心理学Psycholog英文版PPT记忆和情绪

1、Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS Liping JiaTwo questionszWhat did you learn in the class before this class?zIf you win 5 million lottery, how do you feel?Memory Memory persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of informationMemoryzYou remembered what you learned in the last class, this

2、 is memory.z Memory is very important for uszWith out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible.z Alzheimersdiseasezhttp:/ Memory as Information Processing similar to a computer write to file (encoding)save to disk (storage)read from disk (retrieval)Memory Enc

3、oding the processing of information into the memory system i.e., extracting meaningMemory Storage the retention of encoded information over time Retrieval process of getting information out of memoryMemory Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system Wo

4、rking Memory focuses more on the processing of briefly stored informationMemory Short-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the me

5、mory systemA Simplified Memory ModelExternaleventsSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemorySensory inputAttention to importantor novel informationEncodingEncodingRetrievingEncoding: Getting Information InEncodingEffortfulAutomaticEncoding Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental in

6、formationspacetimeEncoding Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious effortEncoding Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Spacing Effect distributed practice yields better long- term retention than

7、massed practiceEncoding201510508162432425364Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2Number of repetitions of list on day 1Encoding: Serial Position Effect12Percentage of words recalled0908070605040302010Position of word in list12345678910 11Serial Position Effect-tendency to recall best the last

8、 items in a listWhat Do We Encode? Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words Visual Encoding encoding of picture imagesEncodingEncoding Imagery mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when

9、 combined with semantic encoding Chill spark trailEncoding Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units like horizontal organization-1776149218121941Encoding: Chunking Organized information is more easily recalledStorage:Short-Term Memory Short-Term Memory limited in duration and capaci

10、ty “magical” number 7+/-20102030405060708090369121518Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request(no rehearsal allowed)Percentagewho recalledconsonantsStorage: Long-Term Memory SubsystemsTypes oflong-termmemoriesExplicit(declarative)With consciousrecallImplicit(nondeclarativ

11、e)Without conscious recallFacts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)Personally experiencedevents(“episodic memory”)Skills-motorand cognitiveDispositions-classical andoperant conditioningeffectsRetrieval: Getting Information Out Recall measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information lea

12、rned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test Recognition Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice testRetrieval Relearning memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time Priming activation,

13、often unconsciously, of particular associations in memoryForgetting Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters the long-term memory ExternaleventsSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemoryAttentionEncodingEncodingEncodingfailure leadsto forgettingForgetting Forgetting as encoding fail

14、ure Which penny is the real thing?Forgetting Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days- initially rapid, then levels off with time1234510152025301020304050600Time in days since learning listPercentage oflist retainedwhen relearningForgetting Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information

15、from long-term memoryExternaleventsAttentionEncodingEncodingRetrieval failureleads to forgettingRetrievalSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemoryForgetting as Interference Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information Proactive (forward acting) Interferencedisruptive effect of p

16、rior learning on recall of new information Retroactive (backwards acting) Interferencedisruptive effect of new learning on recall of old informationForgetting as InterferenceForgetting Retroactive InterferenceWithout interferingevents, recall isbetterAfter sleepAfter remaining awake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8H

17、ours elapsed after learning syllables90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0Percentageof syllablesrecalledForgetting Forgetting can occur at any memory stage As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of itForgetting- Interference Motivated Forgetting people unknowingly revise memories Repressi

18、on defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memoriesMemory Construction Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questionedDepiction of actual accidentLeading question:“About how fast were the carsgoing when they smashed intoeach other?”Memoryconstruc

19、tionImprove Your Memory Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material Make material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices associate with peg words-something already stored make up story chunkImprove Your Memory Activate retrieval cues-mental

20、ly recreate situation and mood Recall events while they are fresh- before you encounter misinformation Minimize interference Test your own knowledge rehearse determine what you do not yet knowEmotion39Emotion40angryhappyEmotion41fearsadEmotion42EmotionzFaraday, an UK scientists, because of his work

21、stress and his poor body condition, he fall ill frequently. Many treatments were not effective, then, a famous doctor gave him a check, without a prescription, just gave him a words: a clown into the city, more than a dozen doctors.“43EmotionzFaraday savor this sentence. From then on, he often took

22、time to go to the circus and comedy, good show always made him laugh, he also took a holiday to the field and the beach, keep happy mood, over time, Faradays body gradually recovered.44EmotionzWhatcanyoulearnfromthestory?z http:/ of emotionzJames-LangeTheoryzCannon-BardTheoryzCognitivePerspectivesonEmotion46Theories of emotionzWhatisemotion?4748Think: why the rain cause different emotions?Theories of emotion49Theories of emotionXiao mingFarmer needPlay footballrainNot