英国文学重点浪漫主义维多利亚现代

1、IV The 18th Century (1688-1798)Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance o

2、f the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of

3、 century)Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)Robinson CrusoeMoll Flanders 女权Robert Burns 1759-1796Born in Scotland in a poor peasant familyThe greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th centuryPoems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect about patriotic themes主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生，我的爱人 <A Red,

4、Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰n <Auld Longn Syne>往昔时光 <A Mans a Man for AThat>不管那一套n <My Hearts in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上 <Bruce At Bannockburn> <The Tree Of Liberty>Auld Long SyneFor auld lang syne, my dear,for auld lang syne,we'll take a cup of kindness yet,for auld lang sy

5、ne!A Red Red Roseby：Robert Burns  O, my Luve's like a red, red roseThat's newly sprung in June;O, my Luve's like the melodie,That's sweetly play'd in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a' the seas gang dry.

6、Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun;I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o' life shall run.And fare-thee-weel, my only Luve!And fare-thee-weel, a while!And I will come again, my Luve,Tho' 'twere ten thousand mile!红红的玫瑰作者：罗伯特·彭斯心上的人儿啊，

7、你像玫瑰红艳艳六月花苞才乍现心上的人儿啊，你像歌儿那样甜曲调悠扬美如仙你像花儿那样美，漂亮的人儿爱你深深在心间我爱你啊到永远，亲爱的人儿直到四海都枯干直到四海枯干啊，亲爱的人儿直到烈日化顽岩我爱你啊到永远，亲爱的人儿今生今世心不变让我道别说再见，我唯一的宝贝分别只是一瞬间我会回到你身边，我的宝贝即使路途万里远注释：1.luve 苏格兰方言，= love, 注意大写L，表达了“重要”和“唯一”的内涵。2.melodie 来自法语，是19、20世纪法国从德国的抒情歌曲学来的，它是带伴奏的艺术歌曲。19世纪的melodie一般用严肃抒情诗做歌词，由钢琴伴奏的独唱演员演唱。Melodie 的特点是诗歌

8、与音乐的完美统一。因此，melodie 准确地说不是“乐曲”、“曲调”，而是“歌曲”。3.play'd = played 诗歌用字4.art 古英语，第二人称系动词， = are5.thou 古英语， 第二人称主格， = you6.bonnie 苏格兰方言，健康的，美丽的，可爱的，可人的7.lass 年轻未婚女子，姑娘；多数用于非正式对少女的称呼；因与lassie有关，所以也有女性恋人的意思8.a' 诗歌语言， = all9.gang 苏格兰方言， = go10.wi' 诗歌语言， = with11.thee 古英语，第二人称宾格， = you12.o' 诗歌语

9、言， = of13.fare-thee-weel 诗歌语言， = （bid）farewell （to）thee14.tho' 诗歌语言， = though15.'twere 诗歌语言， = it were (起到省略一个音节的作用)William Blake 1757-1827<Songs of Innocence>天真之歌 1789A happy and innocent world from childrens eyeExpress the poets delight life<Songs of Experience>经验之歌1794No longe

10、r sunny but sad and gloomyA word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyesInclude:  <The Chimney Sweeper><London><The Tyger>“Lamb” of innocence has become the “Tiger” of experience, is a symbol of peace and purity, “Infant Joy”, “The

11、Blossom”, and “The Divine Image” have become “Infant Sorrow”, “The Sick Rose”, and “The Human Abstract” , Tyger is a symbol of dread and violence  <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱的婚姻nThe Age of Romanticism浪漫主义时期（1798-1832）Romanticism浪漫主义：The glorification of instinct and emotion, a

12、deep veneration of nature, and an intense passion to remake the world Subjectivism主观主义，个人主义：“the spontaneous overflow of feelings” 1、Interested in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves 2、high degree of imaginationSpontaneity自发性：1、is opposed to(No need to follow)the “rules”

