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考研英语阅读理解100篇（高分版）,考研,英语,阅读,理解,100,高分
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TEXT ONEAlthough it symbolises a bright idea, the traditional incandescent light bulb is a dud. It wastes huge amounts of electricity, radiating 95% of the energy it consumes as heat rather than light. Its life is also relatively short, culminating in a dull pop as its filament fractures. Now a team of researchers has devised a light bulb that is not only much more energy-efficientit is also expected to last longer than the devices into which it is inserted. Moreover, the lamp could be used for rear-projection televisions as well as general illumination.The trick to a longer life, for light bulbs at least, is to ensure that the lamp has no electrodes. Although electrodes are undeniably convenient for plugging bulbs directly into the lighting system, they are also the main reason why lamps fail. The electrodes wear out. They can react chemically with the gas inside the light bulb, making it grow dimmer. They are also difficult to seal into the structure of the bulb, making the rupture of these seals another potential source of failure.Scientists working for Ceravision, a company based in Milton Keynes, in Britain, have designed a new form of lamp that eliminates the need for electrodes. Their device uses microwaves to transform electricity into light. It consists of a relatively small lump of aluminium oxide into which a hole has been bored. When the aluminium oxide is bombarded with microwaves generated from the same sort of device that powers a microwave oven, a concentrated electric field is created inside the void. If a cylindrical capsule containing a suitable gas is inserted into the hole, the atoms of the gas become ionised. As electrons accelerate in the electric field, they gain energy that they pass on to the atoms and molecules of the gas as they collide with them, creating a glowing plasma. The resulting light is bright, and the process is energy-efficient. Indeed, whereas traditional light bulbs emit just 5% of their energy as light, and fluorescent tubes about 15%, the Ceravision lamp has an efficiency greater than 50%.Because the lamp has no filament, the scientists who developed it think it will last for thousands of hours of usein other words, for decades. Moreover, the light it generates comes from what is almost a single point, which means that the bulbs can be used in projectors and televisions. Because of this, the light is much more directional and the lamp could thus prove more efficient than bulbs that scatter light in all directions. Its long life would make the new light ideal for buildings in which the architecture makes changing light bulbs complicated and expensive. The lamps small size makes them comparable to light-emitting diodes but the new lamp generates much brighter light than those semiconductor devices do. A single microwave generator can be used to power several lamps.Another environmental advantage of the new design is that it does not need mercury, a highly toxic metal found in most of the bulbs used today, including energy-saving fluorescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and the high-pressure bulbs used in projectors. And Ceravision also reckons it should be cheap to make. With lighting accounting for some 20% of electricity use worldwide, switching to a more efficient system could both save energy and reduce emissions of climate-changing greenhouse gases. 1The function of electrodes in the traditional lamp is to _A transform electricity into light through chemical reaction with the gas inside the bulb.B seal the rupture of the structure of the bulb so as to prevent potential failure.C connect the glass housing with the lighting device.D seal the bulbs into the lighting system to ensure that the bulbs normal function.2. Which one of the following statements is TURE of the design principle of the new lamp? A No electricity is conducted into the lamp from outside.B The energy is created by the collision of the electrons and atoms and molecules of the gas.C The light is created by the ionized atoms of the gas. D The electricity is created as the atoms of the gas are ionized. 3The new type of lamp can be energy-efficient because of the following reason except_A the light it generates focuses on one direction indeed of scatter light.B the light it generates is more concentrated. C only microwave acts as the power supplier for the lamp.D the light it generates is more bright.4. The new light is ideal for some special buildings mentioned in the passage because_A the new light bulbs are not so complicated nor expensive.B the new light bulbs are more advantageous than the semiconductor devices.C the new light bulbs can last for a much longer time. D the new light bulbs makes light changing easier and cheaper.5. Which one of the following is NOT the advantage of this new lamp? A It is environment friendly.B It can be made at a lower cost.C It is safer for people.D It is multi-purpose.篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了一种新发明的灯泡。第一段讲述白炽灯的缺点和新灯泡的优点；第二段讲述白炽灯泡不耐用的原因；第三段讲述一家英国公司发明的新灯泡；第四段讲述这种新灯泡的原理；第五、六段讲述新灯泡的优点。词汇注释：incandescent adj. 白炽的 dud n. （口语）不中用的东西filament n. 灯丝electrode n. 电极ionise v. 电离plasma n. 等离子体diode n. 二极管 toxic adj.中毒的，有毒的难句突破：(1) When the aluminium oxide is bombarded with microwaves generated from the same sort of device that powers a microwave oven, a concentrated electric field is created inside the void.主体句式When the aluminium oxide is bombarded with, a concentrated electric field is 结构分析 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句，该从句中，that 引导的是定语从句用来修饰device。句子译文 当氧化铝在真空中被微波撞击时（产生该微波的装置和微波炉是一样的），就形成了一个密集电场。(2) As electrons accelerate in the electric field, they gain energy that they pass on to the atoms and molecules of the gas as they collide with them, creating a glowing plasma.主体句式 As electrons accelerate , they gain energy as they collide结构分析 这是一个复合句，as引导的是时间状语从句；主句中that引导的是定语从句用来修饰energy, as引导的时间状语从句，creating现在分词结构做状语。句子译文 随着电场中电子运动的加速，电子与气体的原子和分子结合之后，把传递到原子和分子上的能量聚集起来，制造出一片光亮的等离子体。题目分析：1The function of electrodes in the traditional lamp is to _1传统灯中的电极的作用是_A transform electricity into light through chemical reaction with the gas inside the bulb.A 利用灯泡中的气体，通过化学反应将电转换成光。B seal the rupture of the structure of the bulb so as to prevent potential failure.B 封住灯泡结构中的裂缝以便于预防可能出现的失败现象。C connect the glass housing with the lighting device.C 将玻璃外表和发光设备联系起来。D seal the bulbs into the lighting system to ensure the bulbs normal function.D 将灯泡封入发光系统以保证灯泡的正常功能。答案B难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第二段“Although electrodes are undeniably convenient for plugging bulbs directly into the lighting system, they are also the main reason why lamps fail”，电极的作用是将灯泡和发光系统联系起来。因此答案为B选项。2. Which one of the following statements is TURE of the design principle of the new lamp?2关于新灯泡的设计原理，下列哪个陈述是正确的？A No electricity is conducted into the lamp from outside.A 电流不是从外部引入电灯的。B The energy is created by the collision of the electrons and atoms and molecules of the gas.B 能量是通过气体中的电子、原子和分子的碰撞产生的。C The light is created by the ionized atoms of the gas.C 光是靠气体电离化的原子产生的。D The electricity is created as the atoms of the gas are ionized.D 电是在气体原子电离化时产生的。答案A难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第四段“As electrons accelerate in the electric field, they gain energy that they pass on to the atoms and molecules of the gas as they collide with them, creating a glowing plasma”，新灯泡没有电流从外面引入，而是电子和气体原子、分子结合产生的。因此，选项A符合题意。3The new type of lamp can be energy-efficient because of the following reason except_3新灯泡是节能的因为除_外的其他原因。A the light it generates focuses on one direction instead of scatter light.A 它产生的光来自一个点而不是分散的光B the light it generates is more concentrated.B 它产生的光很聚合C only microwave acts as the power supplier for the lamp.C 只有微波作为其能量供应来源D the light it generates is more bright.D 产生的光更加明亮答案 A难度系数 分析细节题。根据第五段，之所以节能是因为灯光更定向，产生的光很聚合，也很明亮，但一个微波发生器就可以提供能量了。而A选项的表述只是意味着可以用于放映机和电视。因此，只有A选项是不正确的理由。4. The new light is ideal for some special buildings mentioned in the passage because_4. 新灯泡是一些文中提到的特殊建筑的理想设施，因为_A the new light bulbs are not so complicated nor expensive.A 新灯泡简单而且廉价。B the new light bulbs are more advantageous than the semiconductor devices.B 新灯泡比那些半导体装置具有更大的优势。C the new light bulbs can last for a much longer time.C 新灯泡可以持续用很长时间。D the new light bulbs makes light changing easier and cheaper.D 新灯泡可以使得换灯更简单且廉价。答案D难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第六段“Its long life would make the new light ideal for buildings in which the architecture makes changing light bulbs complicated and expensive”，因为一些建筑物设计很特别，所以更换灯泡复杂且昂贵，这种灯泡寿命长，不用经常更换，因此适用于这种建筑。选项中D符合题意。5. Which one of the following is NOT the advantage of this new lamp?5. 下列哪个不是新灯泡的优点？A It is environment friendly.A 新灯泡环保。B It can be made at a lower cost.B 新灯泡成本低。C It is safer for people.C 新灯泡很安全。D It is multi-purpose.D 新灯泡是多功能的。答案难度系数 分析 根据最后一段“Another environmental advantage of the new design is that it does not need mercury, a highly toxic metal found in most of the bulbs used today, including energy-saving fluorescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and the high-pressure bulbs used in projectors”，可见因为不需要水银，所以环保而且安全；其造价很低。而D选项没有说明，因此答案为D。参考译文：虽然传统的白炽灯泡一直被认为是个伟大的发明，但它其实是不中用的东西。白炽灯浪费了大部分的电，将95%的能量都转化为热而不是光，其寿命也相对较短，随着灯丝断裂，啪的一声灯泡也走到了终点。目前一群研究人员已经发明出一种灯泡，不仅节能，而且比灯泡装置的寿命更长。而且，该灯泡既可用于背投电视，也可用于全面照明。长寿的秘诀，至少对于灯泡来说，就是保证灯泡没有电极。虽然不可否认电极可以很方便地将灯泡连接到发光系统，但是这同时也是灯泡为什么坏掉的主要原因：是因为电极用完了。电极会与灯泡里面的气体产生化学反应，这样灯泡就变暗了。将电极与灯泡的组织焊死也非常困难，而这些焊接的裂缝正是灯泡坏掉的另外一个潜在原因。Ceravision是一家位于英国米林基那斯的公司，其科学家设计出一种新式的电灯，可以不用电极。他们的这个装置使用微波来将电转化为光。该装置包括一块较小的氧化铝，在上面有一个洞。当氧化铝在真空中被微波撞击时（产生该微波的装置和微波炉是一样的），就形成了一个密集电场。如果把包着适当气体的圆柱形封壳塞入洞中，气体的原子就会被电离。随着电场中电子运动的加速，电子与气体的原子和分子结合之后，把传递到原子和分子上的能量聚集起来，制造出一片光亮的等离子体。其产生的光是非常明亮的，而过程也很节能。实际上，传统的电灯只将5%的能量转化为光，荧光灯泡的比率为15%，而Ceravision电灯的能耗比率要大于50%。因为这种电灯没有灯丝，所以研制该电灯的科学家认为其使用寿命可达几万个小时，换句话说，可以用几十年。而且，这种电灯产生的灯光是从一点发出的，这就意味着灯泡可以用在放映机和电视上。同时因为这个原因，这种灯泡的灯光更为定向，比散射的灯泡要更加节能。有些建筑师设计的建筑物比较特别，更换灯泡非常复杂且昂贵，而使用这种这种寿命较长的灯泡就比较理想了。这种灯泡体积较小，可以与二极管相媲美，但其发出的光要比半导体装置的光更为明亮。单一个微波发生器就可以为几个灯泡提供能量。这种新灯泡另外的一个环保优点就是不需要水银，而水银一种高毒性的液体，今天我们使用的大部分灯泡中都有这种液体，包括节能的荧光灯、荧光管和用在投影机上的高压灯。Ceravision承认新灯泡的造价也很低廉。全世界20%的电力消耗都用于照明，因此使用更为高效的系统不仅可以节约能源，而且可以减少导致温室效应的气体排放。TEXT TWOFor its supporters, the idea of growing single-celled algae on exhaust gas piped from power stations is the ultimate in recycling. For its detractors, it is a mere pipe dream. Whoever turns out to be right, though, it is an intriguing idea: instead of releasing the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere, why not recapture it by photosynthesis? The result could then be turned into biodiesel (since many species of algae store their food reserves as oil), or even simply dried and fed back into the power station. Of course, if it were really that easy, someone would have done it already. But although no one has yet commercialised the technology, several groups are trying. One of them is GS CleanTech, which has developed a bioreactor based on a patent held by a group of scientists at the Ohio Coal Research Centre, at the University of Ohio. The GS CleanTech bioreactor uses a parabolic mirror to funnel sunlight into fibre-optic cables that carry the light to acrylic “glow plates” inside the reactor. These diffuse the light over vertical sheets of polyester that form the platform on which the algae grow. Eventually the polyester is unable to support the weight of the algae, and they fall off into a collection duct positioned underneath.GreenFuel Technologies, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has a different approach. Its reactor is composed of a series of clear tubes, each with a second, opaque tube nested inside. This arrangement makes it possible to bubble the exhaust gas down through the outer compartment and then bubble it back up through the opaque middle. The bubbling gas causes turbulence and circulates the algae around the reactor. The constant shift between light and darkness as the algal cells circulate increases the amount of carbon that they fix, probably by promoting chemical reactions that occur naturally only at night.A preliminary test of GreenFuels reactor design, which was performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys campus power plant, suggested that it can remove 75% of the carbon dioxide from a power stations exhaust. A more serious test is now being carried out by Arizona Public Service, that states power utility, at its Redhawk plant. Another test is planned in Louisiana.GreenFuel claims that over the course of a year, a hectare (2.5 acres) of its reactors should be able to produce 30,000 litres (8,000 American gallons) of oil, which could be used as biodiesel, and enough carbohydrates to be fermented into 9,000 litres of ethanol, which can be used as a substitute for petrol. There is, of course, no free lunch. As Rob Carlson of the University of Washington points out, if money is to be made selling products made from exhaust gas, then that gas goes from being waste matter to being a valuable resource. Far from giving it away, power companies might even start charging for it. That would, indeed, be a reversal of fortune.1The word “intriguing” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means_A challenging. B promising. C complicated.D alluring.2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bioreactor developed by GS CleanTech? A No exhaust gas is used in this bioreactor.B The “glow