(完整word版)英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结

1、Unitl.（选择、判断、填空）I.The flag of Britain : Union Jack2.The capital of each country :EnglandLondonScotlandEdinburghWalesCardiffNorthernIrelandBelfast3 .The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4 .Difference b

2、etween the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain -England +Scotland + Wales5 .The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occup

3、ied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.，the Angle-Saxon invaded.R Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the :language they spoken became

4、 English.，the Vikings invaded.« Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southernersin England, i which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".，the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country. Result: This marks the last time that an army from ou

5、tside the British Isles succeeded i in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2 （选择、判断、填空）Northern Ireland (often called "Ulster"after an ancient Irish kingdom)Activities to seek Irish independence :Home -ruleThe Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin

6、's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.2 .Political parties:the Sinn Fein partyII legalSDLP: Social Democratic and Labour PartyIRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3 .Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):Indigenous Roman Catholicsvs. Protestant immigratesPar

7、tition(分割):The southern 26 counties would form an independent "free state", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.(即 2A Republic 卜eland ,6 f Northern 卜eland )4 .the Good Friday Agreement :(T解下,P36)Unit 31 .Process of state building:The process of state-building h

8、as been one of evolution rather than revolution.2 .The oldest institution of government in Britain :Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.3 .Divine right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.4 .Magna Carta :l

9、imits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.5 .the Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Orange时期)6 .The Constitution :(P49)7 .The functions of parliament : (P49)8 .Parliament:The queen : (symbolised traditional )She is legally head

10、 of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England, a confidante to the Prime Minister- (了解下)The House of Lords : do not receive salaries , both sexist and elitist (T角单下) Lord

11、s Spiritual h hereditary peersL Lords Temporal < life peersThe House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit41 .The importance of general elections:(P67H 要2 .The electoral campaigns :(P67)3 .The formation of the government :(P67)4 .The class system in the UK:(P67)5 .Ethnic relations in the UK:(P67) J了 解下6 .The m

12、ain political parties in the UK:The Conservative party(newest) : setting up the National Health ServiceThe Labour party: From 1979 to 1997,the Conservative Party won 4 elections in rowThe Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改革(There were also negative consequences加早

13、下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81)重要3、the reason for its relative decline，解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close

14、relationship between industry and banks4 .The division of British industries :Primary industries (mining industry 矿业)Secondary industries (steelindustryi 冈铁业)Tertiary industries (insurance 保险， the selling of goods)5 .The City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of London6 .The London

15、Stock ExchangeThe heart of the City（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6 （填空、选择、判断）7 .Beowulf :One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.2 .Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales3 .Elizabethan Drama:Marlowe : The Tragical Hi

16、story of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare : ( Romeo and Juliet T The Taming of the Shrewtragedies (重要)HamletOthello comediesA Midsummer Night's Dream Twelfth NightKing Lear Macbeth.、The Tempesthistory plays： Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV , and Henry V Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra4 .The 1

17、7th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost5 .The 18th Century:Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's Travels6 .The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge： Lyrical Ballads (marked the beginning of the Romantic Period.)G George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men J John KeatsPercy Bysshe Shelley

18、7 .The Nineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley: Frankenstein-Sense and SensibilityJane Austen w Pride and Prejudice、Emmar Charlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters E Emily: Wuthering Heights、. AnnElizabeth Gaskell : North and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return

19、 of the NativeTess of the D UrbervillesJude the Obscure8.Female writers in the l9h century of Britain:M Mary ShelleyJane Austen& the Bronte sistersk Elizabeth Gaskell9.20th Century Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods:Modernism, and Postmoder

20、nismJoseph Conrad : The Heart of DarknessrMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf T To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence : Sons and LoversUnit71 .The purpose of the British education system: provide children with literacy and the other basic skills socialise children children are taught

21、 practical skills learn the rules and values participate in the community contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2 .The influence of the church on schooling:education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.religious education was t

22、he only subjectDaily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3 .The National Curriculum :All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English, mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education,

23、and a modern foreign language.All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according to how well they perform this task.4 .State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Indep

24、endent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolI Winchester college6 .Comprehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjec

25、ts like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7 .Grammar school:Those who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.8 .GCSE

26、： General Certificate of Secondary Education9 .GCEA : General Certificate of Education-Advanced10 .GNVQs : General National Vocational Qualifications11 .The universities in Britain：British universities are public bodies, except one university, the University of Buckingham.12 .The Open University:The

27、 Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres.Unit8Countries to establish UN:2 .The permanent members

28、 of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3 .The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4 .The making of Britain's foreign polic

29、y(P128)5 .The relationship between Britain and the EU(P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6 .The commonwealth:Britain is also a member of the Commonwealt

30、h, a voluntary association of states . There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7 .NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ):protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO j provide a foundation for security in Europe provide a forum fo

31、r transatlantic defence cooperation8.5 pecial relationship with US:has gone through many up and downs9.1 ndependent nuclear weapons capability:Britain is a traditional sea power.Unit9I.The division of British media:(降序排列) TV Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers) Radio Mag

32、azine2.The functions of the British media Entertainment Provide British people with information about political and social issues Provide weather reports Carry advertising Used for educational purposes Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice Help

33、 Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper: The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guardianstill suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate o

34、bjective reports about what is happening in the country4.Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5.Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe TimesT

35、he Sun f gutter pressThe Guardian ' Quality pressThe Observer ,6.Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7.BBC: (P144)Unit101.Sports born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)2. Football violent sportG Gentle sport3. Tennis W WimbledonWimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on grasscourts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting c