英语语法句子成分研究分析

1、知识精讲成分用法说明位置主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主 体。陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前；疑问句或倒装句 屮放在动词、助动词、情态动词z后；ihercbc结 构中放在be之后；祈使句中常省谓语对主语加以陈述，说明主语怎 么样或是什么。必须由动词担 任，其人称和数必须和主语一 致。通常在主语后（疑问句、倒装句除外）。表语与系动词连用，一起构成复合 谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、 身份、类别、状态等。常在系动词之后。宾语表示动作、行为的对象。一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在 直接宾语之前。直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语 是名词或两个宾语都是人称代词吋，间接宾语放 在直接宾语之后，并在间接宾语前

2、加to或foe定语用來修饰名词或代词，说明人 或物的状态、品质、数量及所 属等。单个词常在被修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰 的词z后；副词作定语常放在被修饰的伺候；形 容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的伺候。状语修饰动词、形容词、副词，表 示动作发生的时间、地点、目 的、方式等。位置比较灵活。补语补充说明宾语或主语的成分。宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常 置于主语和谓语之后。同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解 释、说明，与前面的被修辞成 分在语法上处于同等地位。常常置于被说明的成分之后。有时可以放在句子 的前面（主语之前），尤其是主语为人称代词时， 为平衡句子的节奏，则把同位语放置于此代词前

3、。独立成分独立成分是指句子里的一个词 或词组与全局没有语法上的联 系，不属于句子的组成部分； 一般由感叹语、呼语或插入语 等担任。可放在句首、句中或句末。%1. 细讲：主语例句表现形式名词（短语）some young people can' t settle down to their pwn business 有些年轻人 不能专心于自己的工作。there are many people in the street街上有很多人代词she has been to america.她去了 美国 o this is the tallest tree here.这是这里最高的树。数词two w

4、ill be enough.两个就够了。 two plus eight is ten.一加八等于十。动词不定式（短语）to swim in this river is dangerous.在这条河里游泳很危险。 to improve the soil need a lot of money.改善土壤需要很多钱。动名词（短语）looking after the patient is a nursej s job照顾病人是护士的工作。 smoking is bad for health.吸烟有害健康。the+形容词the wounded were sent to the hospital on l

5、ime.受伤者被及时送到了医 院。the old should be respected.老年人应受到尊敬。从句that he will come to the con fere nee has excited every one of us.他要來参 加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。who will go makes no difference.谁去都没关系。三、谓语分类形式例句简单谓语动词或动词短语i have read romance of the west chamber.我读过西游 记。the story happened a few years ago 故事发生在几年前。his p

6、arents lived in a small town 他父母住在一个小城镇 里。he has fallen in love with he匚他爱上她了。复合谓语情态动词+动词原形he may come after supper.他可能晚饭后来。 i used to live in london.我过去住在伦敦。某些动词+加不定式 （如1 happen,would like,seem 等）i would like to invite all my friends here.我想把我所有的朋 友都邀请到这里来。my son happened to be playing in one comer

7、 of the room.我 儿子碰巧在房间的一角玩耍。系动词+表语the roses smell sweet.这玫瑰闻以来很香。his father is a famous writer.他父亲是一个著名的作家。四、表语表现形式例句名词he turned doctor after school ,as his parents had expectsd .正 如父母所愿，毕业后他成了医生。she felt a stranger in the house .在这所房子里她感到作家 是个陌生人。代词oh,it' s you,啊，是你呀！money isn" t everythin

8、g.金钱不是一切。数词he was the first to be invited.他是第一个被邀请的人。 she is now eighteen .她现在十八岁。形容词she looks more beautiful in this drees.穿着这身衣服她看起 来更漂亮。it is very cold today今天很冷。副词f 11 be back at 8:00.我将在八点回来。is it above or below ?它在上面还是在下面？不定式（短语）our task is to decorate the whole room 我们的任务是装饰 整个房间。all you have

9、 to do is to listen你只需要听。动名词（短语）her hobby is painting 她的爱好是绘画。the difficulty is raising money for these poor children.困难 是为这些贫困的孩子们筹钱。分词the news is very exciting .这个消息很令人振奋。the glass is broken .这个玻璃杯是破的介词短语the meeting is of great importance.这次会议具有重大意 义。an of his books are in this bag.他所有的书都在这个包里。从句t

10、his is what i am interested in.这正是我所感兴趣的。the question is whether it is worth doing .问题在于是否值 得做。%1. 宾语1宾语的分类类别说明例句特别要求直接宾语在及物动词z后表示 动作的直接对象或结 果he close the door.他关上 了 门。the boys listened to him attentively. 男孩们专心听他讲。双宾语（直接宾 语+间接宾语）与复 合宾语的区別：复 合宾语有逻辑上的 主谓关系，而双宾 语没有。1'可接宾语表示动作的方向或目 的，常指人；必须和 直接宾语并存