plates” are used to conduct the sunlight.C Sunlight comes into the fibre-optic cables through holes in the parabolic mirror.D Photosynthesis is carried out by the algae in the collection duct. 3The collection duct positioned underneath is used to_A hold the vertical sheets of polyester that fall off.B substitute the platform on which the algae grows. C obtain the overweight algae.D take the place of polyester after light is diffused on it.4. The approach developed by the GreenFuel Technologies is different from that by GS CleanTech in that_A there is no photosynthesis in the reactor of GreenFuel Technologies.B the light used for photosynthesis is produced by the reactor itself.C the algal cells fix carbon in the process.D the exhaust gas acts as the motive force.5The reactors of GreenFuel could produce the following fuels except_A biodiesel. B ethanol.C alcohol. D fossil fuel.篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了绿色燃料的生产情况。第一段讲述了人们希望可以利用光合作用来生成燃料；第二、三段讲述有两家公司都在生产绿色燃料，但是使用了技术不同；第四、五段讲述绿色燃料开发使用的地点和规模；第六段讲述将来电力公司可能会对绿色燃料实行收费。词汇注释：detractor n. 恶意批评者pipe dream 白日梦biodiesel n. 生物燃料parabolic mirror n. 抛物柱面镜acrylic adj. 丙烯酸的 duct n. 管carbohydrate n. 碳水化合物ferment v. 发酵ethanol n. 乙醇; 酒精难句突破：(1) The constant shift between light and darkness as the algal cells circulate increases the amount of carbon that they fix, probably by promoting chemical reactions that occur naturally only at night.主体句式 The constant shift as the algal cells circulate increases 结构分析 这是一个复合句，as引导的是时间状语从句，that引导的是定语从句修饰carbon， by promoting作方式状语。句子译文 随着藻类的运动，光亮和黑暗交替出现，把碳固定住并不断增加其数量，这可能是通过促成只在晚上进行的化学反应而产生的。(2) A preliminary test of GreenFuels reactor design, which was performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys campus power plant, suggested that it can remove 75% of the carbon dioxide from a power stations exhaust.主体句式 A preliminary test suggested that 结构分析 这是一个复合句，which引导的是design的定语从句；that引导的是宾语从句。句子译文 绿色燃料公司称该设计的最初试验是在麻省理工大学校园的发电厂里进行的，该实验证明可以将发电厂排出废气的75%清除掉。题目分析：1The word “intriguing” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means_1“intriguing” （第一段第三行）最有可能的意思是_A challenging.A 引起挑战兴趣的。B promising.B 有希望的。C complicated.C 复杂的。D alluring.D 迷人的。答案 D难度系数 分析 猜词题。根据上下文“Whoever turns out to be right, though, it is an intriguing idea: instead of releasing the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere, why not recapture it by photosynthesis”，尽管有支持者和反对者，但是可见这个主意还是非常吸引人的，令人向往的，因此选项中D最为符合。2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bioreactor developed by GS CleanTech?2. 关于GS CleanTech研发的生物反应器，下列哪个陈述是正确的？A No exhaust gas is used in this bioreactor.A 生物反应器中没有使用废气。B The “glow plates” are used to conduct the sunlight.B “白炽盘”被用于传导阳光。C Sunlight comes into the fibre-optic cables through holes in the parabolic mirror.C 阳光通过抛物柱面镜的洞进入到纤维光缆中。D Photosynthesis is carried out by the algae in the collection duct.D 光合作用是在收容器中进行的。答案 B难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第二段，A选项，没有废气就不能进行光合作用；B选项，白炽盘是用来漫射光的，因此也是用来传导光的；C选项，阳光是通过柱面镜的反射进入到纤维光缆中，而不是抛物柱面镜的洞；D选项，光合作用在聚酯片上进行的。因此，答案为B选项。3The collection duct positioned underneath is used to_.3. 在下面安装的收容器是用来_。A hold the vertical sheets of polyester that fall offA 接住掉下来的垂直聚酯片的B substitute the platform on which the algae growsB 代替供藻类生长的平台C obtain the overweight algaeC 接住那些过重的藻类D take the place of polyester after light is diffused on itD 在光被稀释后代替聚酯片。答案 C难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第二段“These diffuse the light over vertical sheets of polyester that form the platform on which the algae grow. Eventually the polyester is unable to support the weight of the algae, and they fall off into a collection duct positioned underneath”，这个收容器是用来接住那些经过光合作用后掉下来的藻类的，其中“unable to support the weight of the algae”说明藻类开始变得过重，因此C选项为正确答案。4. The approach developed by the GreenFuel Technologies is different from that by GS CleanTech in that_4. 绿色燃料技术公司的方法和GS 清洁技术的方法不同之处在于_A there is no photosynthesis in the reactor of GreenFuel Technologies.A 在绿色燃料技术公司的反应器中没有光合作用。B the light used for photosynthesis is produced by the reactor itself.B 用于光合作用的光是由反应器自己产生的。C the algal cells fix carbon in the process.C 藻类细胞将碳固定了下来。D the exhaust gas acts as the motive force.D 废气作为动力。答案 D难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第三段，绿色燃料公司是使用了废气作为让藻类活动的动力，而与清洁技术相同的是在这个过程中也有光合作用，光也来自外部，也有碳固定下来。因此，不同之处就是D选项。5The reactors of GreenFuel could produce the following fuels except_5. 绿色燃料的反应器可以制造除_外的其他燃料。 A biodiesel.A 生物燃料B ethanol.B 乙醇C alcohol.C 酒精D fossil fuel.D 化石燃料答案D难度系数 分析 细节题。