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1、Unit 1 A Brush with the Law 法律小冲突 A young man finds that strolling along the streets without an obvious purpose can lead to trouble with the law. One misun

2、derstanding leads to another until eventually he must appear in court for trial   一个年轻人发现,在街上漫无目的的闲逛也会带来涉及法律上的麻烦。一种误解导致另一种误解,直到最终他必须在法庭上接受审判.  I have only once been in trouble with

3、 the law. The whole process of being arrested and taken to court was a rather unpleasant experience at the time, but it makes a good story now. What makes&

4、#160;it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.  我平生只有一次陷入与法律的冲突。被捕与被带上法庭的整个经过在当时是一种令人极不愉快的经历,但现在这却成为一个好故事的素材。尤其令人恼怒的是我被捕及随后在法庭上受审期间的种种武断情形。It h

5、appened in February about twelve years ago. I had left school a couple of months before that and was not due to go to university until the following October.

6、60;I was still living at home at the time. 事情发生在十二年前的二月,那是我中学毕业已经几个月了,但是要等到十月份才能上大学,所以当时我仍在家中。One morning I was in Richmond, a suburb of London near where I lived. I was looki

7、ng for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go travelling. As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time

8、, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my d

9、ownfall. 一天上午,我来到离我住地不远的伦敦郊区的里士满,那是我正在找一份临时的工作,一边攒些钱去旅游。由于天体晴朗,有没有什么急事,我便悠然自得的看看窗店橱窗,逛逛公园,有时干脆停下来四处观望。一定是这种显然无所事事的样子使我倒了霉。 It was about half past eleven when it happened. I was just walking out of the local

10、0;library, having unsuccessfully sought employment there, when I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me. I thought he was goin

11、g to ask me the time. Instead, he said he was a police officer and he was arresting me. At first I thought it was some kind of joke. But then ano

12、ther policeman appeared, this time in uniform, and I was left in no doubt. 事情发生在十一点半左右,当我在当地图书馆谋之未成,刚从那里出来,就看见一个人从马路对面走过来,显然是想跟我说话。我愿意为他是要问我时间。想不到他说他是警察,要逮捕我。开始我还以为这是个玩笑。但紧接着又来了一个穿着警服的警察,这下我无可置疑了。'But what for?'&

13、#160;I asked. "Wandering with intent to commit an arrestable offence,' he said. 'What offence?' I asked. 'Theft,' he said. 'Theft of what?' I asked.

14、0;'Milk bottles,' he said, and with a perfectly straight face too! 'Oh,' I said. “为什么抓我?”我问。 “四处游荡,有作案嫌疑,”他说。 “做什么案?”我又问。 “偷东西,” 他说。 “偷什么”我追问。 “牛奶瓶”他说,表情极端严肃。 “噢,” It tu

15、rned out there had been a lot of petty thefts in the area, particularly that of stealing milk bottles from doorsteps. 事情是这样的,这一带经常发生小偷小摸的案件,尤其是从门前台阶上偷走牛奶瓶。Then I made my big&#

16、160;mistake. At the time I was nineteen, had long untidy hair, and regarded myself as part of the sixties' 'youth countercultrue. As a result, I want to appe

17、ar cool and unconcerned with the incident, so I said, 'How long have you been following me?' in the most casual and conversation tone I could manage. I 

18、thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.  接

19、着,我犯了个大错误,那是我才十九岁,留着一头乱蓬蓬的长发,自以为是六十年代“青年反主流文化”的一员。因此,我想对此表现出一副冷漠,满不在乎的态度,于是用一种很随便的无所谓的腔调说:“你们跟我多久了?”这样一来,我在他们眼里,我是惯于此种情形的,这又使他们确信我是一个彻头彻尾的坏蛋。A few minutes later a police car arrived. 几分钟后来了一辆警车。 'Get in the back," they sa

20、id. 'Put your hands on the back of the front seat and don't move them.' They got in on either side of me. I wasn't funny anymore. “坐到后面去,”他们说:“把手放在椅背

21、上,不许乱动。”他俩分别坐在我的左右,这下可不是闹着玩的了。 At the police station they questioned me for several hours. I continued to try to look worldly and au fait with the situation. When they as

22、ked me what I had been doing, I told them I'd been looking for a job. 'Aha,' I could see them thinking, 'unemployed'. 在警察局,他们审问了我好几个小时。我继续装着老于世故,对此种事习以为常的样子。当他们问我一直在