11、。she told me an interesting story .她给 我讲了一个有趣的故事。my uncle bought me a computer last week.上周我叔叔给我买了一台电 脑。复合宾语有了直接宾语后，句 子意思仍不完整，还 需补充成分，其补充 成分叫做宾语补充 语，二者共同组成复 合宾语we elected him our monitor 我们选 他当我们的班长。we often hear her sing that song 我 们经常听到她唱那首歌。同源宾语有些不及物动词带一 个与z含义相同、相 近或相关的名词作宾 语，这种宾语叫做同 源宾语。she dre

12、amed a nice dream.她做 f* 个好梦。they lived a happy life.他们过着幸福 的生活。介词宾语在介词之后与介词一 起构成介词短语。please give me some advice on how to learn english well请给我提些关于 如何学好英语的建议。he entered the chemistry lab without being permitted.他未经允许就进入 化学实验室。2.宾语的表现形式表现形式例句名词you can leave your pet with me while travelling.旅游时你可以把宠物

13、留给我 照看。you can depend on his honesty.你可以相信他的城实。代词please take them to the waiting room.请带他们去等候室。数词i have three.我有三个。the+形容词she is always helping the poor.她总是帮助穷人。不定式（短语）he refused to help her.他拒绝帮助她。动名词（短语）mary enjoys palying the piano玛丽喜欢弹钢琴。从句i am not certain if the plane will arrivre on time.%1. 定

14、语表现形式例句名词thisis a stone table and hard enough to hold the of goods.这是张石头桌子，足够 结实，能撑住这吐货物。形容词she bought a white skirt yesterday.她昨篇买了一件白色的裙子。代词his name is mark.他的名字叫马克。this book is written by lao she.这本书是老舍写的。数词she cut the cake into two pieces.她把那蛋糕切成两块。副词jack met tom on his way home.皆可在冋家路上遇见了汤姆。 th

15、e river here is pilluted.这儿的小河被污染了。名词所有格this shop has all kinds of women's shoes.这家商店有各种各样的女鞋。不定式（短语）there are a lot of things to be done.有很多事情要做。 i have many problems to solve.我有许多问题要解决。动名词drinking water is scarce in this area.这个地区饮用水缺乏。分词（短语）the sleeping baby is his nephew.这个睡着的婴儿是他的外甥。the fal

16、len leaves are flying with wind.落叶随风飞舞。the man sitting on the rock is my brothe匚坐在岩石上的那个人是我哥哥。介词短语the girl in red will give us a lecture.穿红衣服的那个女孩要给我做报告。从句the girl who is dancing is my sister.正在跳舞的那个女孩是我的妹妹。巧学妙计：一般來说，单个形容词、分词、代词、数词或名词作为定于位于被修饰的名词的前面，叫做“前置 定语”；副词、介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语、不定式（短语）和定语从句作定语位于被修饰

17、的名词的后面，叫做“后置定语”。七、状语1. 状语的分类类别例句时间状语i usually go to work at 8:00 in the morning.我通常早上八点去上班。原因状语not having received a reply, he wrote a second letter因为没有收到回信，他又 写了一封信。地点状语qingdao lies in the east of china.青岛位于中国东部。目的状语he gets up early in order to prepare breakfast for his daughter他早早起来给 他女儿准备让步状语even

18、 though he is young, he knowns a lot about history.尽管他还小，他知道很 多有关历史的事。程度状语i am not rich enough to buy a car .他没有足够的钱买车。条件状语if i had listened carefullyj could work out the problem now如果我仔细听了 , 现在我就能做出那个题了。结果状语he did a good job in the examination that he was praised by his parents他考试 考的很好，受到了父母的表扬。方式状

19、语she spoke slowly and clearly.®说的既慢又清楚。比较状语she did as well as her mother.她做得跟她妈妈一样好。伴随状语he went upstairs , singing and smiling.他微笑着，唱着歌上了 楼。2、状语的表现形式表现形式例句副词tom speaks english very fast and i almost carft understand him.汤姆英语说得 很快，我几乎听不懂他说的话。介词短语don't step on the grass ,for it is growing.请勿践

20、踏草地,它们正在生长。不定式（短语）he is too excited to say anything.他激动得说不出来。分词（短语）their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.他们的车碰到 交 通堵塞，因此导致了延误。given more time , i can do it better.再给我点时间，我会做得更好。形容词（短语）the little boy stared at him , full of fear.那个小男孩盯着他看，心里充满了恐 惧。名词（短语）we worked day and night

21、 to finish the work on time.我们为按时完成工作夜以 继日地干。从句if i had been free, i would have visited you.如果有空，我就去拜访你了。3状语的位置位置例句一般，副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，放 在，放在句末。she speaks french fluently.她的法语讲得很流利。频度副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，放在 被修饰动词z前，be动词、助动词、情态 动词之后。i usually go to work on foot.我通常步行去上班° you needn't always help me.你不必总是

22、帮我。有时为了强调，副词作状语修饰谓语动 词时，也可放在句首。sometime i go to work by bus.有时候我乘公共汽 车去上班。副词作状语修饰形容词或副词吋，放在 被修饰词之前。但enough作副词修饰形容 词或副词时，放在被修饰词之后。the local people are very king to the visitors . 当地 人对来访者很友好。i am quite happy now.我现在十分幸福。the room is big enough to hold 80 people.这个房 间大到可以容纳80人。副词修饰全局或起连接作用时，放在句 首。he ne