根据倒数第二段“GreenFuel claims that over the course of a year, a hectare (2.5 acres) of its reactors should be able to produce 30,000 litres (8,000 American gallons) of oil, which could be used as biodiesel, and enough carbohydrates to be fermented into 9,000 litres of ethanol, which can be used as a substitute for petrol”，反应器只可以制造酒精作为石油的替代品，不能制造石油。因此，D是正确答案。参考译文：对于支持者来说，用发电厂废气来养殖单细胞藻类是个能实现循环利用这个终极目标的办法。而那些反对者认为，这只是个白日梦而已。不管最后谁是正确的，这个主意确实很吸引人，如果燃料燃烧后产生的二氧化碳排放到空气中，那么为什么不用光合作用来将其消耗掉呢？其生成物可以转化为生物燃料（因为许多藻类都以石油的形式储存食物），或只需脱水后再送回发电厂。当然，如果真的有这么简单，早就会有人这么做了。不过，尽管还没有人将这项技术商业化，有一些公司已经开始试验了。GS清洁技术就是这样的一家公司，它利用俄亥俄大学俄亥俄州煤炭研究中心科学家们的一项专利而研制出一种生物反应器。该反应器用一个抛物柱面镜将阳光射到纤维光缆上，光缆把将阳光传到反应器里面的丙烯酸“白炽盘”上。这就将光漫射到垂直的聚酯片上，而聚酯片是藻类生长的平台。最后聚酯不能支持藻类的重量了，就会落到安在下面的管子里。绿色燃料技术公司的总部设在马萨诸塞的剑桥，该公司采用了另外一种技术。它的反应器由一系列干净的管子构成，每个官子里面都有另外一个不透明的管子。这种安置方法可以使沿着外层下来的废气起泡，然后再通过不透明的中间层向上起泡。起泡的气体引起紊乱，使得藻类在反应器内活动。随着藻类的运动，光亮和黑暗交替出现，把碳固定住并不断增加其数量，这可能是通过促成只在晚上进行的化学反应而产生的。绿色燃料公司称该设计的最初试验是在麻省理工大学校园的发电厂里进行的，该实验证明可以将发电厂排出废气的75%清除掉。亚利桑那公共服务部门目前正在红鹰工厂进行一项更为重要的试验国家公共电力。此外路易斯安那州也在计划进行一个试验。绿色燃料公司声称在一年中，一公顷（2.5英亩）的反应堆应该可以产出三万升（八千美国加仑）的石油，可以用作生物燃料，还能产生足够的碳水化合物并通过发酵生成九千升的乙醇，作为石油的替代品。当然，世上没有免费的午餐。正如华盛顿大学的Rob Carlson指出的，如果废气制造的产品可以出售盈利的话，那么废气就会从一种废品变成一种宝贵的资源。电力公司不仅不会排放出去，而且可能会收费。这样实际上是财富的逆转。TEXT THREEIt is quite a feat to be invisible while occupying substantial buildings in central London flanking the Royal Academy of Arts. But thats just what the Linnean Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Geological Society of London, the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Astronomical Society managed to do for nearly a century. Then, in 2004, Her Majestys Government not only noticed but also questioned their right to remain at Burlington House, as the complex is called. To the Learned Societies this may have seemed a bitter irony. In 1857, the government of a previous queen had built Burlington House expressly to house them all. Reverence for such institutions, along with the value of real estate, was not what it had been in Victorias day. But their terms of occupancy remained unchanged.When they moved into Burlington House, only the Royal Academy, run by supposedly impractical artists, asked for a lease. It was given 999 years at a peppercorn rent. The Societies and their allegedly hard-headed scientist members, were leaseless and rent-free. As decades passed, keeping a low profile must have seemed a sensible idea. Indeed, by 1920, some fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL), thought it essential. When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it illegal to bar women from such societies merely because of their gender, a committee of SAL fellows pressed for immediate action: women must be invited to become fellows at once. This was not in order to right previous wrongs. It was to avoid criticism and with it the risk that people might notice that no rent was being paid. The danger averted, heads stayed below the parapet.But danger reappeared in 2004. With the reputed aim of clarifying SALs presence at Burlington House, the government brought a suit against it. Rumour swept through intellectual London that, in fact, the government wanted to turf the Societies outor to get a full market rent, which would have amounted to much the same thing. Alarmed feathers from five aviaries of rare birds went flying.Now, three years later, feathers are smooth. Indeed, cooing can be heard occasionally from Burlington House. Compromises reached with the government have given the Learned Societies security of tenure at affordable rents. In return, the Societies have begun introducing themselves to one another and to the public. They have created a “cultural campus” in the courtyard to share scholarship and convivialityand reflect their new appreciation that there is strength in numbers. Earlier this year, the Linnean Society announced it was producing a digital archive of its priceless collections of specimens, manuscripts and letters of the world famous Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus, on this the 300th anniversary of his birth. The SAL, also 300 this year, is celebrating with a nine-month series of lectures. On November 8th at Harvard, home to many of SALs 100 American-based fellows, Felipe Fernndez-Armesto tackles “Don Franciscos nose-piece: forming new empires in Renaissance America”. The biggest birthday event is an exhibition of 150 of SALs treasures at the Royal Academy from September 15th to December 2nd. Among these treasures is an oil on oak portrait of Queen Mary I painted by Hans Eworth in 1554 and a glowing 12th-century enamel casket designed to hold the remains of Thomas Becket. How good that invisibility is a thing of the past.1Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the societies in Victoria day? A They enjoyed the highest reverence and value of real estate in Victorias day.B They enjoyed the best privilege when Burlington House was built up.C They enjoyed special reward by the Queen of really substantial and grand houses.D They enjoyed most privileges in Queen Victorias reign, much more than today. 