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TEXT ONEMost cells are transparentin other words, they are not very good at reflecting or absorbing light. To look at them under a microscope thus requires trickery. Many of these tricks kill the cells, and even those that keep them alive look only at slices through each cell, rather than seeing the whole thing in three dimensions.Michael Feld, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his colleagues, think they can change that. They have invented a way to look at cells that are still alive. Moreover, they can do so in three dimensions. Their method is called tomographic phase microscopy, and it is reported in this weeks Nature Methods. Instead of relying on absorbed or reflected light, Dr Felds technique celebrates transparency by looking at light that gets through unaltered. It does so by measuring a property called the refractive index. This index measures the speed of light in a material. (Light zips along at the actual “speed of light”, faster than which nothing can go, only when it is travelling through a vacuum.) The different components of a cell, though transparent, have different refractive indices. Dr Feld and his team therefore set out to map what these differences are, with a view to using them to distinguish between cellular components.To measure the refractive indices of different parts of a cell they use a technique called interferometry, which involves splitting a beam of light in two. One half, known as the object beam, passes through the cell; the other is directed along a different path and acts as a reference. The length of the reference path is such that if no sample is present, the two daughter beams will be as perfectly in phase when they meet as they were when they were separated. The crests and the troughs of their waves will reinforce each other, and the result will be brightness. The more that the light passing through the sample is slowed down, however, the more the two beams will be out of phase. Crest will fall on trough, and the result will be darkness. It is this phase shift that gives Dr Felds new form of microscopy its name. A single pair of beams does not, however, produce a useful image. To do that requires scanning the object beam through the target about a hundred different ways. From the refractive index of each path it is possiblewith the application of some suitably crunchy computing powerto produce a three-dimensional image.To test his idea, Dr Feld looked at cervical-cancer cells. If you identify this cancer early, the patient will probably survive. Miss it, and she will die. Dr Feld wondered if the changes that occur during cancer would show up using his new method. They did, in a part of the cell called the nucleolus. This is the place where the components of protein factories are made. Since cancer cells grow rapidly, and thus have a high demand for proteins, it was a likely place to expect changes.Dr Feld also has plans to use beams of different colours, since each colour has a slightly different refractive index in a given material. That would provide extra data for the computer to chew on, and probably result in better pictures. With enough pictures, Dr Felds technique may make biology as transparent as the cells it studies.1Tomographic phase microscopy is different from the other tricks that look at cells in that_A the light that gets through the cells is unaltered in tomographic phase microscopy.B it does not require the trickery to kill cells.C it is not dependent on absorbed or reflected light.D it could see all the components of the cells from three dimensions.2. Which one of the following statements is True of the speed of light in materials? A Light runs the fastest when it is passes through transparent materials in the real worldB The speed of light can only be precisely measured when the light is traveling in vacuumC The speed of light in any material is slower than the actual “speed of light”.D The speed of light shifts when the light travel through different cells. 3The result of darkness in the technique of interferometry implies that_A there is no light passing through the sample.B the refractive index of the sample is very great.C the speed of the light passing through the sample is very slow. D the two daughter beams weaken each other.4Dr Felds method could be applied into identifying cancer early by _A detecting changes of refractive indices in the components of protein factories.B finding out the changes of the refractive indices in some parts of the cervical-cancer cells. C examining the changes of the refractive indices in the nucleolus. D identifying the changes of the refractive indices in part of the nucleolus of the cancer cells. 