2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

1、同跨考教肓Born to Win严U KUAKO EDUCMlON2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SeCti On IUSe Of En glishDireCti ons:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best WOrd(S) for each nu mbered bla nk and markA , B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 . (10 points)By 1830 the former SPaniSh and POrtUgUeSe colonies had become in depe ndent nat

2、ions. The roughly 20 million 大 1 家 of these nations looked 大2家 to the future. Born in the CriSiS of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the IeaderS of independence 大3家 the ideals of representative government, CareerS 大 4 家 to tale nt, freedom of COmmerCe and trade, the 大 5 家 to PriVate p

3、roperty, and a belief in the in dividual as the basis of society. 大 6 家 there WaS a belief that the new n ati ons should be SOVereig n and in depe ndent states, large eno Ugh to be econo mically ViabIe and in tegrated by a 大 7家 Set of laws.On the issue of 大8家 of religion and the POSition of the chur

4、ch, 大9家, there WaS less agreement 大 10家 the Ieadership. Roman Catholicism had been the State religion and the onIy one 大 11 家 by the SPaniSh crown. 大 12家 most IeaderS SOUght to maintain Catholicism 大 13家 the OffiCiaI religion of the newStates, some SOUght to end the 大 14家 of other faiths. The defens

5、e of the ChUrCh became a rallying 大 15家 for the conSerVatiVe forces.The ideals of the early IeaderS of independence Were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 大 16家 in return to abolish SIaVery in the areas he Iiberated. By 1854 SIaVery had be

6、en abolished everywhere except SPain 大 17家 colonies. Early PrOmiSeS to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin Came much 大 18家 because the new nations still needed the revenue SUCh policies 大 19家.EgaIitarian跨考教肓KUAKO EDUCATlONBorn to WinSen time nts Were Ofte n tempered byfears that t

7、he mass of the populatiOn WaS大 20 家 self-rule and democracy.1.A n ativesB in habita ntsC peoplesD in dividuals2.A con fusedlyB CheerfullyC WOrriedIyD hopefully3.A SharedB forgotC attai nedD rejected4.A relatedB closeC openD devoted5.A accessB SUCCeSSi onC rightD return6.A PreSUmabIy B I ncide ntally

8、C ObViOUSIyD Ge nerally7.A UniqueB com monC PartiCUIarD typical8.A freedomB origi nC impactD reform9.A thereforeB howeverC in deedD moreover10.A WithB aboutC amongD by11.A allowedB PreaChedC gran tedD fu nded12.A SinCeB IfC Unl essD While13.A asB forC Un derD aga inst14.A SPreadB in terfere nceC exc

9、lusi onD in flue nce15.A SUPPOrtB CryC pleaD WiSh16.A UrgedB in te ndedC expectedD PrOmiSed17.A con trolli ngB formerC remai ningD orig inal18.A slowerB fasterC easierD tougher19.A CreatedB PrOdUCedC co ntributedD Preferred20.A PUZZIed byB hostile toC PeSSimiStiC about D Un PrePared for跨考教肓KUAKAO ED

10、UCATlONBorn to WinSeCti On IIReadi ng COmPrehe nsionPart ADireCti ons:Read the followi ng four texts. An SWer the questi ons below each text by choos ing A,B , C, or D. Mark your anSWerS on ANSWER SHEET 1 . (40 points)TeXt 1If you Were to examine the birth CertifiCateS of every SOCCer PIayer in 2006

11、 World CUP tour name nt, you would most likely find a no teworthy quirk: elite SOCCer PIayerS are more likely to have bee n born in the earlier mon ths of the year tha n in the later mon ths. If you the n exam ined the EUrOPea n n ati onal youth teams that feed the World CUP and PrOfeSSional ranks,

12、you would find this Strange Phenomenon to be eve n more pronoun ced.What might acco Unt for this Stra nge Phe nomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) Certa in astrological Sig ns COnfer SUPeriOr SOCCer skills; b) Win ter-bor n babies tend to have higher oxyge n capacity, WhiCh in CreaSeS SOCCer Stam ina