2. Questioning the societies right to remain at Burlington House seems a bitter irony to the societies because_A they were not asked to pay any rent when they were first awarded the houses.B the presence privilege was initially endowed by the royal monarch.C they are not exempt from public attention given their maintenance of low profile.D they have been cautious about keeping their invisibility for nearly a century.3. “peppercorn rent” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means _ A free rent. B leaseless rent. C token rent.D rent in kind.4. The author mentioned the feathers in Burlington House in order to _A show how great was the influence of the government.B make a simile to describe the reactions of societies. C make a metaphor to express the internal anxiety of the societies.D add more elements of drama satire to his description.5. “invisibility is a thing of the past” means_A people could see those treasures of the past in the societies.B the societies could present themselves before public now.C the societies need not avoid the public notice any more.D the societies could present the treasures of the past now. 篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了伦敦一些学会占据大量建筑物的情况以及目前的解决方案。第一段讲述学会是如何得到这些建筑物的；第二段讲述这些学会为了避免房产被收走，一直低调行事；第三段讲述2004年的一次法律事件将学会免费拥有皇家房产的事情曝光；第四、五、六段讲述目前解决这种事端采取的方法。词汇注释：flank v. 在的侧面peppercorn rent n. 空有其名的租金parapet n. 低墙 turf v. 驱逐aviary n 大型鸟舍 conviviality n. 欢乐enamel n. 瓷釉难句突破：(1) When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it illegal to bar women from such societies merely because of their gender, a committee of SAL fellows pressed for immediate action: women must be invited to become fellows at once.主体句式 When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it, a committee of SAL fellows结构分析 这是一个复合句，when引导的是句子的时间状语。句子译文 1919年议会法案规定如果仅仅因为性别原因而将女性排除在这些学会之外就构成违法，伦敦古文物学会的一个委员会马上就采取了行动，邀请女性加入学会。(2) Rumour swept through intellectual London that, in fact, the government wanted to turf the Societies outor to get a full market rent, which would have amounted to much the same thing.主体句式 Rumour swept through that 结构分析 这是一个复合句，that引导的是主语的同位语从句，which引导的是定语从句用来修饰前面的两个不定式结构。句子译文 伦敦学术界谣言四传，说政府实际上是想要将学会驱逐出去，或者是索要市场租金，这其实都是一回事。题目分析：1Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the societies in Victoria day?1关于维多利亚时代的学会，下列哪个陈述是正确的？A They enjoyed the highest reverence and value of real estate in Victorias day.A 它们享受着最高的尊敬和高价值的地产。B They enjoyed the best privilege when Burlington House was built up.B 伯灵顿宫建立的时候它们享有最高的特权。C They enjoyed special reward by the queen of really substantial and grand housesC女王给了他们宏伟的房子以作为特殊的奖励。D They enjoyed most privilege in Queen Victorias reign, much more than todayD 它们在维多利亚时代比之前的女王在任期间享受的特权少。答案 C难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第一段“In 1857, the government of a previous queen had built Burlington House expressly to house them all”，可见只有C选项是正确的。A和B选项的“highest reverence”和“the best privilege”都不确切。而D选项也是错误的，因为文章没有进行比较。2. Questioning the societies right to remain at Burlington House seems a bitter irony to the societies because_2质问这些学会驻扎在伯灵顿宫的权利好像是一个讽刺，因为_A they were not asked to pay any rent when they were first awarded the houses.A 他们已开始得到这些房子的时候没有被要求付房租。B the presence privilege was initially endowed by the royal monarch.B 存在的权利最开始时是皇室君主赋予的。C they are not exempt from public attention give their maintenance of low profile.C 他们保持低调，但却没有躲过民众的注意。D they have been cautious about keeping their invisibility for nearly a century.D 它们在将近一个世纪的时间里很小心地保持着自己的隐秘性。答案 B难度系数 分析 推理题。根据第二段，因为最开始是维多利亚女王前任女王赋予他们进驻的权利，而现在又是另一个女王怀疑他们的权利，这看起来是个讽刺。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中“royal monarch”指的正是女王。3. “peppercorn rent” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means _2. “peppercorn rent”(第二段第三行)最有可能的意思是_A free rent.A 免费的出租。B leaseless rent.B 没有租约的出租。C token rent.C 象征性的出租。D rent in kind(实物地租).D 实物出租。