5The best title of the passages could be _A Image of the Transparent Cells.B New Technique of Celebrating Transparency.C Refractive Indices of the Transparent Cells.D New Method of Detecting Cancer Cells.篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了观察透明活细胞的新方法。第一段讲述过去观察方法的问题；第二段讲述新方法X线断层阶段显微镜方法的大致情况；第三、四、五段讲述该方法具体的情况；第六段讲述Feld博士研究的方法可以探测癌症细胞；第七段讲述Feld 博士使用不同颜色光束来得到更好的图像。词汇注释：tomographic adj. X线断层的 interferometry n. 干涉测量crunchy adj. 松脆的 cervical adj. 子宫的nucleolus n. 核仁难句突破：(1) Dr Feld and his team therefore set out to map what these differences are, with a view to using them to distinguish between cellular components.主体句式 Dr Feld and his team set out to, with a view to结构分析 这是一个复合句，what 引导的是宾语从句；with a view to是句子的状语。句子译文 Feld博士及其小组因此开始寻找这些不同，希望可以通过不同的折射率来辨析细胞的成分。 (2)To measure the refractive indices of different parts of a cell they use a technique called interferometry, which involves splitting a beam of light in two.主体句式 To measurethey use a technique 结构分析 这是一个复合句，which 引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的interferometry。To不定式结构是目的状语。句子译文 为了估测某一细胞不同组成部分的折射率，他们使用了一种将一束光线一分为二的干涉测量方法。题目分析：1Tomographic phase microscopy is different from the other tricks that look at cells in that_1X线断层阶段显微镜方法和其他观察细胞的方法不同之处在于_A the light that gets through the cells is unaltered in tomographic phase microscopy.A 穿过细胞的光在X线断层阶段显微镜方法中是没有改变的。B it does not require the trickery to kill cells.B 它不要求要那些杀掉细胞的小伎俩。C it is not dependent on absorbed or reflected light.C它不依靠吸收或反射的光。D it could see all the components of the cells from three dimensions.D 它可以从三个方位上看到细胞的所有组成成分。答案C难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第一段和第二段，该显微镜方法可以观察活细胞，但是之前的一些方法也可以看活细胞，因此并不是不同之处；A选项，这点第二段提到的是一些光穿过时没有改变，不代表所有的都没改变；C选项，第二段提到没有依靠吸收或反射的光；D选项选项的这点文章中没有提到。因此，答案为C选项。2. Which one of the following statements is True of the speed of light in materials?2. 关于光在物质中的传播速度，下列哪个陈述是正确的？A Light runs the fastest when it is passes through transparent materials.A 光在穿过透明物体时的速度是最快的。B The speed of light can only be precisely measured when the light is traveling in vacuum.B 光速只有在真空状态下才能够被准确测量。C The speed of light in any material is slower than the actual “speed of light”.C 任何物质中光的速度都比真正的光速慢。D The speed of light shifts when the light travel through different cells. D 光穿过不同的细胞时光速也会变化。答案 C难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第三段，光在真空中速度最快，而真实世界中真空也存在，因此A选项都是错误的。B选项的错误则是在于，虽然其表述正确，但是却与题干要求讨论的“光在物质中的传播速度”无关。C选项，文章也提到了这点，没有别的物体别光速快的。D选项，光通过不同的细胞折射率不同。因此，答案为C选项。3The result of darkness in the technique of interferometry implies that_3干涉测量法中，黑暗的结果表示_A there is no light passing through the sample.A 没有光通过样品。B the refractive index of the sample is very great.B 样品的折射率很大。C the speed of the light passing through the sample is very slow.C 通过样品的光速很慢。D the two daughter beams weaken each other.D 两个子光束互相削弱。答案 D 难度系数 分析 推理题。根据第四段，当通过物体的光的速度减慢很多，就和外面的光束异相程度很大，波峰波谷相抵消，从而是黑暗的。因此，选项D最为符合。4Dr Felds method could be applied into identifying cancer early by _4Feld博士的方法可以运用到早期发现癌症，通过_A detecting changes of refractive indices in the components of protein factories.A 探测蛋白质工厂组成部分折射率的变化。B finding out the changes of the refractive indices in some parts of the cervical-cancer cells.B 发现部分子宫癌细胞中折射率的变化。C examining the changes of the refractive indices in the nucleolus.C 探索核仁细胞中折射率的变化。D identifying the changes of the refractive indices in part of the nucleolus of the cancer cells.D 找出部分癌症细胞内核中折射率的变化。答案 C难度系数 分析 根据第六段“They did, in a part of the cell called the nucleolus. This is the place where the components of protein factories are made. Since cancer cells grow rapidly, and thus have a high demand for proteins, it was a likely place to expect changes”，可见Feld博士是在核仁细胞中发现了这种变化，因为癌症细胞生长需要蛋白质，而这个细胞是蛋白质工厂生产的地方，因此，如果有变化应该可以体现在核仁细胞中。答案为D选项。5The best title of the passages could be _5这篇文章最好的题目是_A Image of the Transparent Cells.A 透明细胞的样子。B New Technique of Celebrating Transparency.B 研究透明的新技术。C Refractive Indices of the Transparent Cells.C 透明细胞的折射率。D New Method of Detecting Cancer Cells.D 发现癌细胞的新方法。答案 B难度系数 分析 主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了研究细胞折射率的新方法，运用这种新方法可以做许多研究，如细胞的样子和癌细胞。因此，答案为B选项。参考译文：大多数的细胞都是透明的，也就是说，他们没有很强的反射或吸收光的能力强。因此，要在显微镜下看到它们就需要一定的技巧了。许多技巧都会杀死这些细胞，而那些能保证它们存活的技巧使人们看到细胞的切片，而不是从三维立体的角度来观察细胞。麻省理工大学的Michael Feld 及其同事认为他们可以改变这一点。