23、干什么事时,我告诉他们我在找工作。“啊哈”,这下我可看到他们在想,“无业游民”。 Eventually, I was officially charged and told to report to Richmond Magistrates' Court the following Monday. Then they let me go. 最后,我被正式指控,并得到通知

24、下周一到里士满地方法院受审。他们这才让我走。 I wanted to conduct my own defence in court, but as soon as my father found out what had happened, he hired a very good solicitor. We wen

25、t along that Monday armed with all kinds of witnesses, including my English teacher from school as a character witness. But he was never called on to give evide

26、nce. My 'trial' didn't get that far. The magistrate dismissed the case after fifteen minutes. I was free. The poor police had never stood a chance. The s

27、olicitor even succeeded in getting costs awarded against the police. 我本想在法庭上自我辩护,但是父亲一弄清事情原委后,就为我请了一位很不错的律师。就在那个星期一,我们带着各种证人出庭了,这其中包括我的中学英语教师作为我的平行见证人。但法庭没有传唤他作证。对我的“审判”并没有进行到那一步,才开庭十五分钟,法官就驳回了此案。我被无罪释放。可怜的警察毫无胜诉的机会。我的律师甚至成功的使警察承担了诉讼费。And so

28、0;I do not have a criminal record. But what was most shocking at the time was the things my release from the charge so clearly depended on. I had the 

29、'right' accent, respectable middle-class parents in court, reliable witnesses, and I could obviously afford a very good solicitor. Given the obscure nature of the charge,&#

30、160;I feel sure that if I had come from a different background, and had really been unemployed, there is every chance that I would have been found guilty. While

31、 asking for costs to be awarded, my solicitor's case quite obviously revolved around the fact that I had a 'brilliant academic record'.  这样, 我没有留下任何犯罪记录。但当时,最令人震惊的是我被无罪释放所明显

32、依赖的证据:我有标准的口音,有受人尊重的中产阶级父母来到法庭,有可靠的证人,还有,很明显我请得起很好的律师。想到这次指控的含混不清的特点,我敢断定,我如果出生在一个不同背景的家庭,并真失了业,则完全可能被判为有罪。当我的律师要求赔偿诉讼费时,他的辩词很显然的紧紧围绕着我“学习成绩优异”这一事实。Meanwhile, just outside the courtroom, one of the policemen who had arrested me was

33、0;gloomily complaining to my mother that another youngster had been turned against the police. 'You could have been a bit more helpful when we arrested you,' he&#

34、160;said to me reproachfully.  与此同时,在法庭外面,曾逮捕我的警察中的一个沮丧的想我的母亲抱怨说,又有一个小伙子要与警察做对了。他以责备的口气对我说:“我们抓你的时候,你本可以帮帮忙的。”What did the mean? Presumably that I should have looked outraged and said something like, '

35、Look here, do you know who you're talking to? I am a highly successful student with a brilliant academic record. How dare you arrest me!' Then they, presumab

36、ly, would have apologized, perhaps even taken off their caps, and let me on my way.   他这话是什么意思?也许是说我因该做出大发雷霆的样子,并说:“喂,你们知道是在和谁说话么?我是品学兼优的高材生。你们怎么敢抓我?”那样的话,他们也许会向我道歉,可能还会脱帽致意,让我扬长而去。Unit 2 Fruitful Questions 获益匪浅的问题

37、The other night at the dinner table, my three kids-ages 9,6 and 4-took time out from their food fight to teach me about paradigm shifts, and limitations of linear thinking and how to refocus parameters. 不久前的一个晚上在餐桌旁,我的三个孩子-年龄分别为9岁、6岁和4岁-暂时停止争抢食物,腾出时间教我认识什么是范式变换、什么是线性思考的局限以及如何重新看待相关的各种因素。Heres how it

38、 happened: We were playing our own oral version of the Sesame Street game, “What Doesnt Belong?,” where kids look at three pictures and choose the one that doesnt fit. I said, “OK, what doesnt belong, an orange, a tomato or a strawberry?” 事情是这样的:当时我们在玩自己那套只动嘴的“哪个不是同一类?”的芝麻街游戏。本来玩这游戏时,孩子们要看三张画并挑出那张不属

39、同一类的画。我说:“来吧,哪个不是同一类,桔子,西红柿,还是草莓?”The oldest didnt take more than a second to deliver his smug answer: “Tomato because the other two are fruits.”I agreed that this was the right answer despite the fact that some purists insist a tomato is a fruit. To those of us forced as kids to eat them in salads,