答案C难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第三段“It was given 999 years at a peppercorn rent. The Societies and their allegedly hard-headed scientist members, were leaseless and rent-free”，说明当时的出租并不是实质性的出租，只是一种象征性的租约而已。答案中C是正确答案。 4. The author mentioned the feathers in Burlington House in order to _3. 作者提到伯灵顿宫中的鸟类是为了_A show how great was the influence of the government.A表现政府的力量是多么大。B make a simile to describe the reactions of societies.B用来比喻学会的反应。C make a metaphor to express the internal anxiety of the societies.C用来比喻社会的内在焦虑。D add more elements of drama and satire to his description.D 给他的描述增加更多的喜剧和讽刺的成分。答案 B难度系数 分析 推理题。文章第四段提到“Now, three years later, feathers are smooth. Indeed, cooing can be heard occasionally from Burlington House”， 根据第四段和第五段，从“五个稀有品种鸟舍”来看，其实比喻的就是五个学会，因此，答案为B选项。5. “invisibility is a thing of the past” means_4. “看不见是个历史了”，这句话的意思是_A people could see those treasures of the past in the societies.A 人们可以看到学会中过去的珍品。B the societies could present themselves before public now.B 学会将它们自己展示在公众面前。C the societies need not avoid the public notice any more.C 学会不需要再去躲避公众的注意了。D the societies could present the treasures of the past now.D 学会现在可以展示过去的珍品了。答案 B难度系数 分析 推理题。根据第七段，主要描述了这些学会开展了一系列的活动，不用再在公众面前遮遮掩掩了。因此，答案为B选项。参考译文：位于伦敦中心的皇家艺术学院旁边有大量的建筑物，但却又不那么引人注意，这可是个技巧。但是Linnean学会、皇家化学学会、伦敦地理学会、伦敦古文物学会和皇家天文学学会在过去一个世纪里成功地做到了这一点。直到2004年，女王内阁注意到了它们的存在，而且随着情况的复杂化，人们开始质疑这些学会是否有权利驻扎在伯灵顿宫。对于这些学术学会来说，这看起来像是个极大的讽刺。1837年，前任女王政府为这些协会专门建造了伯灵顿宫。给与这些学会以如此的尊敬，并赠予如此有价值的地产，这在维多利亚时期是少见的。而这些房产的占有权一直没有更改过。当学会们搬进伯灵顿宫的时候，只有由不切实际的艺术家们建立的皇家学院要求签立租约。当时签订了999年的象征性租期。而其他学会那些无情的科学家们既没有签订租约，也没有缴纳租金。几十年过去之后，保持低调是比较理智的主意。实际上，1920年之前，伦敦古文物学会的一些成员就认为必须这样做。1919年议会法案规定如果仅仅因为性别原因而将女性排除在这些学会之外就构成违法，伦敦古文物学会的一个委员会马上就采取了行动，邀请女性加入学会。这并不是要纠正以往的错误，而是为了避免引起批评，从而引发公众注意到他们没有为房产付租金。危险得以转移，而领导们可以继续在矮墙下度日了。但是2004年又出现了危险，为了澄清伦敦古文物学会在伯灵顿宫驻扎的问题，政府提起了诉讼。伦敦学术界谣言四传，说政府实际上是想要将学会驱逐出去，或者是索要市场租金，这其实都是一回事。五个稀有品种鸟舍那些鸟类的羽毛纷纷飘了起来。现在三年过去了，羽毛平静了下来。实际上，伯灵顿宫经常能听到它们咕咕的叫声。学会们与政府达成了协议，只需要付一定的租金就能拥有使用期限保证。作为报答，学会们要互相交流，并将自己介绍给公众。学会们在院子里建立了“文化园”，用于分享知识和欢乐，也表达了它们对于成员增加感到高兴。今年早些时候，Linnean学会宣布在世界著名的瑞典自然学家Carl Linnaeus诞辰300周年之际，将保存的珍贵标本、手稿和信件做成电子档案。而古文物学会今年也是300周年的诞辰，学会举办了9个月的系列讲座来进行庆祝。哈佛大学是伦敦古文物学会100多个美国成员的总部，在1 1月8日Felipe Fernndez-Armesto进行了“Don Francisco的换镜旋座：成立新的复兴美国帝国”。规模最大的周年庆祝是从9月15日到11月2日在皇家艺术学会展出了150件伦敦古文物学会的珍品。在这些珍品当中有Hans Eworth1554年创作的 玛丽一世橡木肖像的油画，还有装Thomas Becket的遗体的12世纪瓷釉棺材。遮遮掩掩已经成为过去，这是多好的一件事情啊。TEXT FOURNumbers get a bad press. Almost alone of the academic disciplines, mathematics is one where expressions of ignorance are more of a boast than a shameful admission (imagine admitting at a dinner party that you cant read). Yet numbers are more important than ever. They are the language of most of science and much of government, two forces that do much to shape peoples lives. They are the nervous system of any modern country, marshalled in support of arguments over everything from defence to which diseases should be treated.Happily for the number-shy, help is at hand. A book about numbers and how to interpret them doesnt sound like interesting bedtime reading. Yet in the hands of Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot, respectively producer and presenter of “More or Less”, a BBC radio programme on the subject, that is what it becomes. The chapters proceed from simple concepts to more complicated ones, starting with the simplest of all: working out how big a number is. That is harder than you might think. The British governments promise to spend 300m ($600m) over five years on child-care looks impressive at first glance. Only after working through the calculations does one realise that it amounts to only 1.15 a week for every family. The authors avoid a hectoring tone. Their prose is light-hearted and never condescending. Amusing (or occasionally frightening) examples make theoretical arguments instantly accessible. The authors point out that most people have a higher-than-average number of feet (it takes only a single man with one foot to bring the average below two). Incomes are the other way around: thanks to a few billionaires, most people earn less than the average.Later on, trickier and more emotive subjects are tackled. Much of the second half is taken up with the devilishly tricky business of trying to extract causation from correlation. One such issue is the so-called “cancer clusters”. A mobile-phone mast is erected in a village. Soon after, cancer rates rise to several times the national average. But masts are common, and some villages are bound to develop high cancer rates through nothing more sinister than sheer bad