他们发明了观察活细胞的方法，而且还可以从三维立体观察到。他们的方法叫做X线断层阶段显微镜方法，于本周刊登在自然方法上。Feld博士不是通过那些吸收或反射的光、而是利用了细胞的透明来观察穿过后细胞没有改变的光。该方法是通过测量折射率来实现的。折射率测量光在某种物质中的速度。（光只有通过真空时才以真正的“光速”来快速移动，没有别的物体比它更快了）细胞的不同成分虽然是透明的，但是却有不同的折射率。Feld博士及其小组因此开始寻找这些不同，希望可以通过不同的折射率来辨析细胞的成分。 为了估测某一细胞不同组成部分的折射率，他们使用了一种将一束光线一分为二的干涉测量方法，其中一半叫做物体光束，能穿过细胞；另外一半则沿着不同的路线前进，作为参照。参照路线的长度一定，如果没有物体，那么这两个光束就会同相，与它们分开时的情况一样。两束光的波峰和波谷会互相加强，结果就是非常明亮的光。通过物体的光度减慢越多，两个光束异相的程度就越大。此时，波峰会落到波谷，最终结果就是黑暗。正是因为相的变化，Feld博士的新显微镜方法才有了自己的名称。但是单对光束不会创造出有用的图像来。图像的生成需要将物体光束以一百种不同的方式来通过物体并进行扫描。从每条路的折射率来看，通过运用一些适当的计算力量，就有可能可以生成三维图像。为了检测这种想法，Feld博士研究了子宫癌细胞。越早辨认出该细胞，病人存货的几率就越大。如果忽略了该细胞，病人就会死亡。Feld博士想知道使用自己的新方法是不能发现癌症期间的一些变化。他们在一种名为核仁的细胞中发现了这种变化。这种细胞是生产蛋白质工厂。因为癌症细胞生长过于迅速、需要大量的蛋白质，因此这里是发生改变最有可能的地方。Feld 博士还计划使用不同颜色的光束，因为每种颜色的光束在某一物质中都有略微不同的折射率。这就为计算机运行提供了更多的数据，而且可能会有更好的图像。有了足够多的图像，Feld 博士的技术就可以让生物学变得透明起来，就像他研究的那些透明细胞一样。TEXT TWOFor a Nobel laureate, the molecular biologist Max Perutz made a lot of mistakes. His science was strewn with assertions that were not supported by the sparse evidence he had gathered. No matter. He was eventually right about the important thingsand gentleman enough to concede his errors.With bloody-minded persistence, Perutz mastered the painstaking task of analysing images of haemoglobin, the component of blood that carries oxygen. This was no mean feat: a molecule of haemoglobin consists of thousands of atoms and, at the time, only simple structures of tens of atoms had been mapped. It was for this work that Perutz was awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1962. But his triumphal announcement of the correct structure of haemoglobin was by no means his first solution to the problem: he had previously claimed all sorts of unlikely arrangements, backing down each time a colleague spotted a fatal flaw.Even when he did finally hold the secret to why blood supports life, he did not piece together the evidence to produce the ultimate result. Indeed, Perutz was furious when a junior researcher saw how the final piece fitted and could not resist popping it into its slot, completing what Perutz viewed as his jigsaw puzzle. Nevertheless, it was Perutz who had gathered all the pieces and who ensured, in the end, that they were correctly assembled.Perutz was long the outsider. Of Jewish descent, he was a lapsed Catholic by religion. He left his native Austria in 1936, two years before Hitler annexed it. The outbreak of war saw him expelled to Canada as an enemy alien. On returning to Cambridge, he was not welcomed by his college. It was only after he won the Nobel prize that he felt accepted as an Englishman, despite having been naturalised as a British subject 20 years earlier. As a scientist, too, Perutz was always on the fringe. His field of endeavour, X-ray crystallography, was neither physics nor maths nor chemistry nor biology but a combination of these. As often happens to researchers working in interdisciplinary areas of science, his progress was impeded by an establishment that sought to promote existing subjects. He lived from grant to grant, each lasting a matter of months. Nevertheless, he managed to establish the unit in which James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the double helix structure of DNA. A decade later, a whole institute was established under him.Georgina Ferrys biography captures not only the scientific advances made by Perutz but also his curious personal qualities. A skinny, sickly and, for much of his life, skint individual, Perutz is an unlikely hero. He was demandinghis diet required him to eat black bananas, even in Februaryand he was unselfconscious in ensuring that his elaborate needs were met. He was also naive in insisting that scientific reasoning would trump political thought and religious teaching. Ms Ferry portrays his foibles sympathetically. Perutz used to complain that, although he was famous, few people knew what it was he had achieved. By combining scientific with personal anecdotes, her book goes a good way towards redressing that balance.1Max Perutz won the Nobel prize though he made a lot of mistakes because_A his important contribution outweighed those marginal mistakes.B he made assertions not based by the sparse evidence he had gathered.C he could always reach the correct conclusion in the end. D he was brave enough to admit his mistakes and strived for improvement.2Which one of the following statements is TURE of Perutzs task of analyzing structure of haemoglobin?A Perutz successfully worked out the structures of all the