第3部分概括大意与完成句子

1、第三部分 概括大意与完成句子第一篇 MORE THAN 8 HOURS SLEEP TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2 Investigators at the University of California in Sandiego found that people who clock

2、 up19 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sle

3、ep than 8-hour sleepers.23 These findings, which Dr.Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night. He added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8

4、 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7

5、 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep p

6、roblems Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experie

7、ncing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed “It stands to reason6 that if a pe

8、rson spends too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.词汇：refresh / r?fre?/ v（使）精力恢复questionnaire / ,kwest?ne?(r)/ n问卷psychosomatic / ,sa?k?s?m?t?k / adj（指疾病）由精神压力引起的fatigue / f?ti:g / n疲劳caution / k?:?n/ v警告insomnia / ?ns?mn?/ n失眠habitually / h?b?tj?l?, -

9、t?-/ adv习惯地注释：1clock up：时间达到2they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers：falling和feeling都是说明trouble的。全句可译为：与8小时睡眠者相比，他们在入睡和经过一夜睡眠恢复精力方面有更多的麻烦。3Psychosomatic Medicine：心身医学（医学杂志名）4set aside：留出5having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning

10、：感到疲乏影响日常工作。6stand to reason：是当然的，是合情合理的练习：1Paragraph 2 E Sleep Problem of Long and Short Sleepers2Paragraph 4 B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep 3Paragraph 5 A Kripkes Research Tool4Paragraph 6 D A Way of Overcoming InsomniaA Kripkes Research ToolB Dangers of Habitual Shortages of SleepC Crit

11、icism on Kripkes ReportD A Way of Overcoming InsomniaE Sleep Problem of Long and Short SleepersF Classification of Sleep Problems5To get a good nights rest, people may not need to F sleep more than 8 hours.6Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to E suffer sleep problems.7One of the sleep pro

12、blems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to A fall asleep again.8One survey showed that people who habitually C sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying.A fall asleep againB become more energetic the following dayC sleep less than 7 hoursD confirm those serious conseq

13、uencesE suffer sleep problemsF sleep more than 8 hours答案与题解：1E第二段列举了睡眠时间多于或少于8小时而带来的多种sleep problems。2B 第四段阐述了长期睡眠不足所带来的严重后果。3A 第五段介绍了Kripke的调查工具（tool）。他用的是有关睡眠的问卷。问卷包括两大内容：睡眠时间及睡眠困扰问题。4D 第六段最后两句是：“. one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.”和“It stands to reason that if a person spends

14、 too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”这是选择 D 的依据。5F选择F的依据是第三段第一句。原文是：“. people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.”6E选择E的依据是第六段第一句。原文是：“. people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to

15、 report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. ”7A 本题答案的依据是第五段第二句：“Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep .”8C 本题答案的依据是第四段：“. one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less

16、than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.”译文：每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡眠9或10小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。而每晚仅睡7小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及休息后精力恢复程度上不及8小时睡眠者。D aniel Kripke博士在心身医学杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休

17、息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8小时。他补充说，对于那些每晚睡8小时以上的人们来说，考虑减少在床上度过的时间“也许是个好主意”。不过他又提醒说这还需要进一步的研究证实。以往的研究证明了长期睡眠缺乏的潜在危机。有报告显示，睡眠经常少于7小时的人比睡眠充足者，在特定时期内死亡的机率更高。而在目前这份报告中，Kripke考评了一份1004名成年人参与反馈的睡眠调查问卷。问卷内容涉及每周睡眠时间和各种可能的睡眠问题，包括半夜惊觉，清晨早醒，无法重新入睡，以及白天疲劳，影响日常工作等。Kripke发现每晚9至10小时睡眠者比睡8小时的人更容易出现各类睡眠问题。在次访谈中，Kripke注意到睡眠时间长的人夜

18、间可能难以入眠，正是因为他们睡得太多了。因此他补充说，治疗失眠最好的一种方法就是少睡点儿。“在床上花得时间过长，醒着的时间就会更多，这是理所当然的。”第二篇SOOT AND SNOW：A HOT COMBINATION1New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. A ccording to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent

19、 of observed global warming over the past century.2Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.3Soot in

20、 areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get eve

21、n dirtier, said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.4Hansen found soots effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space)，which1 may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice

22、, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.5“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon2，” Hansen said. Soots in

23、creased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude, Hansen noted.6Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate

24、 is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3 Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest4 of this century.7The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was lar

25、ge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover5 and sufficient sunlight.词汇：soot / s?t / n煤烟，煤灰emission / ?m?n/ n释放，