13、; C) SOCCer-mad Pare nts are more likely to conCeiVe ChiIdren in SPringtime, at the annual Peak of SOCCer mania; d) none of the above.An ders EriCSS on, a 58-year-old psychology PrOfeSSOr at Florida State Uni VerSity, SayS he believes strongly in none of the above ” EriCSSon grew UP in SWeden, and S

14、tUdied nuclear engineering Until he realized he would have more opportUnity to con duct his own research if he SWitChed to psychology. HiS first experime nt, n early 30 years ago, involved memory: training a PerSon to hear and then repeat a random SerieS of numbers. With the first subject, after abo

15、ut 20 hours of training, his digit SPan had risen from 7 to 20,” EriCSSon recalls. He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had rise n to over 80 nu mber”ThiS SUCCeSs, coupled With later research showing that memory itself is not gen etically determ in ed, led EriCSS on to con clu

16、de that the act of memorizi ng is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, WhateVer inborn differe nces two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differe nces are SWamPed by how well each PerSon encodes the information. And the best Way to learn how to e

17、n code in formatio n meanin gfully, EriCSS on determ in ed, WaS a PrOCeSS known as deliberate practice. DeIiberate PraCtiCe en tails more tha n SimPIy repeating a task. Rather, it invoIVeS Setting SPeCifiC goals, obtaining immediate feedback and COnCen trati ng as much on tech nique as on outcome.Er

18、iCSS on and his colleagues have thus take n to StUdy ing expert PerfOrmerS in a Wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just PerfOrmance StatiStiCS and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments With high achievers. Their wo

19、rk makes a rather StartIing asserti on: the trait We com mon Iy call tale nt is highly OVerrated. Or, PUt ano ther way,同跨考教肓Born to WinX-2J KUKO EDUCATlOhIexpert PefOrmerS -whether in memory Or surgery, ballet Or COmPuter PrOgram ming -are n early always made, not born.21. The birthday Phenomenon fo

20、und among SOCCer PIayerS is mentioned toA StreSS the importa nce of PrOfeSSi onal trai ning.B spotlight the SOCCer SUPerStarS in the World Cup.C in troduce the topic of What makes expert PerfOrma nce.D expla in Why some SOCCer teams play better tha n others.22. The word mania” (Line 4, ParagraPh 2)

21、most PrObabIy meansA fun.B craze.C hysteria.D exciteme nt.23. ACCOrding to EriCSSon, good memoryA depe nds on meanin gful PrOCeSS ing of in formati on.B results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.C is determ ined by gen etic rather tha n psychological factors.D requires immediate feedbac

22、k and a high degree of COnCen trati on.24. EriCSSon and his colleagues believe thatA tale nt is a domin at ing factor for PrOfeSSi onal success.B biographical data PrOVide the key to excellent PerfOrmance.C the role of tale nt tends to be overlooked.D high achievers owe their SUCCeSS mostly to n Urt

23、Ure.25. WhiCh of the following PrOVerbS is closest to the messagethe text tries to convey?A Faith will move moun tai ns.”B One reaps What one sows.C PraCtiCe makes perfect”D Like father, like son.”TeXt 2For the PaSt SeVeraI years, the SUnday newspaper SUPPIement Parade has featured a column called A

24、Sk Marilyn. ” People are inVited to query Marilyn vos SaVa nt, who at age 10 had tested at a men tal level of some one about 23 years old;同跨考教肓Born to WinX-2J KUKO EDUCATlOhIthat gave her an IQ Of 228 -the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete VerbaI and ViSUaI an alogies, to env

25、 isi on PaPer after it has bee n folded and cut, and to deduce numerical SeqUences,among other SimiIar tasks. So it is a bit COnfuSing Whe n vos SaVa nt fields SUCh queries from the average Joe (WhOSeIQ is 100) as, Whatthe differe nce betwee n love and fondn ess? Or What is the n ature of luck and c

26、oinCidence? It S not obvious how the CaPaCity to ViSUaIiZe ObjeCtS and to figure out numerical Patterns SUitS one to anSWer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence enCOmPaSSeS more than a score on a test. JUSt What does it mean to be smart? How much o

27、f in tellige nce Can be specified, and how much Can We Iearn about it from neurology, genetics, COmPUter SCience and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still SeemS to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not give n as ofte n as they USed to be. The test comes PrimariIy in