different arrangements of atoms of haemoglobin. B It is not Perutz who had first provided an answer to the correct structure of haemoglobin. C It is in fact Perutzs colleague who had sorted out the solution to the problem of haemoglobins structure.D Perutz had worked diligently on the divergences between himself and his colleague in analyzing structure of haemoglobin.3Perutz was very angry with the junior researcher who popped the final piece into its slot because_ A the researcher asserted that what Perutz viewed was only jigsaw puzzle.B the researcher pointed out that Perutz did not piece together the evidence to prove the final result.C the researcher passed off the secret to why blood supports life as his own idea.D the researcher pieced together the evidence to work out the final result. 4.Perutzs progress was interrupted by an establishment because _A the subject he studied did not belong to any of the conventional disciplines.B his study threatened existing subjects by promoting interdisciplinary areas of science.C that establishment prevented him from receiving adequate and long-term funds.D he was diverted to the cause of setting up a brand new institute. 5The word “redressing” (Line 3, Paragraph 7) most probably means _A remedying. B rectifying.C re-adjusting.D reversing.篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了诺贝尔奖获得者分子生物学家Max Perutz的研究特点。第一段讲述Max Perutz研究特点；第二段讲述他分析血红蛋白从而取得诺贝尔奖化学奖；第三段讲述分析血红蛋白时出现的一个小插曲；第四段讲述他的一些个人经历；第五段讲述他研究课题性质给他带来的阻碍；第六、七段讲述他的妻子为他撰写的传记。词汇注释：molecular n. 分子的 haemoglobin n. 血红蛋白feat n. 壮举 jigsaw puzzle n. 智力七巧板游戏 annex n. 统治 crystallography n. 结晶学 helix n. 螺旋 skint adj. 穷光蛋的，身无分文的 unselfconscious adj. 自然的 foible n. 癖好难句突破：(1) But his triumphal announcement of the correct structure of haemoglobin was by no means his first solution to the problem: he had previously claimed all sorts of unlikely arrangements, backing down each time a colleague spotted a fatal flaw.主体句式 But his triumphals announcement was by no means his first solution: he had claimed 结构分析 这是一个并列句；后面分句中，现在分词结构作句子的伴随状语。句子译文 但是血红蛋白正确的结构并不是他原来解决该问题的首选方案，他之前曾经作出各种各样的不可能的安排，每次都因为某个同事指出了致命的错误而放弃其主张。(2) Indeed, Perutz was furious when a junior researcher saw how the final piece fitted and could not resist popping it into its slot, completing what Perutz viewed as his jigsaw puzzle.主体句式 Perutz was furious when, completing结构分析 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句；该时间状语从句中how引导的是宾语从句；compeleting这个分词结构是时间状语从句中的伴随状语。句子译文 实际上，一个资历较小的研究者发现最后的证据一致并禁不住将该证据放入合适的地方，从而完成了Perutz认为是他自己的成果时，Perutz便勃然大怒。 题目分析：1Max Perutz won the Nobel prize though he made a lot of mistakes because_1Max Perutz尽管出了许多错但是还是赢得了诺贝尔奖，因为_A him important contribution outweighed those marginal mistakes.A 他的重要贡献远远超出了那些边缘性的错误。B he guaranteed some decisive factors were correct. B 他保证一些有决策性的因素是正确的。C he could always reach the correct conclusion in the end.C 他可以最后得出正确的结论。D he was brave enough to admit his mistakes and strived for improvement.D 他勇于承认自己的错误，并争取改进。答案 C难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第一段，尽管Perutz出了不少错，但都是小错，大事情上没有出错，最终才赢得了诺贝尔奖。因此，答案为C选项。A选项看似正确，但错在“marginal mistakes”这个提法，在文章中没有出现。小错可能也是一些关系核心的问题，而不是边缘性的。而B和D选项并不是他获得诺贝尔奖的根本原因。2Which one of the following statements is TURE of Perutzs task of analyzing structure of haemoglobin?2关于Perutz分析血红蛋白结构，哪个陈述是正确的？A Perutz successfully worked out the different arrangements of the structures of all the atoms of haemoglobin.A Perutz成功地发现了所有血红蛋白原子结构的不同组成。B It is not Perutz who had first provided an answer to the correct structure of haemoglobin.B 并不是Perutz最先提供了血红蛋白的正确结构。C It is in fact Perutzs colleague who had sorted out the solution to the problem of haemoglobins structure.C 是Perutz的同事发现了解决血红蛋白结构问题的方法。D Perutz had worked diligently on the divergences between himself and his colleague in analyzing structure of haemoglobin.D Perutz在分析血红蛋白时和他的同事有许多分歧，他就这些分歧进行了很勤奋的研究工作。答案A难度系数 分析 细节题。A选项，第二段中提到了正是因为这个原因才获得了诺贝尔奖。 B选项，血红蛋白完整的结构是由他提供的；C选项，第三段中是他的同事把一些材料总结起来得到了结论，但是之前Perutz已经得到了结论；D选项，Perutz接受了同事的建议，所以并不是存在许多分歧。因此A选项为正确答案。3Perutz was very angry with the junior researcher who popped the final piece into its slot because_3Perutz对于将最后证据放入合适地方的那个低级研究院大发雷霆，因为_A the researcher asserted that what Perutz viewed was only jigsaw puzzle.A 该研究者宣称Perutz看到的只是拼图。B the researcher pointed out that Perutz did not piece together the evidence to prove the final result.B 该研究者指出了Perutz并没有将证据结合起来证明最后的结论。C the researcher passed off the secret to why blood supports life as his own idea.C 该研究者将为什么血液可以支持生命的答案归为自己的观点。