23、ver studies. instead , he plays all day .他从 来不学习，而是整天玩。%1. 补语类别表现形式例句宾 语 补 足 语名词we made him our monitor.我们选他当我们的班长。 they named the baby jack.他们给那个婴儿取名杰克。形容词i found it difficult to finish the work on time.我发现按时完成 工作很困难。介词短语she always thinks herself above others.她总是认为自己高于 别人。we found her in excellent

24、condition.我们发现她处丁极佳状 态。不定式（短语）the teacher advised the students to have a rest* 老师建议学生 休息一会儿。分词（短语）i see her entering a supermarket.我看见她止走进一家超市。 he just had his hair cut。他刚刚理了 发。名词（短语）he was named jack.o 他的名字叫杰克。he was found the right man for the job.我们发现他是做这份 工作的最佳人选。形容词he was considered honest.他被认为

25、是诚实的。介词短语the machine was found in a bad state.我们发现这台机器状况 不好。不定式（短语）the factory was ordered to be closed .那家工丿被勒令关闭。she was considered to be one of the most promosing actresses. 她被认为是最有前途的女演员之一。副词please let him in 请让他进来。%1. 同位语表现形式例句名词there was the family , father，mother, sisters , all working for me

26、 , all happy. 爸妈姐妹们都在为我张罗着，全家都兴高采烈。代词myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged 迈拉自己由于悉心为 老年人工作而获得一枚奖章。数词is this the room for us two?这是我们两人的房间吗?从句the news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.我们 明 天放假 的消息不是真的。十、独立成分表现形式说明例句感叹语常表示说话人当 时的情绪,如惊奇、 恐惧、懊恼，高兴 等，也可用来打招 呼。oh! please

27、don't ask me any more .啊,求你不要再 问我了。（痛苦）oh dear ! why should you be so stubborn!天哪，你怎 么这么固执！（不耐烦）my goodness! how could you work so fast!我的天！ 你怎么干得这么快！（惊奇）hello! how are you ?嘿，你好?（打招呼）呼语是对听话人的直接 呼吁。be quiet, children.孩子们，安静点。xiao yang ,what do you have on your mind? 小杨，你 有什么想法？插入语插在句末或句了-中 间的成分，

28、它们一 般都用逗号或句子 的其他部分隔开。what is it, do you think?你认为这是什么呢？he was a fool to have left them, he thought.他想他离 开他们是愚蠢的。this, i think , is the only way out of the difficulty.我 想这个是摆脱困难的唯一办法。what on earth is wrong with you, jessica?杰西卡， 你究竟是怎么回事？练习与巩固一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1 the students got on the school bus.2

29、. he handed me the newspape匚3 i shall answer your question after class4. what a beautiful chinese painting!5. they went hunting together early in the morning.6. his job is to train swimmers.7. he took many photos of the palaces in beijing8. there is going to be an american film tonight9. he is to le

30、ave for shanghai tomorrow.10. his wish is to become a scientistil he managed to finish the work in time.12. tom came to ask me for advice13. he found it important to master english14. do you have anything else to say?15. to be honest, your pronunciation is not so good16- would you please tell me you

31、r address?17. he sat there, reading a newspaper.18. it is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy19. he noticed a man enter the room.20. the apples tasted sweet.二、分析下列句子成分1 our school is not far from my home2. it is a great pleasure to talk with you3. all of us considered him honest.4. my gran

32、dfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. he broke a piece of glass.6. he made it clear that he would leave the city.7. 一i love you more than her, child 8. tees turn green when spring comes.9. they pushed the door open.10. grandma told me an interesting story last night.三、划分句子成分练习1 .they are worki

33、ng on the farm now2.seeing is believing3. all of us like kobe bryant very much4.she became a doctor in 19985.the book lying on the floor are mine6.suddenly it begins to rain7.to catch the train j got up early yesterday8.1 always find her happy9. he wonders if i still study english10. the letter whic

34、h i received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine1 l.we always work hard at english.12.he said he didn't come13.she watched her daughter playing the piano.14.speaking doesn't mean doing.15. bye the time i got to the station,the train had left.16. the children bought their parents a

35、car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.17.it takes me an hour to get there四、选择填空：()1 will leave for beijinga. now there the manb. the man here nowc the man who is here now d. the man is here now()2. the weathera. wet and cold b is wet and cold c not wet and cold d. were wet and cold()3. the

36、apple tasteda. sweetsb sweetly c nicely()4. he got upyesterday morning.a. latelyb. latec. latest()5. the actorat the age of 70.d. sweetd. latterd. deaded()6.were all very tired, but none of _a. we, usb. us, we c. we, our()7. he found the street much.a. crowdb. crowdingc crowded()8.1 thinknecessary to learn english well.a. itsb. itc. thatwould stop to take a rest.d. we, wed. crowdedlyd. that isa. deadb. diedc. dyed()9. the dogmad.a. looksb. is looked c. is being looked d. was looked()10.1 will never forget the dayi joined the army.