13、and “regulations” 2、a work of art must be original3、More “heart” than “head” , on regularity, uniformity(一致), decorum (端正), and imitation4、William Wordsworth defined poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of feelings” 5、Focused on independence SingularityA strong love for the remote, the unusual, the s

14、trange, the supernatural, the mysteriousWorship of nature:Simplicity:1. using everyday language spoken by the rustic(乡村的)people.2. Democratic feeling3. revival of folk literature, a real awakening of interest in the life of the common people, a sense of universal brotherhood, and a growing sympathy

15、for the suffering of the people.There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.*Melancholy忧郁，悲哀：Themes of exile, isolation, a longing for the infinite (an unreachable goal is commonly found in their works) Poetsoutpoured their feelings and emotions .The use of free ve

16、rse form.William Wordsworth(1770-1850)：(is celebrated for his poetry for nature)Born and grew up near the Lake district (sister Dorothy Wordsworth), a beautiful scenic spot in northwestern EnglandProfound love of nature, which characterizes all of his worksWent to study at Cambridge from 1787-1791.

17、In 1791, he went to France to learn French in preparation for the career of tutor.In 1843, after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate. (桂冠诗人)The Prelude (1850) is also a long poem which tells the growth of his mind.Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is

18、for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit.神意体现especially those simple rustic people*考点：浪漫主义诗歌1798年开始，LyricalBallad第一首诗(by Samuel Taylor ColeridgeandWilliam Wordsworth)背景：工业化贫富差距悬殊1789年法国大革命自由，平等，博爱1783年美国革命自由NatureGod，moral teaching，Healing power“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”：SubjectivismWhat pers

19、pective is the poem from? Who is telling it? SpontaneityWhat are some words that describe emotions? Worship of NatureHow is nature seen? MelancholyAre there any words that are sad? Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834):The other two lake poets beside Wordsworth are Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert So

20、uthey (1774-1834).His representative work is The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.He also wrote a very important work of literary criticism, Biographia Literaria (1817)He was likewise a good lecturer and his lectures on Shakespeare are still considered valuable Shakespearean critical materials.Percy Byss

21、he Shelley (1792-1822)His mother was Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), a champion for womens rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of women (1792)Lyrical dramas: Prometheus Unbound (1820).On the death of Keats he wrote an elegiac poem Adonais (1821)The Defence of Poetry (词辩) was wri

22、tten in 1821.*The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?John Keats（17951821）Keats was born in London.1818, he published his long allegorical poem Endymion, which was about the love between a Greek shepherd and the moon goddess.三颂：Ode to a nightingale夜莺颂 ode on

23、 a Grecian urn希腊古翁颂，to autumn秋颂Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeterBeauty is truth, truth is beautyThe Victorian Age维多利亚时期 (1832-1901)Background:1. The Queen came to the throne in 18372. The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603)3. During the

24、 long reign of Queen Victoria., England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工场 of the world as well as itsfinancial and political center.4. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare

25、whereas但是 in the age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared in the literary scene.5. The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: 早期：贫the early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest;(child labor, women workers, long working hou

26、rs, miserable working conditions) 中期：荣the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy论战;( social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron铁 was built in Hyde Park. It was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held. It was a di

27、splay of the nations advanced technology and industry, as well as its prosperity.) 晚期：衰The last period 1870, a period of decay of Victorian values .6. The Reform Billof 1832 extended the right to vote to all men (中下层) owning property worth ten pounds or more.7. Themost influential philosophy was Uti

28、litarianism功利主义, founded by Jeremy Bentham(1772-1832), and continued by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)：“The value of any institution, government, and church depends on whether it contributes or not to the greatest happiness of the greatest number”-这里我要复印不想整理了太麻烦P104-108-Charles Dickens (1812-1870)工业化社

29、会下层普通百姓的生活1836-1837, The Posthumous Paper of the Pickwick Club. This book was followed by Oliver Twist (1837-1838).Bitter social criticism: Dombey and Son (1848), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857).David Copperfield, Great Expectations William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)上