D the researcher pieced together the evidence to work out the final result.D 该研究者将证据结合在一起得到了最终的结果。答案 D难度系数 分析 根据第三段，这个同事是发现最后的证据一致，忍不住将证据方放在合适的地方，得出了最后的结论，其实Perutz早已得出了这个结论，因此，他非常生气。 D选项符合这个意思。4.Perutzs progress was interrupted by an establishment because _4. Perutz的进步受到一个机构的阻挠，因为_A the subject he studied did not belong to any of the conventional disciplines.A 他的研究题目并不属于任何传统学科的范畴。B his study threatened existing subjects by promoting interdisciplinary areas of scienceB他的研究主在推动跨学科领域的发展，因而威胁到了目前存在的学科。C that establishment prevented him from receiving adequate and long-term funds.C 现有机制使他很难得到充足和长期的资金。D he was diverted to the cause of setting up a brand new institute.D 他的注意力转移到了建立一个新学科的事业上。答案 A难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第五段，他研究的领域是边缘学科，是新的学科，所以提倡研究现有学科的机构就阻挠他的进展。因此，A选项最为符合题意。B选项是干扰选项，看似有道理，但是文章从没有提到了“威胁到了目前存在的学科”的说法。C选项在文章有所提及，但不是题干的主要原因。D选项的说法不正确，因为他的研究领域一直是跨学科的新兴领域，因而不存在注意力转移的问题。5The word “redressing” (Line 3, Paragraph 7) most probably means _5“redressing” (第七段第三行) 最有可能的意思是_A remedying.A 补偿。B rectifying.B 纠正。C re-adjusting.C 重调。D reversing.D 颠倒。答案 C难度系数 分析猜词题。根据上下文“Ms Ferry portrays his foibles sympathetically. Perutz used to complain that, although he was famous, few people knew what it was he had achieved. By combining scientific with personal anecdotes, her book goes a good way towards redressing that balance”，支出Perutz过去抱怨说虽然自己名气很大，但是很少有人知道他所作出的成就是什么，所以现在这本书将科学和个人轶事结合在一起，就调整了这种平衡，因此，答案为C选项。参考译文：作为一个诺贝尔奖获得者，分子生物学家Max Perutz可出了不少错。他的一些科学论断都不能被他搜集的那些零星证据所支持。但这都没关系，他在一些重要方面都是正确的，而且也很绅士地承认自己的错误。尽管困难重重，但Max Perutz还是一直主持分析血红蛋白的形状，血红蛋白是血液中带有氧的成分。这可不是个一般的壮举；血红蛋白的一个分子就包括有成千上万个原子，而只有几十个原子的简单结构被绘制出来了。正是因为这项工作，Perutz于1962年被授予诺贝尔化学奖。但是血红蛋白正确的结构并不是他原来解决该问题的首选方案，他之前曾经作出各种各样的不可能的安排，每次都因为某个同事指出了致命的错误而放弃其主张。甚至当他最后已经掌握了血液为什么能够维持生命的奥秘时，他也没有将这些证据都综合起来以得出最后的结论。实际上，一个资历较小的研究者发现最后的证据一致并禁不住将该证据放入合适的地方，从而完成了Perutz认为是他自己的成果时，Perutz便勃然大怒。但是，正是Perutz搜集了所有的证据，最后也确定它们都放到了正确的位置。Perutz一直被视为一个外人。他有着犹太人的血统，是个离经叛道的天主教徒。他在1936年即希特勒占领奥地利的两年前离开了自己的祖国。战争爆发后，他被当成异族敌人而被驱逐到加拿大。回到剑桥后，他却没有受到学校的欢迎。后来直到他获得了诺贝尔奖以后，他才感觉是被接受为一个英国人，尽管20年前他已经移民成为一名英国人。Perutz作为一名科学家也一直处在边缘地位。他自己的研究领域X射线结晶学既不是物理、也不是数学、化学或生物，而是这些科学的混合。正如发生在那些交叉科学领域研究者身上的情况一样，他的成就受到一股致力于促进现有学科发展的力量的阻挠。他的资助基金不断从一个转到另一个，每个都持续不了几个月。但是他竭力建立起了自己的单位，James Watson 和Francis Crick就是在这里阐释了DNA双螺旋结构的。十年后，他成立了一个完整的研究所。GeorginaFerry的传记不仅记录了Perutz在科学上的成就，还记载了他的古怪个性。Perutz一生大部分时间都是消瘦、苍白的穷光蛋，他根本不像个英雄。他过分要求自己，他的食谱只允许他吃黑香蕉，甚至在二月也得如此，他在确保自己复杂的要求都能够满足时甚者不会意识到这些要求有多么高。他也非常天真，坚持认为科学的推理要优于政治思想和宗教指导。Ferry夫人富有感情地描述他的怪癖。Perutz过去抱怨说虽然自己名气很大，但是很少有人知道他所作出的成就是什么。Ferry夫人的书将科学与个人轶事结合在一起，从而调整了这种平衡。TEXT THREELaden with hefty backpacks, French children filed back to school this week amid fresh agonising about the education system. Given its reputation for rigour and secular egalitarianism, and its well-regarded baccalaurat exam, this is surprising. What do the French think is wrong?Quite a lot, to judge from a 30“letter to teachers” just sent by President Nicolas Sarkozy. Too many school drop-outs; not enough respect or authority in the classroom (pupils, he says, should stand up when the teacher enters); too little value placed on the teaching profession; too little art and sport in the curriculum; too much passive rote-learning; and too much “theory and abstraction”. France, the president concludes, needs “to rebuild the foundations” of its education system.The criticisms touch all levels. A government-commissioned report reveals that two in five pupils leave primary school with “serious learning gaps” in basic reading, writing and arithmetic. One in five finish secondary school with no qualification at all. Even the baccalaurat is under attack. This years pass rate of 83% is up from just over 60% in the early 1960s. “The bac is worth absolutely nothing,” asserts Jean-Robert Pitte, president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV.The bac is not under review, but other changes have begun. Xavier Darcos, the education minister, has loosened school-catchment rules, to allow children from poor areas to get places in good schools elsewhere. He has set up an after-hours service for lower secondary schools, to supervise homework and keep kids off the streets. Mr Sarkozy has established a commission under Michel Rocard, a former prime minister and yet another of his recruits from the left, to look into the teaching professionand perhaps to soften up the unions before less palatable changes. Some hard questions remain. Frances rigorous system suits able pupils: half of all 15-year-olds match the standards in writing, maths and science