血液中酒精含量的测定外文文献

1、IllL液中酒精含量的测定外文文1. Microdeterminationofalcoholinbloodbygas-liquidchromatography.气液色谱法测定血液中的微量酒精2. Computer-aidedheadspacegaschromatographyappliedtoblood-alcoholanalysis:importanceofonlineprocesscontrol.计算机辅助顶空气相色谱法测定血液中的酒精:在线过程控制的重要性。Thispaperdescribestheanalysisofethanolinbloodspecimens（标本）fromsusp

2、ectdrunkdriversandtheassociatedqualityassuranceprocedurescurrentlyusedinSwedenforlegalpurposes.（目前在瑞狠使用的以法律为目的的相关质量保证程序）Aliquots（尊分试样）ofwholebloodfromtwoseparateVacutainertubes（真空采血管）arediluted（稀释）with1-propanol（丙醇）asinternalstandardbeforeanalysisbyheadspacegaschromatography（HS-GC）withthreedifferent

3、stationaryphases:CarbopakB,CarbopakC,and15%Carbowax20M（聚乙二醇）.TheactualHSGCanalysis,theIntegration（整合）ofchromatographicpeaks,thecollectionandprocessingofresults,aswellasthequalitycontroltestsinvolvetheuseofcomputer-aidedtechniques.Thestandarddeviation（误差，偏差）ofanalysis（y）increasedwithconcentrationofet

4、hanolinthebloodspecimen（x）,andabove0.50mg/gtheregressionequation（回归方程）wasy=0.0033+0.0153x.Theprosecution（起诉）blood-alcoholconcentration（BAC）isthemeanofthreeseparatedeterminationsmadebydifferentlaboratorytechniciansworkingindependentlywithdifferentsetsofequipment.Adeduction（推论）ismadefromthemeananalyti

5、calresulttocompensate（补偿）forrandomandsystematicerrorsinherentinthemethod.AtBACsof0.5and1.5mg/g,whicharethestatutory（法定的）limitsinSweden,theallowancescurrentlymadeare0.06and0.09mg/g,respectively.Accordingly,thereducedprosecutionBACislessthantheactualBACwithastatisticalconfidenceof99.9%.4 .Directblood-

6、injectionmethodforgaschromatographicdeterminationofalcoholsandothervolatilecompounds(挥发性化合物).5 .Variabilityoftheblood/breathalcoholratioindrinkingdrivers.Theratioofblood-alcoholconcentration(BAC)tobreath-alcoholconcentration(BrAC)wasdeterminedfor799individualsapprehended(逮捕)fordrivingundertheinfluen

7、ceofalcohol(DUI)inSweden.TheBrACwasdeterminedwithaninfraredanalyzer(Intoxllyzer5000S)andvenousBACwasmeasuredbyheadspacegaschromatography.Thebloodsampleswerealwaystakenafterthebreathtestsweremadeandtheaveragetimedelaywas30+/-12min(+/-SD),spanningfrom6to60min.Theblood/breathratiosofalcoholdecreasedast

8、hetimebetweensamplingbloodandbreathincreased(F=15.4,p<0.001),being2337+/-183(6to15min),2302+/-202(16to30min),2226+/-229(31to45mln),and2170+/-225(46to60min).WhentheBACwascorrectedforthemetabolism(新陈代谢)ofalcoholatarateof0.019g%/h,themeanblood/breathratioswere2395+/-193(6to15min),2416+/-211(16to30mi

9、n),2406+/-223(31to45mln),and2407+/-210(45to60min);nosignificantdifferences(F=0197,p>0.05).Theoverallmeantime-adjustedblood/breathratio(+/-SD)was2407+/-213andthe95%limitsofagreement(LOA)were1981and2833.During1992,1993,and1994,themeanblood/breathratiosofalcoholwereremarkablyconstant(恒定的),being2409+

10、/288,2407+/-206,and2421+/-235,respectively,andthevalueswerenotsignificantlyinfluencedbytheperson'sage,gender,orblood-alcoholcontent.In34individuals(4.3%),theblood/breathratiowaslessthan2100aftercompensatingformetabolismofalcoholbetweenthetimesofsamplingbloodandbreath.Thiscompareswith156individua

11、ls(19.6%)havingablood/breathratiolessthan2100:1withoutmakinganycorrectionforthemetabolismofalcohol.6#Teinporalrelationsbetweenbloodalcoholconcentrationandalcoholeffect:anexperimentwithhumansubjectsEachof40fasting(禁食)humansubjects(20menand20women)consumed1gethanol(absolute)perkilogrambodyweightasa20%