luck. Proving correlation is easy, but proving causationdespite how obvious the links may seemis not. The authors make the sobering point that mortality rates for doctors vary so much that, even if he had been constantly monitored, Harold Shipman (a British doctor who murdered at least 200 patients) would have racked up a body-count of several dozen before coming to official attention.The central problem, as the authors admit, is that numbers can often be deeply counter-intuitive. Individuals find it difficult to cope with the vast quantities of cash consumed by a modern nation state, and everyday rules of thumb can sometimes lead to utterly wrong conclusions. That is what makes this book so valuable: it provides a reliable guide to a treacherous subject, giving its readers the mental ammunition to make sense of official claims. That it manages to make them laugh at the same time is a rare and welcome feat. 1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of status quo of mathematics? A One is cracking oneself up when expressing ignorance of mathematics.B Mathematics is only discipline to tolerate the shame of knowing nothing about numbers.C The shame of admitting that you can not read at a dinner party is paramount of admitting that you do not know about mathematics. D Expression of ignorance in mathematics is a boast not only in the academic disciplines but also in other fields.2. The style of “More or Less” by Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot can be described as_. A detailed and accessibleB technical and illuminating C professional and inviting D theoretical and humorous 3. The author of the article uses the example of average number of feet and average income to demonstrate that _. A to correctly understand the meaning of numbers is sometimes very trickyB people can understand better about statistical data by comparing them with most common phenomenon C the book helps people learn about the secret of numbers through interesting and daily examples D the way of calculating average income is the opposite to that of calculating the average number of feet4.Some villages develop high cancer rates through sheer bad luck other than masts because_.A they could not sense any link between these two phenomena.B they can only find some vague correlation between them without solid evidenceC there are not enough proofs to demonstrate that mast could raise cancer rate.D they could not deduce a reasonable relation of the cause and effect on the concerning issues5. According to the authors of “More or Less”, the main point they want to demonstrate is that_. A numbers are very difficult to understandB numbers could be cheating in most occasions. C numbers can subtly sensed by intuition.D numbers could shape peoples minds into more reasonable. 篇章剖析：这篇文章主要讲述了Michael Blastland 和Andrew Dilnot撰写的一本有关数学的书。第一段讲述人们对数学的认识和数学的作用；第二段讲述他们的这本书可以扭转人们的习惯看法。第三、四、五段讲述了该书的内容和特点。第六段讲述了该书的重点。词汇注释：marshal v. 配置，汇集 hector v. 虚张声势condescend v. 屈就 devilishly adv. 过分地难句突破：(1) They are the nervous system of any modern country, marshalled in support of arguments over everything from defence to which diseases should be treated.主体句式 They are the nervous system结构分析 这是一个复合句，marshalled 分词结构用来修饰system； which引导的是宾语从句。句子译文 数字还是任何一个现代国家的神经系统，可以支持各种各样的论点，包括从国防事务到哪种疾病需要治疗等各种议题。(2) The authors make the sobering point that mortality rates for doctors vary so much that, even if he had been constantly monitored, Harold Shipman (a British doctor who murdered at least 200 patients) would have racked up a body-count of several dozen before coming to official attention.主体句式 The authors make the sobering point that结构分析 这是一个复合句。That引导的是the sobering point的同位语从句，在该从句中，even if 引导的是状语从句。句子译文 作者清楚地指出由于医生手上病人的死亡率差异很大，即使Harold Shipman（一名英国医生，曾杀死至少200名病人）一直受到监视，他还是会在杀死了几十个病人后才会引起官方的注意。题目分析：1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of status quo of mathematics?1关于数学的现状，下列哪项陈述是正确的？A One is cracking oneself up when expressing ignorance of mathematics.A 一个人如果表示自己不懂数学时，他其实是在炫耀自己。B Mathematics is the only discipline to tolerate the shame of knowing nothing about numbers.B 数学是惟一一个容忍人们对数字无知的学科。C The shame of admitting that you can not read at a dinner party is paramount of admitting that you do not know about mathematics. C 在晚宴上承认自己不认字和承认自己不懂数学是一样的。D Expression of ignorance in mathematics is a boast not only in the academic disciplines but also in other fields.D 说明自己不懂数学，不仅在学术界、同时在其他领域都是一种炫耀。答案A难度系数 分析 细节题。根据第一段“Numbers
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