of the very best performers in the rich-country OECD. But schools fail the weakest. The bottom 15% of French 15-year-olds rank among the OECDs worst. The main cure for struggling pupils is redoublement, the repeat of a school year. By the age of 15, 38% of French pupils have repeated a year, more than in any other OECD country. Yet an official report suggests that redoublement has no noticeable effect on a childs progress.Mr Darcos told Le Parisien this week that he “believed very little in the efficiency of redoublement”. But it is unclear what he would put in its place. He plans to trim teacher numbers. He hints at more streaming of pupils by ability, so that children can stay with their age group, but the unions are hostile. Mr Sarkozy suggests another answer: less abstract teaching, which might engage less academic pupils. Mr Sarkozy will find it hard to translate his ambitious ideas into concrete plans. His wish-list for the curriculum is daunting: more art and sport, but also more “civic education”, comparative religion, “general culture”, trips to the theatre, walks in the forest, visits to businesses. Yet French 15-year-olds already spend an average of 1,042 hours a year in the classroom150 more than German pupils, and 282 more than English ones.1The president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV thinks the bac is worth nothing because_A The pass rate of baccalaureat is too low now given the quality of the present education.B There exists serious problem in the education of baccalaureat period. C Students can easily get the baccalaureat at present. D The advance of society requires people to be equipped with higher degree. 2. The word “palatable ” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably means_A radical.B moderate.C demanding. D acceptable. 3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Frances education system compared to other OECD countries?A It has the highest rate of redoublement than that of the other OECD countries. B It pays more attention to the academic education than that of the other OECD countries. C It gives students more equal opportunity to achieve education than that of the other OECD countries. D It results in students being more polarized than that of the other OECD countries in terms of academic performance. 4. From the ideas of Mr Sarkozy to reform the education system, it can be inferred that he is_A a leftist. B a rightist. C an idealist. D a reformist.5. The best title of the passage could be _A The Reform of Education in France.B New Policy on Education by New President.C Mr Sarkozy, the Reformist in Education.D The Future of Frances Education.篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了法国新任总统萨克奇上任后对法国教育体系采取的一些措施。第一段讲述孩子们对学校反感的情况；第二段讲述总统提出的意见；第三段讲述一个研究报告对教育系统提出的批评；第四段讲述目前采取的一些变革；第五段讲述法国教育存在的棘手问题；第六段讲述一些可能采取的措施。词汇注释：hefty adj. 沉重的agonising adj. 烦恼的，苦闷的secular adj. 长期的rigour n. 严格egalitarianism n. 平等主义baccalaurat n. 毕业班catchment n. 蓄水量palatable adj. 愉快的难句突破：(1) Mr Sarkozy has established a commission under Michel Rocard, a former prime minister and yet another of his recruits from the left, to look into the teaching professionand perhaps to soften up the unions before less palatable changes. 主体句式 Mr. Sarkozy has established a commissioin to look into结构分析 这是一个简单句，a former priminister and yet是Michel Rocard的同位语。句子译文 Sarcozy先生建立了一个委员会，由前总理现在仍担任其左派幕僚的Michel Rocard负责，主要审查教师行业，也是为了在推进其他更严厉的变革之前软化工会。(2) He hints at more streaming of pupils by ability, so that children can stay with their age group, but the unions are hostile.主体句式 He hints at so that, but结构分析 这是一个并列句；前面分局中带有一个目的状语从句。句子译文 提到可能会根据学生的能力来编班，这样学生就可以和他们一个年龄层的同学呆在一起，但是工会却表示反对。题目分析：1The president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV thinks the bac is worth nothing because_1. 巴黎第四大学校长认为学士学位一文不值是因为_A The pass rate of baccalaureat is too low now given the quality of the present education.A 根据目前教育的质量来看学士学位的通过率太低了。B There exists serious problem in the education of baccalaureat period.B 在学士学位教育阶段存在严重的问题。C Students can easily get the baccalaureat at present. C 学生们目前可以轻松地通过学士学位考试。D The advance of society requires people to be equipped with higher degree.D 社会的进步需要人们有更高的学位。答案C难度系数 分析 推理题。第三段最后提到“This years pass rate of 83% is up from just over 60% in the early 1960s. “The bac is worth absolutely nothing,” asserts Jean-Robert Pitte, president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV”，也就是说今年的毕业率比前60年代提高了许多，因此校长认为学士学位太容易通过了，因为含金量不高了。选项C符合题意。