26、散发，排放simulation / ,s?mj?le?n/ n模拟latitude / l?t?tju:d / n纬度glacier / gl?s?(r) / n冰川，冰河albedo / ?lbi:d?/ n反照率permafrost / p?:m?fr?st/ n永冻层forcing / f?:s?/ n温室作用dioxide / da?ka?d / n二氧化物magnitude / m?gn?tju:d / n量，大小注释：1which指代albedo。2thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carb

27、on：相当于thus heating the snow surface more than（heating the snow surface）if there were no black carbon。3. the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century：“that greenhouse gases . during the past century”是同位语从句，表达fact的内容。4the rest：剩余部分5snow cover：雪的覆盖层练习：

28、1Paragraph 3 _C_2Paragraph 4 _A_3Paragraph 6 _F_4Paragraph 7 _B_A Soots Role in Changes in the Climate and the AtmosphereB Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by SootD Effort to Reduce Snow AlbedoE Ways to Reduce Soot EmissionF Greenhous

29、e Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming5In the twentieth century, soot _B_.6Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases _E_.7Black soot covered snow and ice _D_.8A soot forcing is unusually effective, which _A_.A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeB

30、continued to 25 percent of observed global warmingC can produce greenhouse gasesD absorb more of suns energy and warmth than white backgroundE still surpass soot in warming the worlds climate during the last centryF can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere答案与题解：1C 第三段解释了为什么soot会增加地球升温效应。2A 第四段介

31、绍了soot在两方面起的作用：（1）soot增加了雪吸收太阳能量和热量的能力；（2）soot导致海洋和陆地上空的大气层发生变化。3F第六段的关键句子是：“. greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”4B 第七段介绍了在研究北半球的纬度、雪覆盖面和日照诸因素与气温升高之间的关系方面取得的成果。5B 选择 B 的依据是第一段。有关的句子是：“. black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global w

32、arming over the past century.”选项 B 中用了过去式contributed，也是选 B 的一个线索，因为第五题的题干中有in the twentieth century，这个时间状语要求谓语动词用过去式，而4个选项中只有 B 项的动词用的是过去式。6E Hansen cautioned和greenhouse gases仅出现在第六段。该段的大意是：虽然煤烟在改变全球气候方面所起的作用相当显著，但是上个世纪气温上升的主要因素还是温室气体。选项E概括了第六段的意思。7D 本题答案的依据是第二段第一句。8A 本题答案的依据是第五段的下列句子：Soots increase

33、d absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude，” Hansen noted.译文：煤灰与白雪：“火热"的组合美国国家航空航天局的科学家的一项新调查显示，黑色煤烟的排放改变了冰雪对阳光的反射。依据电脑模拟，上世纪观测到的

34、的全球变暖有25是黑煤灰引起的。地球高纬地区冰雪覆盖，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太阳热能。因为深黑色的炭或煤灰吸收太阳光，而浅色的冰面则反射阳光。冰雪地区的煤灰对气候变化可能起着至关重要的作用。而且一旦覆盖大地的冰雪开始融化，煤灰就会更加固着于冰面，从而加剧温室效应。“冰山、冰块一融化，就会变得更脏，”James Hansen博士，一位来自纽约美国国家航空和航天局的Goddard太空研究所的研究人员如此说。Hansen发现，煤灰对冰雪反射率的影响，可能正是促使北半球春季提早的原因，引起北冰洋冰层变薄，冰山及冻土雪原融化。据信煤灰对海洋和陆地上空大气层的变化也有一定影响。“黑炭减少了冰雪

35、反射回太空的能量，比没有炭灰的条件下更强烈地加热冰面。”Hansen说。煤灰对太阳热能的大量吸收是全球气候变暖的重要因素。Hansen指出，“这种温室作用特别显著，是同量二氧化碳强度的两倍。”Hansen又提醒说，尽管煤灰对全球气候变化的作用重大，但这并不能改变一个事实：温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因，而且它们还将是塑造本世纪气候的主力。研究人员发现北半球观测到的变暖现象大多发生在中高纬地区的冬春两季。这样的观测结果与气象模拟实验相吻合，表明部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的时期。第三篇ICY MICROBES1In ice that has sealed a salty

36、A ntarctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. The research may help in the search for life on Mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice.2A research team led by Peter D oran of the University of Illinois at

37、 C hicago drilled through more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. When D orans team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life.3 D oran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sh

38、eet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice.1 That deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques that may one day be used on Mars.4 C alled Lake Vida, the 4.5-square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the

39、McMurdo D ry Valleys of A ntarctica, some 2 ,200 kilometers due south2 of New Zealand. This lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. While at the site for other research in the 1990s, D oran and his colleagues sent3 radar signals

40、 into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater.5That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. A t t

41、he bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria.6The researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. They will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. The water specimen wil

42、l be cultured to see if it contains life. Specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.注释：1. live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice：in the ice sheet sealing the lake和in the briny water below th