40、 tomatoes will always be vegetables. I was about to think up another set of three when my 4-year-old said, “The right answer is strawberry because the other two are round and a strawberry isnt.” How could I argue with that? 老大很快就说出了自以为非常得意的答案:“西红柿,因为其他两种是水果。”我承认这是正确答案,尽管有些纯粹主义者坚决认为西红柿是一种水果。对我们这些从小就被

41、迫吃拌在色拉里的西红柿的人来说,西红柿永远是蔬菜。我正准备再出一道三种东西为一组的题目时,我4岁的孩子说:“正确答案是草莓,因为另外两种是圆的,草莓却不圆。”我怎么能驳斥这种论点呢? Then my 6-year-old said, “Its the orange because the other two are red.” Not to be outdone by his younger siblings, the 9-year-old said, “It could also be the orange because the other two grow on vines.” 接着,我

42、6岁的孩子说:“不属同一类的是桔子,因为另外两种是红色的。”9岁的孩子不想让弟妹占上风,说道:“不是同一类的也可以是桔子,因为其他两种长在藤上。”The middle one took this as a direct challenge. “It could be the strawberry because its the only one you put on ice cream.” 老二把这看作对他发出的挑战。“可以是草莓,因为只有草莓会放在冰淇淋上。”Something was definitely happening here. It was messier than a food

43、 fight and much more important than whether a tomato is a fruit or vegetable. My kids were doing what Copernicus did when he placed the sun at the center of the universe, readjusting the centuries-old paradigm of an Earth-centered system. They were doing what Reuben Mattus did when he renamed his Br

44、onx ice cream Häagen-Dazs and raised the price without changing the product. They were doing what Edward Jenner did when he discovered a vaccination for smallpox by abandoning his quest for a cure. 毫无疑问,这里正发生着什么事儿。这事儿比争抢食物还乱,比西红柿是水果还是蔬菜重要得多。哥白尼把太阳视为宇宙中心,重新调整了地心说这一长达数世纪的范式,我的孩子们正做着哥白尼当年做的事。鲁宾

45、83;马修斯把他的布朗克斯冰淇淋改名为哈根达斯,在不改变产品的情况下提高了价格,我的孩子们正做着鲁宾·马修斯做过的事。爱德华·詹纳放弃了寻找治疗天花的特效药,从而发现了能预防这一疾病的疫苗,我的孩子们正做着爱德华·詹纳做过的事。Instead of studying people who were sick with smallpox, he began to study people who were exposed to it but never got sick. He found that theyd all contracted a similar bu

46、t milder disease, cow pox, which vaccinated them against the deadly smallpox. 他不去研究得了天花的患者,而去研究接触天花却从未染上此病的人。他发现他们都患了一种类似天花但比较轻微的疾病:牛痘;牛痘使他们得以防止染上致命的天花。 They were refocusing the parameters. They were redefining the problems. 他们在重新看待相关的各种因素。他们在重新认识他们的问题。They were reframing the questions. In short, th

47、ey were doing what every scientist whos ever made an important discovery throughout history has done, according to Thomas Kuhn, in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: They were shifting old paradigms.他们在重新表述他们的问题。总之,据托马斯·库恩在他的科学革命的结构一书中所言,他们正做着历史上有过重大发现的科学家都曾做过的事:他们在改变旧的范式。But

48、60;if this had been a workbook exercise in school, every kid who didnt circle tomato would have been marked wrong. Every kid who framed the question differently than

49、“Which is not a fruit?” would have been wrong. Maybe that explains why so many of the worlds most brilliant scientists and inventors were failures in school, the

50、0;most notable being Albert Einstein, who was perhaps this centurys most potent paradigm-shifter.但假若我们的游戏是学校里做在作业本上的练习,那么没有把西红柿圈出来的孩子全都会被批为答错。凡是没有把问题解读为“哪个不是水果”的孩子都是错的。也许这种情形说明了为什么世界上最杰出的科学家和发明家中有那么多的人读书时是不及格的学生。其中最引人注目的是阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦,他也许是

51、本世纪最有影响的范式改变者。 This is not meant to be a critique of schools. Lord knows, thats easy enough to do. This is, instead, a reminder that there are real limits to the val

52、ue of information. I bring this up because we seem to be at a point in the evolution of our society where everyone is clamoring for more technology, for in