2. The word “palatable ” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably means_2. “palatable” (第四段第七行) 最有可能的意思是_A radical.A 激进的。B moderate.B 温和的。C demanding.C 苛求的。D acceptable.D 可接受的。答案B难度系数 分析 猜词题。根据上下文，Michel Rocard是个左派，风格比较激进，而前面的一些措施好像比较温和，那么可以推断后面的措施可能要激进些，因此，选项B最为符合。3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Frances education system compared to other OECD countries?3. 关于法国的教育体系与其他OECD国家的比较，下列哪个陈述是错误的？A It has the highest rate of redoublement than that of the other OECD countries.A 比其他OECD国家教育体系有最高的复读率。B It pays more attention to the academic education than that of the other OECD countries.B 比其他OECD国家教育体系更关注学术教育。C It gives students more equal opportunity to achieve education than that of the other OECD countries.C 比其他OECD国家教育体系对待学生平等。D It results in students being more polarized than that of the other OECD countries in terms of acdemic performance.D 使得学生比其他OECD国家教育体系在学术表现的层面上更两极分化。答案C难度系数 分析 推理题。A选项, 这点从第五段提到的严格还有第一段提到的都可以得出这个结论；B选项，根据最后一段，学生们在教室中花费的时间可以推出来这点；C选项，这点文章没有谈到过；D选项，从第五段可以看出这一点来。因此，C选项为正确答案。4. From the ideas of Mr Sarkozy to reform the education system, it can be inferred that he is_4.从萨克奇对改革教育体系提出的意见中，可以看出他是一个_A a leftist.A 左派。B a rightist.B 右派。C an idealist.C 理想主义者。D a reformist.D 改革者。答案A难度系数 分析 推理题。从萨克奇的意见来看，他的意见对教育体系改革动作比较大，令人惊叹，因此属于比较激进，A选项最为符合这一点。其中D选项是一个较大的迷惑选项，因为文章谈到了很多萨克奇的改革措施，所以容易认为他就是一个改革家。但是一个人是否改革家不是从一个方面体现出来的，因为文章中只谈论教育系统的改革、不能反映出来他是否是一个“改革家”，因此该选项错误。5. The best title of the passage could be _5. 这篇文章的最佳题目为_A The Reform of Education in France.A 法国的教育改革。B New Policy on Education by New President.B 新总统的新教育举措。C Mr Sarkozy, the Reformist in Education.C 萨克奇先生，教育的改革家。D The Future of Frances Education.D 法国教育的未来。答案 B难度系数 分析主旨题。本文主要讲述了在萨克奇总统上台后，法国教育系统所发生的一些变化。因此，B选项最为符合这个意思。参考译文：本周，法国的孩子们背着沉重的书包、带着对教育体系的新苦恼又回到了学校。法国教育以其严格、平等以及非常重视学士学位考试而闻名，因此孩子们有这样的反应就很奇怪了。那么法国人觉得哪儿出问题了呢？很多地方都有问题，这是Nicholas Sarcozy总统刚刚递交的长达30页的“致老师书”里表达出的意见。有太多辍学的学生；教堂中没有尊重和威信（他称学生在老师进教室前应该起立）；教师职业评价不够；课程安排上艺术和体育的内容太少；有太多死记硬背的教学；太多的“理论和抽象”。总统最后的结论是，法国需要“重新建立” 其教育体系基础。这些批评几乎涉及了各个层次。政府进行的一项研究表明，每五个学生中就有两名因为在基础读写和算术方面学习差距过大而放弃了小学学习。每五个学生中就有一个中学毕业后没有取得毕业证书。甚至连学士学位也受到了抨击。毕业率从20世纪60年代早期的60%上升到了现在的83%。“学士学位一文不值，” 巴黎第四大学校长Jean-Robert Pitte这样说。学士学位目前不在考虑之列，但是其他的一些变化已经开始了。教育部长Xavier Darcos放宽了学校入学规则，允许贫穷地区的孩子可以到其他地方的好学校上学。他为初中设立了课后服务，监督学生做家庭作业，不让他们一下课就在街上乱逛。Sarcozy先生建立了一个委员会，由前总理现在仍担任其左派幕僚的Michel Rocard负责，主要审查教师行业，也是为了在推进其他更严厉的变革之前软化工会。但是还有更多棘手的问题。法国严格的教育只适合哪些好学生：所有15岁的青少年只有一半达到了读写、数学和科学课程标准，该标准是富裕国家OECD最优秀学生的标准。但是学校忽略了最差的学生。法国15岁青少年最差的15%学生是OECD国家中最差的。对于这些学生的主要解决方法就是复读，即重新读一年。法国38%的学生在15岁前都曾复读过，这要比其他OECD国家都高很多。但是官方的一个报告却指出复读对学生的提高没有显著的作用。Darcos先生本周告诉Le Parisien，他“认为复读几乎没有什么成效”。但是至于他要用什么样的方法来取代还不清楚。他计划减少教师的数量。他提到可能会根据学生的能力来编班，这样学生就可以和他们一个年龄层的同学呆在一起，但是工会却表示反对。Sarcozy建议采取另外一种办法：减少理论教学，这可能会吸引那些非学院派的学生。Sarcozy先生发现要将自己的宏图大志转化为具体的计划难度很大。他对于课程的希望让人害怕：要有更多的艺术和体育课，但也要有更多的“公民教育”、比较宗教学、“普通文化”、到剧院参观、在森林散布、到公司参观。但是法国15岁的青少年每年在教室的时间已经有1042小时了，这比德国学生多了150小时，比英国学生多了282个小时。TEXT FOURIts normal for your muscles to lose tone when you sleepthats why people in meetings nod off so amusingly. But in as many as 10 percent of middle-aged and older adults, the throat muscles relax so much that the airway repeatedly closes up, a condition that can be deadly, as it turns out. According to a study published this week in the New England Journal of Medicine, obstructive sleep apnea sharply increases the risk of stroke or death.People with sleep apnea often dont realize they have it, since they dont remember waking up again and again, gasping for breath. Often, its a bed partner who hears the choking and industrial-strength snoring, says Klar Yaggi, a sleep specialist at Yale who led the study. He and his colleagues followed two groups of patients who were tested for sleep apnea (defined as stopping breathing five or more times per hour). Some had the condition; some didnt. During the 3 years or so that they were studied, the people with sleep apnea were about twice as likely to have a stroke or die.No one really knows why, although the explanation could have to do with the spikes of adrenaline that course through the body when breathing stops, increasing blood pressure, or with repeated plunges in the level of oxygen in the blood. This study didnt look at whether treatmentsleeping with a contraption that continuously blows air into the mouthlowers risk. But losing weight will improve sleep apnea. And patients who use the machine get much more rest, Yaggi says, which should help them avoid one of the other major dangers of sleep apnea: car accidents.Another study in the same issue of the New England