12、solutionbyvolumeinorgangejuice.ThetimetopeakBACwasfoundtobe24.0minlaterthanthetimetopeakalcoholeffectasmeasuredbymagnitude(强度)estimation.Thisdifferenceisbothlargeandstatisticallyreliable.Thesedataarecomparedwiththoseintheliterature(文献)whichusuallyshowtheseeventstobesynchronous.(同步的)Discussioninclude

13、sreasonsforthisempiricaldiscrepancy(经验上的差异)，implicationsofthetheoryofacutetolerance,andplansforfutureresearch.Examinationofgroupdatashowsthesamegeneraltrendsobtainedintheanalysisofindividualdata:alcohol-effectscoresreachpeakearlierthanBACforthegroupasawhole(=40),orformenalone,orforwomenalone.Moreove

14、r,alcohol-effectscoresdeclinemorerapidlyinlatertrialsthanBACscores,ashasbeenreportedearlier.7 .ChromatographicmethodsforbloodalcoholdeterminationThisreviewisfocusedonthedifferentchromatographicstrategiesforbloodalcoholdeterminationwhichcanbeadoptedforclinicaland/orforensicpurposes.Particularattentio

15、nispaidtogaschromatographyandtohigh-performanceliquidchromatography.However,otheranalyticaltechniquesincommonuse,suchaschemicalandenzymicmethods,arealsobrieflypresented,togetherwithsome,atpresentunusualorexperimental,approaches,suchasenzymicreactorsandcatalyticelectrodes,whicharesuitableforapplicati

16、onincolumnliquidchromatography.Finally,mentionismadeofthemethodsforthedeterminationofacetaldehyde,themajorethanolmetabolite,andofsomeproposedmarkersofchronicalcoholabuse,suchasacetaldehyde-proteinadductsandcarbohydrate-deficienttransferrin.Inordertogivethebackgroundofknowledgefortherationalchoiceofa

17、nanalyticalstrategy,anupdatedoutlineofethanolmetabolismandtoxicologyispresented,togetherwithbasicinformationfortheinterpretationoftheresults.Problemsconcerningbloodsamplingandstoragearealsodiscussed.8 .Asimplemethodusinghead-spacegasfordeterminationofbloodalcoholbygaschromatography9 .Theadvantagesof

18、automatedbloodalcoholdeterminationbyheadspaceanalysis.Precision,specificityandinterpretation（解释）oftheresultsarereported.Usingonlyfewdifferentcolumnsallvolatilesubstancesofimportancearedetectedspecifically,Withnewdevelopedstationaryphases,graphite（石墨）assupport,theanalysiscouldbedonewithasufficientres

19、olutionin1min.Theabsolutepeakheightoftheinternalstandardortheamountofacetaldehyde（乙醛）determinesthestatusofthesampleandenablesaverypreciseanalysisofalcoholinblood10 .Effectofshort-termstorageconditionsonalcoholconcentrationsinbloodfromlivinghumansubjects.Weexaminedtheeffectsoftime,temperature,andapre

20、servative(sodiumfluoride)onethanolconcentrationsinstoredsamplesofwholebloodfromlivinghumansubjects.Wemeasuredtheethanolinthefirst,second,seventh,and14thdayofstorage,bygaschromatography.Sampleswerestoredat0-3degreesCandat22-29degreesC,withandwithoutpreservative.Noneoftheseshowedsignificantgainsorloss

21、esinconcentration.Theaveragedifferencesbetweenethanolasmeasuredonthedayofcollectionandafterstoragewereallwithintherangeofexperimentalerrorofthemethod(+/-5%).11 .ACCURATEMEASUREMENTOFBLOOD-ALCOHOLCONCENTRATIONWITHISOTHERMALREBREATHING12 .Currentstatusofbloodalcoholmethods.13.Estimationofbloodalcoholc

22、oncentrationsaftersocialdrinking.Requestsforestimatesofbloodalcoholconcentrations(BACs)areoftenmadewhenbloodsamplesaretakensomehoursafterthetimeofinterest.Manybelievethatsuchestimatesarenotreliablebecausethesubject'salcoholclearancerateisneverknownandoftenthereisuncertaintyastowhetherthesubjectw

23、aspostabsorptiveatthetimeinquestion.InordertoevaluatethepotentialerrorsassociatedwithBACestimatesunderthesenon-idealconditions,BACestimateswerecomparedwithempiricaldataobtainedfrom24healthymales,ranginginagefrom22to56years,whotookpartinathreehoursocialdrinkingsession.Onebloodsampleforalcoholanalysis

24、wastakenfromeachsubjectapproximately1hourafterdrinkingstoppedandanotherwastakenapproximately3.5hoursafterdrinkingstopped.EstimationsofBACsatthebloodsamplingtimepointsweremadeassumingeachpersonhadaconstantbloodalcoholclearancerateintherangeof10to20mg/dL/h(0.01to0.02g/dL/h)overthewholeoftheexperimenta

