不断的变化，已明显看出创新无处不在，只有创新，产品才有持久的生命力。除此以外，大型产品的研发还要注重基础性理论研究工作与技术创新。尽管国内企业通过借鉴吸收国外先进技术、采取国际化配套，提高产品起点，但是产品质量的深入提升需要有：（1）扎实的理论根基。（2）研发资金的投入，技术队伍的培养建设。（3）新标准新规范的制订。 尽快提升产品质量、缩短研发周期的有效途径是产学研联合，发挥学校、科研院所的基础理论、技术研发实力和企业制造实力，并求得政府和起重机用户的支持。学校力量的注入可有效拓展提高企业技术队伍，企业加大研发资金的投入，向国家求支持，共同搭建基础性试验研究平台，是技术创新的可靠保证。规范的修订、新标准的编制工作也将会在此基础上有序的展开。这种方式已在大连理工大学和徐工集团徐州重型机械有限公司、长沙中联重科浦沅分公司的合作中得到很好的验证。4.结语综上所述可以看出，国内大型履带起重机的研制势在必行，具备天时（市场需求，政策保护）、地利（地理位置优势、价格优势、国际化配套）、人和（先进设计理念、技术手段、企业技术队伍的实力）的条件。但若想赢得更多用户的支持，获得市场的认可，还应持续不断的提升产品性能、质量和可靠性，而自主创新技术的研发和结构的精细设计与制造是产品持久生存的根本条件。Track current situation of the development and the newest technological analysis of hoist marketTrack with the weight heavy , homework space heavy taking year walk , earth than press unique advantage such as being light show ones talent from numerous hoists gradually hoist, become the outstanding one in engineering construction. With using the constant increasing of the breadth and depth, the track hoist is changing in such but the respects as the structure , transmitting , controlling,etc., thus consolidated and improved the integral level of the track hoist , made the products perfect constantly. 1.Current situation of hoist market of the domestic track At present, domestic market is sought-after, the large-scale construction enterprises of every profession and trade import the large-scale track hoist one after another , seize the market commanding point. China Petrochemical Industry Company imported the horse one dose of 1250t track hoists of Germany in 2002, the oil company introduced Liebherr 1250t track hoist again in the first half of 2006. The import of the domestic large-scale track hoist has been already over 100, in 245 and 357 products imported in 2003 and 2004, 800t above large-scale product nearly 5, nearly 10 of 750t, 600t10 Yu Tai, 400- 500t30 Yu Tai. At the end of half by 2006 , has already introduced Model M21000 907t , CC5800 type 800/1000 -ton products at home. With the constant growth of the market demand of the large-scale track hoist, the performance , quality , dependability to the track hoist require higher and higher. Europe , the United States and Japan put out the new series of products in succession, such as the Model LR11250 1250t products which Liebherr Company introduce newly, the horse Buddhist nun holds type 16000 400t of one gram of companies of tile, type 18000 600/750t and 21000 type 907t products, Trecker Trecker of group then then- doses of Model CC8800 1250t that Company put out newly , horse of Germany , enhanced 600t of CC2800-1, products , 500t of Model CC2500-1 and 800/1000t of Model CC5800, supernatural steel CKE series products that Company introduce newly. 2.Hoist new technology of the foreign large-scale track 2.1 structure ( 1) Arm festival connection. Connection patterns in festival of arm generally adopt 4 pivots to join in the same direction at present, the counterpoint at the same time of 4 pivots while installing, then the socket . It is relatively difficult for this way to install. The foreign products improve the detail to this, 2 pivots in the level in the counterpoint , installation arm festival that while assembling firsting , then install the level pivot in the counterpoint , reduce and install the degree of difficulty . Fig. 1a is installed and hinted by the arm festival of Liebherr Company. Asking tile grams of producting horse Buddhist nun convenient even more, arm section transmission, level of strength way pivot pattern again, but and push the surface to finish together by the locating stud. The locating stud size little, only play the function of orientating, the transmission of strength is totally realized through pushing the surface, install more simple and more convenient. Such new pattern succeed in application at the products in 18000 type and 21000 type already. In order to reduce the diameter of the connection pivot of festival of arm, a lot of that can draw lessons from the track board supports Taxi connection principle, cutting the tangent plane of the pivot and counting to increase from 2 original to 3, in this way the diameter of the pivot can reduce 20% , it is more convenient too to install. Such new way is applied to the large-scale products more, such as Trecker then- the Model CC2800-1 products of dose of horse of Germany. ( 2) Change a systematic structure. Generally adopted the flexible rigging as changing a piece of systematic bearing the weight of the component before 1990s. The rigging is made the way adopts both ends of the steel wire rope and suppress or pour the way to make into the single ears and connect, match in length and arm festival. Because the safety coefficient of the rigging is high, it is great to conduct oneself with dignity, rigidity is small, elastic deformation amount is great , apt to cause hanging the phenomenon of hanging down , it is loaded to increase and turn into a load and arm shelf further. The new structure pattern has appeared for this reason - -The high strength draws the board, this kind of high strength draws the bearing capacity of the board big, surrender limit and exceed 1000MPa, and shaping, does not need to weld . Because the elasticity is out of shape and little, do not exist and hang the phenomenon of hanging down . Adopting numerical control to be