Journal looked at how well the continuous air treatment works for people with central sleep apnea, a different disorder altogether. In both forms of sleep apnea, you stop breathing periodically. But in central sleep apnea, the problem is not an obstructed airway but that the brain fails to send out the command to breathe. The disorder is usually caused by congestive heart failure, in which the heart doesnt pump as well as it should and fluid collects in the chest. Researchers think that providing a continuous air flow during sleep might help drive water out of the lungs and make breathing more regular.The treatment did help people with central sleep apnea in some ways: Their hearts worked better, they didnt stop breathing as often, they didnt have adrenaline surges, and they were able to exercise more. Thats the good news, says Douglas Bradley, a pulmonologist at the University of Toronto and author of the article. The bad news is that we didnt improve survival.The treated patients werent any less likely to die in the follow-up period than those who were not given the treatment. While Bradley suspects a larger study would prove a lower risk of dying, he says the benefits shown in this study arent significant enough to recommend using the treatment routinely in people with central sleep apnea.1.The air contraption should help patients avoid car accidents because_A it could improve sleep quality of patients. B it could increase the level of oxygen in the patients blood.C it could lower the risk of the occurrence of sleep apnea.D it could both help the patient to get more sleep and lost weight2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Yaggis study? A The study proves that the machine could help the patients avoid car accidents.B The study verifies that losing weight could lowers risk of sleep apnea.C The study did not provide a definite answer to the cause of sleep apnea. D The study argues that people with sleep apnea have more risks of death.3 Which one of the following is the common characteristic sleep apnea and central sleep apnea have in common? A Both of them belong to the category of periodical disorder in breathing. B Both of them are still hard for patients to survive from. C Both of them share the same cause that is rooted in the brain system. D Both of them could be effectively dealt with by the new treatment4. The study conducted by Douglas Bradley proves the following except_A The air treatment works positively in improving. B The central apnea is caused by congestive heart failure. C The air treatment could help the brain to work better. D The death risk is strongly suppressed by the application of air treatment. 5 Bradley thinks the treatment could not be used routinely in people with central sleep apnea because_A The study they have carried out is not authoritative enough.B The air treatment proves to have no improvement on survival.C The study they have carried out is not large enough.D The treatment needs further verification. 篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了睡觉时呼吸突然暂停这种疾病的有关情况。第一段讲述了该疾病有很大的危险性；第二、三段讲述关于该疾病的一项研究；第四、五段讲述另外一项研究报告；第六段讲述目前还存在的许多问题。词汇注释：apnea n. 呼吸暂停spike n. 神经元的内部与外部之间局部电位差所表示的一种局部化信号adrenaline n. 肾上腺素 plunge n. 下落contraption n. 装置 congestive adj. 先天的难句突破：(1) But in as many as 10 percent of middle-aged and older adults, the throat muscles relax so much that the airway repeatedly closes up, a condition that can be deadly, as it turns out.主体句式 But in, the throat muscles relax so much that结构分析 但是中年或稍微年长的人中间有10%的喉咙肌肉会过于放松，以至于气流通道会反复关闭，这种情况被证明是会致命的。句子译文 但是中年或稍微年长的人中间有10%他们的喉咙肌肉会过于放松，以至于气流通道会反复关闭，这个情况被证明是可以致命的(2) No one really knows why, although the explanation could have to do with the spikes of adrenaline that course through the body when breathing stops, increasing blood pressure, or with repeated plunges in the level of oxygen in the blood.主体句式 No one really knows why, although the explanation could have to do with结构分析 这是一个并列句；后面分句结构比较复杂，that 引导的定语从句用来修饰spikes, when作从句中的状语。句子译文 没有人知道这是为什么，虽然可能与肾上腺素的神经元局部电位差有关系，呼吸停止时该电位差通过身体，增加血压；或者是与血液中氧反复降低有关。 题目分析：1.The air contraption should help patients avoid car accidents because_1.空气装置可以帮助病人避免车祸，因为_A it could improve sleep quality of patients.A 它可以提高病人的睡眠质量。B it could increase the level of oxygen in the patients blood.B它可以增加病人血液中氧的含量。C it could lower the risk of the occurrence of sleep apnea.C 它可以降低呼吸暂停发生的风险。D it could both help the patient to get more sleep and lost weight.D 它可以
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