43、e ice是介词短语，用作状语，修饰live。2due south：正南3While at the site for other research in the 1990s, D oran and his colleagues sent . ：While at the site for other research in the 1990s是省略句，写全了就是：While D oran and his colleagues were at the site for other research in the 1990s .练习：1Paragraph 2 _2Paragraph 3 _3Para

44、graph 4_4Paragraph 6_A Significance of Testing Techniques for Sampling Microbes in the D eep Ice SheetB Special Features of Lake VidaC Later Expedition on MarsD 2004 Revisit Planned for C ollecting Lake Water SpecimensEA ntarctic Frozen Life Sampled and RevivedFA ccidental D isovery of Ice-sealed La

45、ke Water in A ntarctica5Scientists ignored Lake Vida because they thought that a lake of ice _.6Scientists expect that the life, if found in deeper water below the ice sheet, _.7What the scientists will do in 20Q4 _.8The salt concentration in the liquid water of Lake Vida _A is found to be a great d

46、eal higher than that of seawaterB was of little scientific valueC may be older than that collected below 39 feet of iceD might have come from MarsEis to collect some briny lake water for analysisyFmay return to life sooner than microbes frozen in the surface ice答案与题解：1E本段谈及 D oran考察队在南极冰块上钻洞深达39英尺，获

47、得微生物和水藻的样本。解冻后这些微生物和水藻又复活了。选项E概括了本段的大意。2A 本段的大意是试验冰层深处提取生命样本的技术可能有一天会用于火星生命的探索。3F本段要表达的意思是：冰下湖是科学家在做other research时偶然发现的。4D 本段说的是科学家2004年还要对布下湖再次进行考察。5B 选 B 的依据是第四段第二句。little scientific value是根据科学家当时认定Lake Vida只是a big block of ice而推论出来的。6C 选 C 的依据见第三段第一句。7E选E的依据见第六段第二句。8A 第四段最后一句是选A 的依据。译文：冰冻微生物在一个南

48、极咸水湖封冻了 2800多年的冰块中，科学家发现，冰冻的微生物和水藻在解冻后又复活了。该研究成果可能会有助于寻找火星上的生命，人们认为火星的地表下面有冰湖。由芝加哥的伊利诺伊大学的 Peter D oran率领的考察队在南极冰块上钻洞深达39英尺，采集了微生物和水藻的样本。 D oran的考察队将其带回并给其温暖环境，这些样本竟又复活了。D oran说，这些微生物有 2800年的高龄，但是或许还有更老的微生物生存在封湖冰块的更深层和冰块下面的咸水中。在以后的深险中，还会谨慎地对更深的冰层和水提取样本，对将来或许会用于火星的技术进行检测。这个湖名叫 Vida湖，面积为 4.5平方公里，是南极洲上

49、位于 McMurd干谷的湖群中的一个，位于新西兰正南约2200千米处。该湖在 20世纪 50年代已为人知，但过去人们认为这只不过是一个巨大的冰块，所以不曾引起足够的重视。但是在 20世纪 90年代，在进行其他考察的地方， D oran和同事们往覆盖湖面的清澈的冰层中发出雷达信号，惊奇地发现在62英尺深处居然有一个水潭，这里的水其咸度大约是海水的 7倍。于是，1996年，考察人员带着设备再次来到南极。钻出一个深及水层数英尺的洞。在洞底，考察人员采集到了水藻和微生物的样本。2004年，考察人员将携带经过杀菌的仪器再次回到南极。他们将在 62英尺的冰层上钻洞，对从湖中提取咸水的样本进行分析。水的样本

50、将会受到培育，看其是否含有生命。据预测，水中提取样本的历史甚至会比冰层中提取的生命形式的历史还要长。第四篇 C OMPACT D ISKS1If someone says to you your music C D s don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the C D s as specia

51、l numbers a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the C D as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.2A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the C D turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser lig

52、ht bounces back. This lets the C D player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.3 D igital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth

53、using digital codesB ar codes are read as digital codes in computer systemsD igital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.4There are many types of compact disks. One format is called C D -RWs. They can be recorded on and

54、re-recorded on（rewritten on）as you would do with a floppy disk3. A nother format is the C D -ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other C D s. These C D s have a dye layer that the C D writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital codeC D -R

55、OM stands for C ompact D isc Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One C D -ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto itC omputer games and other programs are considered to be C

56、 D -ROMs.5 C D s were first sold to the public in 1982These C D s still play well and sound fineC urrent C D s are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your C D s last a long time by taking care of them.6Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years bef

57、ore a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on C D s6 and playing your favorite computer games on C D -ROMs.词汇：bump / b?mp/ n隆块，隆起spiral / spa?r?l / adj螺旋形的probe / pr?b/n探测器floppy / fl?p?/ adj松软的floppy disk软（磁）盘format / f?:m?t/ n格式dye / d