53、stant access to ever-growing bodies of information.  这样说,并不是想对学校评头品足。天知道,发一通议论太容易了。这样说,不过是想提醒大家信息的价值实在是有限的。我提出这一点,是因为我们的社会似乎发展到了这样一个阶段,人人都大声要求得到更多的技术,大声要求即刻享用不断增多的信息。Students must be online. Your home must be digitally c

54、onnected to the World Wide Web. Businesses must be able to download volumes of data instantaneously. But unless we shift our paradigms and refocus our parameters, the

55、0;super information highway will lead us nowhere.  学生们必须联机。你们家必须用数码与环球信息网连通。企业必须能即时下载大量资料。但是,除非我们改变范式、重新看待相关的各种因素,否则,信息高速公路就不会给我们带来什么结果。 We are not now, nor have we recently been suffering from a lack of information. Think how much more information we have than Cop

56、ernicus had four centuries ago. And he didnt do anything less Earth-shattering (pun intended) than completely change the way the universe was viewed. He didnt do it by uncovering more information-he did it by looking differently at information everyone else already had looked at.Edward Jenner didnt

57、invent preventive medicine by accumulating information; he did it by reframing the question. 无论是现在还是最近,我们都不缺信息。试想我们拥有的信息比四百年前的哥白尼多了多少。但他作出了足以震撼地球的(权作双关语)惊人之举,完全改变了人们对宇宙的看法。他作出此举不是靠发现更多的信息,而是靠用不同的眼光来看大家都看到过的信息。爱德华·詹纳不是靠积累信息发明预防药物,而是靠重新表述问题。What we need as we begin t

58、o downshift onto the information highway is not more information but new ways of looking at it. We need to discover, as my kids did, that there is more tha

59、n one right answer, there is more than one right question and there is more than one way to look at a body of information. We need to remember that wh

60、en you have only a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail 当我们开始驶入信息高速公路时,我们所需要的不是更多的信息,而是看信息的新方法。我们应该像我的孩子所做的那样,去发现有一个以上的正确答案、有一个以上正确的问题、有一个以上看一堆信息的方法。我们应该记住:当你只有一把锤子时,你往往把每个问题都看作钉子。Unit3 Three:Why I Teach我为什么当老师Why I Tea

61、chPeter G. BeidlerWhy do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "step up" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money a

62、nd power. 你为什么要教书呢?当我告诉一位朋友我不想谋求行政职务时,他便向我提出这一问题。所有美国人受的教育是长大成人后应该追求金钱和权力,而我却偏偏不选择明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作,他们对此感到迷惑不解。Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. For me, teachi

63、ng is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I le

64、ave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual. 当然,我之所以教书并不是因为我觉得教书轻松。我做过各种各样的工作借以谋生:机修工、木工、作家,教书可是其中最难的一行。对我来说,教书是个会令人熬红眼睛、掌心出汗、精神沮丧的职业。说熬红眼睛,这是因为我晚上不管备课到多晚,总觉得准备得还不充分。说掌心出汗,是因为我跨进教室之前总是非常紧张,自信学生一定会发觉我其实是个傻瓜笨蛋。说精神沮丧,这是因为我1小时后走出教室时,确信这堂课上得比平常还要平淡无味。Nor do I teach be

65、cause I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. Sometimes I am amazed that my students actually take notes on what I say in class! 我之所以教书,也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题,或者因为我有满腹学问,非与别人分享不可。有时我感到很吃惊,学生竟真的把我课上讲的东西做了笔记!Why, then, do I teach? 这样说来,我为什么还要教书呢?I teach because I like

66、the pace of the academic calendar. June, July, and August offer an opportunity for reflection, research and writing. 我教书,是因为我喜爱校历的步调。6月、7月和8月提供了一个供思考、研究和创作的机会。I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change and, more important, my students change. 我教

67、书,是因为教学是建立在“变化”这一基础上的职业。教材还是原来的教材,但我自身却变了更重要的是,我的学生变了。I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. As a teacher, I'm my own boss. If I want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbook, who is to say I c

68、an't? Such courses may be huge failures, but we can all learn from failures. 我教书,是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由,有自己吸取教训的自由,有激励自己和激励学生的自由。作为教师,我可以自行做主。如果我想要求一年级的学生通过自行编写课本的办法来学习写作,谁能说我不可以那样做呢?这样的课程也许会彻底失败,但我们都可以从失败的尝试中获得教益。I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world

69、 is full of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions. 我教书,是因为我喜欢学生提出必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。我们这个世界有无穷无尽的正确答案来对付拙劣的问题。何况我在教学过程有时也会想到一些出色的问题。I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world. I once taught