30、层社会First major novel: Vanity Fair (名利场), 1848.Becky Sharp: 利用男人达到自己目的Lord Alfred Tennyson（18091892）Tennyson lived almost through the Victorian age and was the leading poet of his age.1832-the death of him “the Age of Tennyson”Ulysses (尤利西斯)1859， Idyllsofthe King亚瑟王和圆桌骑士Ulysses P142It little profits

31、that an idle king,By this still hearth, among these barren crags,Matched with an aged wife, I mete and doleUnequal laws unto a savage race,That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. I cannot rest from travel; I will drinkLife to the lees. All times I have enjoyedGreatly, have suffered gr

32、eatly, both with thoseThat loved me, and alone; on shore, and whenThrough scudding drifts the rainy HyadesVexed the dim sea. I am become a name;For always roaming with a hungry heartMuch have I seen and knowncities of menAnd manners，climates，councils，governments，Myself not least, but honored of them

33、 allAnd drunk delight of battle with my peers，Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy，I am a part of all that I have met，Yet all experience is an arch wherethroughGleams that untraveled world whose margin fadesForever and forever when I move，How dull it is to pause，to make an end，To rust unburnished

34、，not to shine in use！As though to breathe were life！Life piled on lifeWere all too little，and of one to meLittle remains；but every hour is savedFrom that eternal silence，something more，A bringer of new things； and vile it wereFor some three suns to store and hoard myself，And this gray spirit yearnin

35、g in desireTo follow knowledge like a sinking star，Beyond the utmost bound of human thought. This is my son, mine own Telemachus,To whom I leave the scepter and the isleell-loved of me，discerning to fulfillThis labor，by slow prudence to make mildA rugged people，and through soft degreesSubdued t

36、hem to the useful and the good.Most blameless is he, centered in the sphereOf common duties, decent not to failIn offices of tenderness, and payMeet adoration to my household gods,When I am gone. He works his work, I mine. There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail;There gloom the dark, bro

37、ad seas. My mariners,Souls that have toiled, and wrought, and thought with meThat ever with a frolic welcome tookThe thunder and the sunshine, and opposedFree hearts, free foreheadsYou and I are old;Old age hath yet his honor and his toil.Death closes all; but something ere the end,Some work of nobl

38、e note, may yet be done,Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks;The long day wanes; the slow moon climbs; the deepMoans round with many voices. Come, my friends,'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.Push off, and sitting well in order smiteThe soundi

39、ng furrows; for my purpose holdsTo sail beyond the sunset, and the bathsOf all the western stars，until I die.It may be that the gulfs will wash us down;It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,And see the great Achilles, whom we knew. Though much is taken, much abides; and thoughWe are not now

40、that strength which in old daysMoved earth and heaven, that which we are, we areOne equal temper of heroic hearts，Made weak by time and fate, but strong in willTo strive, to seek, to find and not to yield.Robert Browning (1812-1889)He is noteworthy for the Dramatic monologue poem 戏剧独白诗in which

41、there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 is one of the most representative of his dramatic monologues.I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped togetherunderstatementMatthew Arnold(1822-1888)His father was the headmaster of Rugby School.OxfordBoth a poet

42、 and a literary critic, attacked the barbariansHis doubt of his age, the conflict between science and religion.Culture and Anarchy (1889).Thomas Hardy(18401928)He was the last important novelist of the Victorian age. 维多利亚时代最后一个小说家，现代第一个。Hismost famous novels are Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891)A pure

43、 Women Faith family portrayedModernism现代主义时期Modern：“The term modernism refers to the radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War I period. The ordered, stable and inherently meaningful world view of the nineteenth century could not, wrote T.S. Eliot, accord with the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history. rejecting nineteenth-century optimism, modernists presented a profoundly pessimistic picture of