processed, making is high in precision, can save the balance and draw the loaded balance roof beam among the boards . The foreign pickup products have already been generally used. But consider the question of intensity of junction of the pivot, it is relatively large in width to draw both ends of the board , can reach more than 2 times of the middle position , so the material utilization ratio is low at the time of unloading. The section is the rectangle in addition, the side direction resists and resists the wind to shake ability badly curved. For save material , strengthen side direction bearing capacity, Trecker then- doses of Company , horse of Germany , introduce the steel tube pattern, pattern this can shelf pipe in common use with arm, in addition to characteristic the same geometry have every steel tube, resist and resist the ability of spraining strongly curved. But join through the piecing way of festival of arm when in charge of and in charge of, need welding , the welding seam receives pulling force function , to welding expecting relatively much. Then Trecker at present - A dose of CC2800-1 products of company of horse of Germany use this kind of pattern promptly. ( 3) Structure of the host computer . In order to lower costs, reduce structure pieces of quality, high strength material regard as first-selected material, host computer of structure already, surrender the intensity and reach above 500MPa. Its physical dimension is obviously reduced. Taking Model LR1750 750t products as an example, a structure of revolving stage , frame , track is except that use the board (track and frame junction ) specially, bear the weight of the thickness of the board within 35mm mainly (but the past structure needs above 40mm, a commonly used one is the board of 50- 70mm). Adopt the structure of thin wall of wide limb , has improved the whole stability of the structure and bearing capacity greatly. The dead weight of the structure of the host computer accounts for the complete machine (big basic main arm ) the proportion of conducting oneself with dignity drops to 40% from 60% common too, surplus is conducted oneself with dignity to totally press and share again by the counterweight and automobile body. It is obvious what in its designed kept improving , even so careful that the small track board should arrive. And the gross weight of the track board usually accounts for 40% that the track shelf always becomes, it makes the gross weight of the track board reduce by 10% to adopt and turn into the sectional pattern. The structure pattern of the revolving stage has 2 great factions mainly, one group is the structure of closed revolving stage represented by America and Europe, another group is the small case type revolving stage structure represented by Japan. The closed structure is made up by 2 I-shapes or case type sections bigger in height, rigidity is good, used widely in the large-scale products. The little case type structure disposes the connection organization of a seat, part of putting the engine , fuel tank , transforming to construct in setting up machine canopying on both sides etc. on the little case type section. For maintain convenient, Japan introduce half open revolving stage structure newly, one side put the part, setting up and going a board in another side, totally opening, the persons who maintain are very apt to be close to the organizations , motive force parts, change quick-wear parts or look over the state of operating. Consider the convenience of transporting, need revolving stage to disassemble transportation to the large tonnage hoist . Revolving stage mode of combination have 2 big class, first , revolving stage , is it support with frame a part becoming an organic whole in succession to turn round, other parts of revolving stage can be transported one gram of Model M21000 products of company independently, or disassemble and transport . Another kind will get on or off the bus and transport separately , will separate it with turning round and supporting and adopting and connecting the way fast partly, if Trecker then- doses of Model CC5800 products of company, horse of Germany, the pivot connect the way fast. The improvement of the structure is more obvious to get off. Considering increasing and walking and drawing ability and improving the working speed, walking in the organization can select four patterns of driving for use . The improvement thereupon of structure of the track shelf , his one answers and realizes the shelf structure of the track through a urgent roof beam suit urgent, in order to reduce and drive the torque, the drive wheel adopts the pattern of the sprocket , in order to reduce the diameter, Trecker then- doses of Model CC2500 product of Company , horse of Germany , adopt this kind of pattern promptly. The track always becomes the fundamental change is taking place too in the quantity , it is not merely that traditional 2 pieces of track of left and right sides always succeed, adopt many group succeed always , ask tile grams of 21000 type product of Company by Buddhist nun such as horse , it is made up of 8 pieces of track to get off, every two pieces of track are one group, the structure that the cart that the loaded transmission principle is similar to the door seat hoist walks. Each track bears the weight of more even , the requisition for ground is lower too, and can form the wide mode and narrow mode , in order to meet the needs of different working occasions, the structure of the frame has obvious improvement too, considering the transportation convenience, the frame of the ultra large-scale hoist is generally made up by even more parts of 3 parts, the middle case type structure ( joins and turns round and supports on the top ) and case type longeron on both sides, more novel structure is improving by the three and connecting the way, make the longeron present radioactivity to put , thus reduce it with the centralized load of a junction of the track. 