70、 a course called "Self-Reliance in a Technological Society." My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley. They kept diaries. They wrote term papers. 我教书,是因为我喜欢想方设法使自己和我的学生从象牙塔里走出来,进入现实世界。我曾经开过一门叫做“在工业技术社会里如何自力更生”的课程。我教的15位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品,记了日记,还写了学期论文。But we also set up a corporation

71、, borrowed money, purchased a run-down house and practiced self-reliance by renovating it. At the end of the semester, we would the house, repaid our loan, paid or taxes, and distributed the profits among the group. 但除此之外,我们还办起一个公司,借钱买下一所破旧的房屋,通过整修翻新这一建筑物,我们就自力更生对这一课题进行了一次实践活动。学期结束时我们把房子卖掉,还清贷款,缴了税,

72、余下的收益分给了参加实践的学生。So teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning. I have left out, however, the most important reasons why I teach. 所以说,教学使我的工作进程有了规律,使我的生活变得丰富多彩,教学向我提出了挑战,也给了我不断学习的机会。不过,我漏下了我要教书的最重要的几个原因。One is Vicky. My first doctoral student, Vicky wa

73、s an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet. She wrote articles and sent them off to learned journals. She did it all herself, with an occasional nudge from me. But I was there when she finished her dissertation, learned that her articles were accepted,

74、 got a job and won a fellowship to Harvard working on a book developing ideas she'd first had as my student. 其中一个原因与维基有关。维基是我的第一个博士生。她精力旺盛,孜孜不倦地撰写她那篇论述14世纪一位不知名诗人的学术论文。她写了一些文章寄给学术刊物。这一切都由她独立完成,我偶尔从旁略加指点。我亲眼看到了她完成论文,看到她得知自己的文章被采用,亲眼目睹她找到了工作并获得了在哈佛大学当研究员的职位,并著书论述她在做我学生时萌发的思想。Another reason is Geor

75、ge, who started as an engineering student, then switched to English because he decided he liked people better than things. 再一个原因与乔治有关。他开始学的是工程学,后来他深信自己爱人胜过爱物,所以改学英语。There is Jeanne, who left college, but was brought back by her classmates because they wanted her to see the end of the self-reliance h

76、ouse project. I was here when she came back. I was there when she told me that she later became interested in the urban poor and went on to become a civil rights lawyer. 还有珍妮。她中途辍学,但是她的同学把她拉了回来,因为他们想让她看自力更生整修旧房这一项目的结果。我亲眼看到她回来了。我亲耳听到她对我说,她后来对城市贫民产生了兴趣,继而成了捍卫分民权的律师。There is Jacqui, a cleaning woman w

77、ho knows more by intuition than most of us learn by analysis. Jacqui has decided to finish high school and go to college. 还要谈一谈清洁女工杰基。她凭直觉了解的事情比我们多数人通过分析弄清的东西还要多。杰基已经决定读完中学,然后还要上大学。These are the real reasons I teach, these people who grow and change in front of me. Being a teacher is being present a

78、t the creation, when the clay begins to breathe. 还要谈一谈清洁女工杰基。她凭直觉了解的事情比我们多数人通过分析弄清的东西还要多。杰基已经决定读完中学,然后还要上大学。A "promotion" out of teaching would give me money and power. But I have money. I get paid to do what I enjoy: reading, talking with people, and asking question like, "What is th

79、e point of being rich?" 不再教书,获得“提升”,也许会给我带来金钱和权力。可是我现在也有钱。我拿了薪金去做自己乐意做的事:读书、交谈、提问,妣如问:“做个富翁有什么意思呢?”And I have power. I have the power to nudge, to fan sparks, to suggest books, to point out a pathway. What other power matters? 不再教书,获得“提升”,也许会给我带来金钱和权力。可是我现在也有钱。我拿了薪金去做自己乐意做的事:读书、交谈、提问,妣如问:“做个富翁有

80、什么意思呢?”But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love. Not only the love of learning and of books and ideas, but also the love that a teacher feels for that rare student who walks into a teacher's life and begins to breathe. Perhaps love is the wrong word: magic might be better. 但教书还会带来金钱和权力以外的东西:那就是爱。不仅是爱学习、爱书本、爱思想,而且还有老师对出类拔萃的学生的爱。这样的学生走进了老师的生活,他们自己也开始成长了。爱这个字也许用得不恰当:说是方魔力可能更合适些。I teach because, being around people who are beginning to breathe, I occasionally find myself catching my breath with them. 我教

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