28、two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the WeChSIer Intelligence SCaIeS (both come in adult and ChiIdren S VerSion). Generally costing SeVeraI hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although Variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. SUPerhig

29、h SCOreS like vos SaVant are no Ionger possible, because scoring is now based on a StatiStiCaI population distribution among age peers, rather than SimPIy dividing the mental age by the chrono IOgiCal age and multipl ying by 100. Other Sta ndardized tests, SUCh as the Scholastic ASSeSSment TeSt (SAT

30、) and the GradUate ReCOrd EXam (GRE), CaPtUre the main aspects of IQ tests.SUCh Sta ndardized tests may not assess all the importa nt eleme nts n ecessary to SUCCeed in school and in life, argues RObert J. Sternberg. In his article How Intelligent IS Intelligence TeSting? ”，Sternberg notes that trad

31、itional test best assess analytical and VerbaI skills but fail to measure CreatiVity and PraCtiCaI knoWIedge, compOnentS also CritiCaI to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily PrediCt so well once populations or SitUations Change. ReSearCh has found that IQ PrediCte

32、d IeaderShiP skills When the tests Were given Under low-stress conditions, but Under high-stress conditions, IQ WaS negatively correlated With IeaderShiP -that is, it PrediCted the opposite. AnyOne who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-tak ing skill also matters, Whether it knowing Whe n

33、 to guess or What questi ons to skip.26. WhiCh of the following may be required in an intelligence test?A An SWeri ng philosophical questi ons.B Foldi ng or CUtt ing PaPer into differe nt shapes.C Telli ng the differe nces betwee n Certa in con cepts.D Choos ing words or graphs SimiIar to the give n

34、 on es.27. What Can be inferred about intelligence testing from ParagraPh 3?A People no Ion ger USe IQ SCOreS as an in dicator of in tellige nce.Born to WinB MOre VerSi OnS Of IQ tests are now available On the Intem et.C The test COntentSand formats for adults and ChiIdre n may be differe nt.D SCie

35、ntists have defi ned the importa nt eleme nts of huma n in tellige nce.28. People noWadayS Can no Ionger achieve IQ SCOreS as high as vos SaVan becauseA the SCOreS are obta ined through differe nt COmPUtati onal procedures.B CreatiVity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.C vos SaVantscas

36、e is an extreme one that will not repeat.D the defi ning CharaCteriStiC of IQ tests has Cha nged.29. We CanCOnclude from the last ParagraPh thatA test SCOreS may not be reliable in dicators of on ability.B IQ SCOreS and SAT results are highly correlated.C testi ng invo IVeS a lot of guesswork.D trad

37、iti onal test are out of date.30. What is the authorsattitude towards IQ tests?A Supportive.B SkePtical.C Impartial.D Biased.TeXt 3DUring the PaSt gen eratio n, the AmeriCa n middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially SeCUre had been tran SfOrmed

38、by econo mic risk and new realities. Now a Pink slip, a bad diag no sis, or a disappeari ng SPOUSe Can reduce a family from solidly middle class to n ewly poor in a few mon ths.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, tranSfOrming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers,

39、 and CritiCS of all StriPeS have debated the social implicati ons of these Cha nges, but few have looked at the Side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today SfamiIieS have budgeted to the IimitS of their new two-paycheck status. AS a result, they have lost the ParaChUte they once had in times o

40、f financial SetbaCk -a back-up earner (USUaIIy Mom) who could go into the workforce if the Primary earner got laid off or fell sick. ThiS added-worker effect” could SUPPOrt the Safety net Offered by Unemployment inSUrance or disability inSUrance to help families Weather bad times. BUt today, a disru

41、ption to family fortunes Can no Ion ger be made UP With extra in come from an同跨考教肓Born to WinX-2J KUKO EDUCATlOhIOtherWiSe-Stay-at-home partner.During the Same period, families have bee n asked to absorb much more risk in their retireme nt in come. Steelworkers, airli ne employees, and now those in

42、the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the PaSt year, PreSident BUSh CamPaigned to move Social SeCUrity to a SaV in g-acco Unt model, With retire