2.2 arm shelves make the homework up In the arm shelf is made up , except that the standard is allocated : Outside the way in which main arm , main arm + regular pair of arms , main arm + tower pair of arms , weight of main arm mix, in order to meet the needs of market , add 2 kinds of modes of combination newly: Heavy-duty short pair of arms and one pair of arms + one pair of arms association, is the heavy-duty short pair of arms association , but one pair of arms is purpose-built , it is very short, use various kinds of reaction towers of hoist and mount special-purposly in the chemical industry, highly there is higher promotioning and certain range , the more important thing is oversize weight of getting up, with get up weight close with between length and main arm homework of range, even exceed its amplitude. Have already developed and adopted in the American-European products. Fig. 11b one pair of arms + one pair of arms association, used in the electric construction aspect, in order to increase the homework space, such as the installation of the wind-force generating equipment, the total arm shelf can reach above 150m to make the length up . This kind of pattern gets application in Liebherr Company products. Commonability of 2.3 series of products The commonability of considering the product design and making, three American-European big companys own counterweights are interchangeable from 50t to 1250t products. The interchangeability of festival of arm is strong, even can exchange different products of the same type . Consider the size of transportation is limited , the width of transportation of the arm shelf is unified , has simplified manufacturing engineering to a certain extent. If Trecker then- doses of CC2200 , CC2500 , arm shelf , Model CC2800 of products of company , horse of Germany , transport width to be the same, within 3m. The horse Buddhist nun asks the products of one gram of companies of tile are to raising the organization with one of the different ropes foot-path of the size, adopting can realize the universalization to change the rope trough surface. All these have offered the facility that installation is transported and used. 2.4 is controlled electrically ( 1) The electron systematic in hydraulic pressure is controlled. Hydraulic pressure by person who turn on proportion valve accuse of variable system is it turn on person who close combine or person who close electric proportion pump accuse of the variable system all to develop into in the past systematic control method, the transmission is more steady, the structure is more compact. And hydraulic pressure system , engine , state and safe protection are monitored, the limit load controls and already all adopts the bus electron of the data to control. Every company develops ones own electronic control systems too, hold tile one grams of EPIC control systems of company such as the horse Buddhist nun, LICCON control system , Liebherr of Company, Trecker then - one dose of IC-1 control systems of Companies , horse of Germany ,. ( 2) Limiter wireless sensor way of the moment . The strength sensor of the moment limiter assigns the way to have many kind, usually put in a system of changing, namely change one and draw the board and junction of mast (or peoples cabinet frame ) , available pulling force sensor or pivot sensor . The horse Buddhist nun asks the tile adopt the steel wire rope to use the wireless pulling force sensor newly in one grams of companies, link with wedge set of steel wire rope directly , because of wireless sensing , do not receive the long restriction of arm , this gets application on its type 555 , 16000 , 18000 new products. ( 3) Large screen display and a lot of make a video recording the monitor. Adopt the color of the large screen and can show more information to reject in terms of humanization, including hoist state parameter , organizations working parameter , trouble diagnosing , warning suggestion, the mainer one can hoist the operating mode to choose to be demonstrated with simulation, even can reach three-dimensional simulation to demonstrate . Consider being controlled , show when put a lot of monitors to carry on really in the cab of a lot of lenses in another security . Such as the Model LR1750 products of Liebherr Company, there are 5 lenses in all: Each one both sides of revolving stage rear, watch the rear situation when being easy to turn round; One on revolving stage, easy to watch one to raise and arrange the rope; Bottom festival arm is it get up roll of mast raise office set up one , in order to watch the rope