831Chapter2ManagementTheory管理理论

1、 - 20世纪初到世纪初到20世纪世纪30年代年代 - 20世纪世纪30年代到年代到20世纪世纪60年代年代 - 20世纪世纪60年代至今年代至今 frederick taylor (1856-1915) “the father of scientific management” maximize worker capacity and profits problem: get employees to work at their maximum capacity primary focus: taskshttp:/www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/pro

2、jects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html systematic soldiering deliberately working slowly as to avoid expanding more effort than deemed necessary reasons reduction in workforce due to decreased need piecework system of remuneration - raise production requirements without increasing pay rule of thumb trai

3、ning methods - inefficient scientific design of every aspect of every task time and motion studies careful selection and training of every task proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work maximize output - increase pay equal division of work and responsibility between worker and manager manag

4、ers are intelligent; workers are and should be ignorant provide opportunities for workers to achieve greater financial rewards workers are motivated almost solely by wages maximum effort = higher wages manager is responsible for planning, training, and evaluatingtaylors theory of scientific manageme

5、nt伯利恒钢铁厂伯利恒钢铁厂 assembly line plants as prototypical examples “prisoners of taylorism” system of remuneration (quotas - commission) re-design - reengineering benchmarking data are used to refine, improve, change, modify, and eliminate organizational processes lean manufacturingtaylors theory of scien

6、tific management 时间时间动作分析动作分析 计件工资制计件工资制 47.5吨，吨，1.85 成功的经验：精心挑选工人；训练；科学方法12.512.5吨，吨，1.151.15谈话、开除谈话、开除 确定铲子的载重的重量确定铲子的载重的重量 21 磅磅 不同原料用不同的铲子不同原料用不同的铲子 2张卡片张卡片-说明、反馈说明、反馈 管理人员管理人员 ，8万美元万美元计划和执行分离；标准化管理；人尽其才，才尽其用1. time studies functional or specialized supervision. 2. standardization of tools，imple

7、ments and work methods. 3. separate planning function. 4. management by exception principle.5. the use of slide-rules and similar time-saving devices .6. instruction cards for workmen.7.task allocation and large bonus for successful performance. 8.the use of the differential rate. 9.mnemonic systems

8、 for classifying products and implements.10. a routing system. 11. a modern costing system etc.1. replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.2. scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.3

9、. cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed.4. divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. henri fayol fre

10、nch executive and engineer the contributions were primarily based on his identification of a set of “principles” of management 1916. henri fayol planning organizing command coordination control1.division of work 劳动分工劳动分工 specialization is the most efficient way to use human effort.2. authority and r

11、esponsibility. 权利和责任权利和责任authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience, and responsibility is a corollary of authority. 3. discipline. 纪律纪律 obedience to organizational rules and employment agreement is necessary. henri fayol 14 principles4. unity of command. 统一指挥。统一指挥。there should be on

12、e and only one boss for each individual employee. 5. unity of direction. 统一领导。统一领导。all units in the organization should be moving toward the same objectives through coordinated and focused effort. 6. subordination of individual interest to general interest. 个人利益服从整体利益。个人利益服从整体利益。the interests of the

13、 organization should take priority over the interests of any one individual employee.henri fayol 14 principles7.remuneration of employees. 人员报酬。人员报酬。be fair to both employees and the organization.8.centralization. 集中。集中。to balance subordinate involvement through decentralization with managers retent

14、ion of final authority through centralization.9. scalar chain. 等级制度。等级制度。a chain of authority and communication that runs from the top to the bottom and should be followed by managers and subordinates.henri fayol 14 principles10. order. 秩序。秩序。people and materials must be in suitable places at the ap

15、propriate time for maximum efficiency. 11. equity. 公平。公平。good sense and experience are needed to ensure fairness to all employees, who should be treated as equally as possible.12. stability of personnel.员工稳定员工稳定 employee turnover should be minimized to maintain organizational efficiency.henri fayol

16、14 principles13. initiative. 首创精神。首创精神。workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for 14. esprit de corps. 团体精神团体精神。management should promote a team spirit of unity and harmony among employees. henri fayol 14 principles german sociologist theory of social and economic organiza

17、tion (1947) principles and elements of management - describe an ideal or pure form of organizational structure (general policy and specific commands primary focus: organizational structure worker should respect the “right” of managers to direct activities dictated by organizational rules and procedures more descriptive /lrid