43、es trad ing much or all of their guara nteed Payme nts for Payme nts depe nding on inv estme nt returns. For youn ger families, the PiCtUre is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the Share of it borne by families have rise n -and n ewly fashi on able health-sav ings pla ns are S

44、Preadi ng from legislative halls to WaI-Mart workers, With much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare. EVen demographics are work ing aga inst the middle class family, as the odds of hav ing a Weak elderly Pare nt -and all the attendant need for Ph

45、ySiCaI and financial assistance - have jumped eightfold in just Onegen erati on.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, Un dersta ndably, looks far less like an opportUnity to exercise more financial responSibility, and a good deal more like a frighte ning accelerati on of the wholes

46、ale Shift of finan cial risk on to their already OVerbUrdenedshoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far beh ind.31. Todays double-income families are at greater financial risk in thatA the Safety net they USed to enjoy has disappeared.B their Cha nces of bei

47、ng laid off have greatly in creased.C they are more VUln erable to Cha nges in family econo mics.D they are deprived of Un employme nt or disability in SUra nce.32. AS a result of PreSident BUShS reform, retired people may haveA a higher SenSe of security.B less SeCUred Payme nts.C less Cha nce to i

48、nv est.D a guara nteed future.33. ACCOrding to the author, health-savings plans willA help reduce the cost of healthcare.B popularize among the middle class.C compe nsate for the reduced pensions.D in CreaSe the families inv estme nt risk.34. It Can be inferred from the last ParagraPh thatBorn to Wi

49、nA finanCial risks tend to OutWeigh political risks.B the middle class may face greater political challe nges.C financial problems may bring about political problems.D financial responSibiIity is an indicator of political status.35. WhiCh of the following is the best title for this text?A The MiddIe

50、 Class on the AlertB The MiddIe Class on the CliffC The MiddIe Class in Con flictD The MiddIe Class in RUi nsTeXt 4It n ever rains but it pours. JUSt as bosses and boards have fin ally SOrted out their worst accoUnting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation gover nan ce, a ne

51、w problem threate ns to earn them-especially in AmeriCa -the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data in security. Left, Un til now, to odd, low-level IT Staff to PUt right, and See n as a COnCern only of data-rich industries SUCh as banking, telecom

52、s and air travel, in formati on PrOteCt ion is now high on the boss age nda in bus in essesof every variety.SeVeraI massive IeakageS of CUStOmer and employee data this year - from orga ni Zati ons as diverse as Time Warner, the AmeriCa n defe nse con tractor SCie nce APPIiCations International Corp

53、and even the University of California, BerkeIey have left man agers hurriedly Peeri ng into their in tricate IT SyStemS and bus in ess PrOCeSSeS in SearCh of pote ntial VUln erabilities.Data is beco ming an asset WhiCh n eedsto be guarded as much as any other asset： SayS Haim Men dels on of Sta nfor

54、d Un iversity S bus in ess school. The ability to guard CUStOmer data is the key to market value, WhiCh the board is resp on sible for on behalf of shareholders： Indeed, just as there is the conCePt of Generally ACCePted AccoUnting PrinCiPIeS (GAAP), PerhaPS it is time for GASP, Generally ACCePted S

55、eCUrity Practices, SUggeSted Eli Noam of NeW York Columbia BUSiness School.Setting the PrOPer investment level for security, redUndancy, and recovery is a man ageme nt issue, not a tech ni cal on e,he says.The mystery is that this should come as a SUrPriSe to any boss. SUreIy it should be obvious to

56、 the dimmest executive that trust, that most VaIUabIe of econo mic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expe nsive to restore and that few thi ngs are more likely to destroy trust than a company Ietting SenSitiVe PerSonal data get into the wrong han ds.The CUrrent State of affairs may have been en

57、COUraged-though not justified - by the lack of legal Penalty (in AmeriCa, but not EUrOPe) for data leakage. Until同跨考教肓Born to WinX-2J KUKO EDUCATlOhICaIifOr nia rece ntly PaSSed a law, AmeriCa n firms did not have to tell anyone, eve n the victim, When data Went astray. That may Change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in