woolding situation to exceed. Use various kinds of electronic eyes , has reduced the attenbants working intensity greatly , have improved the working security . ( 4) The arm withstands the counterweight has no grade to change one. Present products can guarantee main arm and packs of arm main fact (pack ) arm have magnitude become piece at the homework. Tower operating mode realize packs of arm have grade become piece , realize main arm have magnitude become piece at the same time at the homework, the homework way to substitute a lot of already existing regular angles of main arm (such as 85, 75, 65 ,etc.). There is not one grade of a way of changings while of one pair of arms in this kind of main fact to increase the flexibility that the coverage rate of the homework and many kinds of homework operating mode make up, it is a qualitative leap of electronic control technology too. According to principle this , exceed at giving homework is it get up position of counterweight is it have magnitude change to realize either to exceeding, no matter horizontal or vertical direction, or exceed the mast to turn into a piece of realization through the cylinder, have reduced various kinds of auxiliary links greatly. Liebherr Company has taken the lead in realizing having no grade to change one, the horse Buddhist nun holds tile gram and Trecker then- one dose of companies of horse of Germany realize this function in succession. Therefore, the foreign products do not only regard meeting the basic function demand as the goal, but pay attention to the humanized idea and products detail even more , design and win the market with new idea and detail. Each improvement of detail need constant innovation, so that product keep improving. These new technologies and professional dedication are very worth domestic counterparts drawing lessons from . 3.Hoist production status of the domestic track The production history of the domestic track hoist is relatively short, in growing up developing period at present, there is not a bigger professional manufacturing enterprise yet. Enterprises producing track hoist are as follows, excavator manufacture Co., Ltd. of Fushun, heavy-duty Industrial Co., Ltd. of Xuzhou of Engineer Xu group, China unites Pu Yuan Branch of heavy department, three one Science Technologies Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, Shandong Luneng carry forward the engineering machinery manufacturing companies of the four seas of heavy-duty mechanical equipment Co., Ltd. , Harbin , northern traffic company. The domestic products will be developed rapidly since 2004, sales volume was 213 in that year, than 73.2% for 123 growth in 2003. Will continue keeping the growth in 2005 , accumulate and sell 197 by October , increase by 15.5% compared with the same period of last year, but the 100 -ton following products of Israel of products are as the main fact. With the constant increase of the market demand, enterprises are developing toward extensive , seriation constantly. Excavator manufacture Co., Ltd. of Fushun is enterprises producing track hoist of only batch of our country, introducing the technology of Hitachi, the product series are 35t , 50t , 80t , 100t and 150t, the annual production accounts for about 60% selling the total amount at home, occupy the domestic first place in a contest high. 250t products that put out its incorporate new technology, electric proportion pump for instance accuse of system, half open revolving stage structure,etc. It is estimated that will put out 350t products in 2006. The heavy-duty Industrial Co., Ltd. of Xuzhou of Engineer Xu group has already produced 50t track hoist in batches at present. Developed 150t track hoist with independent property right cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian in 1998, research and develop the 100 -ton products afterwards. Its 300t track developed by oneself has already been delivered to users in November of 2005 of hoist , the style of the products is the same as Japan. Develop the large-scale series of products cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian now , from 200t to 1000t , plan to finish in 3 years, has already finished 220t, 260t product design now, is carrying on 450t and 650t product design, it is estimated that will offer the prototype of a machine in 2006. China unites Pu Yuan Branch of heavy department and mainlies product automobile crane, began to research and develop the track hoist in 2002, developing the series of products of 70- 200t cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian, 200t products roll off the production line at the beginning of 2005. 70t products roll off the production line in October of 2005, 100t and 160t products will roll off the production line in the first half of 2006. The technological style is the same as America and Europe, develop the 300- 800t series products cooperatively with the institute of technology of Dalian now, the plan is finished in 3 years, it is estimated that will put out 600t products in 2006. Three one Science Technologies Co., Ltd. in Shanghai evaluates through 400t products in the first half of 2005 , hold the introduction meeting in May of 2006. Had already and follow-up having 50t to research and develop the products , 80t , 150t ,