25、lperiod.Avarietyofmethodswereusedtoestimatethevolumeofdistributionforalcohol.AllBACestimationsweremadeassumingcompleteabsorptionandfullequilibrationofthetotalalcoholdose.TheresultsshowedthatactualBACswereusuallywithinorveryclosetotherangeof''forward''estimatesbasedontheknownalcoholdo

26、ses.Furthermore,mostBACsmeasuredaboutanhouraftercessationofdrinkingwerewithinorveryclosetothepredictedrangebasedonbackextrapolationfromtheactual3.5hourBACresult.14. Micro-techniqueofsampledilutionfordeterminationofalcoholinbloodbygaschromatography15. Thestabilityofethylalcoholinforensicbloodspecimen

27、sHeadspacegaschromatographywasusedtoreanalyzeforensicbloodspecimensforethylalcoholcontentafterstorageatroomtemperaturefor3.0and6.75years.Allsamplesexhibitedadeclineinethanolconcentration,withmostlossesfallingwithintheexpected20to40mg%range.16. Studiesonbreathalcoholanalysisfortheestimationofbloodalc

28、ohollevels.17.Ultra-rapidrateofethanoleliminationfrombloodindrunkendriverswithextremelyhighblood-alcoholconcentrations18. Theaccuracyofbloodalcoholanalysisusingheadspacegaschromatographywhenperformedonclottedsamples.19. Ageandgenderdifferencesinblood-alcoholconcentrationinapprehendeddriversinrelatio

29、ntotheamountsofalcoholconsumed20. Effectofdifferentconcentrationsofsodiumfluorideonbloodalcoholdeterminationbyheadspacegaschromatographyusingtheinternalstandardmethod.21. Alarge-scalestudyoftherelationshipbetweenbloodandbreathalcoholconcentrationsinNewZealanddrinkingdriversBloodalcoholconcentrations

30、(BAC)andcorrespondingbreathalcoholconcentrations(BrAC)weredeterminedfor21,582driversapprehendedbyNewZealandpolice.BACwasmeasuredusingheadspacegaschromatography,andBrACwasdeterminedwithIntoxilyzer5000orSeresEthylometreinfraredanalysers.Thedelay(DEL)betweenbreathtestingandbloodsamplingrangedfrom0.03to

31、5.4h.BAC/BrACratioswerecalculatedbeforeandafterBACvalueswerecorrectedforDELusing19mg/dL/hasanestimateofthebloodalcoholclearancerate.CalculationswereperformedforsingleandduplicatebreathsamplesobtainedusingtheIntoxilyzer(groups1-1and1-2)andSeresdevices(groupsS-landS-2).BeforecorrectionforDEL,BAC/BrACr

32、atiosforgroups1-11-2,Sl,andS-2were(mean+/-SD)2320+/-260,2180+/-242,2330+/-276,and2250+/-25%respectively.AfterBACvalueswereadjustedforDEL,BAC/BrACratiosforthesegroupswere(mean+/-SD)2510+/-256,2370+/-240,2520+/-280,and2440+/-260,respectively.OurresultsindicatethatinNewZealandthemeanBAC/BrACratiois19-2

33、6%higherthantheratiooftherespectivelegallimits(2000).JForensicSci,1996Nov；41(6):922-6.Influenceofage,gender,andblood-alcoholconcentrationonthedisappearancerateofalcoholfrombloodindrinkingdrivers.JonesAW,AnderssonL.SourceDepartmentofForensicToxicology,NationalLaboratoryofForensicChemistry,UniversityH

34、ospital,Linkdping,Sweden.AbstractTherateofdisappearanceofalcoholfromtheblood(beta-slope)wasdeterminedindrinkingdriversbytakingtwobloodsamplesabout60minapart(mean68min,span30to120min).Theresultswerecomparedformenandwomenasafunctionoftheirageandtheprevailingblood-alcoholconcentration(BAC).Thematerialc

35、onsistedof1090doublebloodsamplesfrom976menand114womenwithmeanage36.6+/-12.9y(+/-SD)and38.0+/-12.3y(+/-SD),respectively.ThemeanBACforthemaleDUIsuspectswas1.88+/-0.748mg/mL(+/-SD)comparedwith1.86+/-0.702(+/-SD)forthefemales.Therelationshipbetweenbeta-slope(y)andBAC(x)wasy=0.175+0.009xwithasmallpositiv

36、ecorrelation(r=0.13)andstandarderrorestimate(Syx)of0.049mg/mL.Themeanbeta-slopeforfemaleDUIsuspectswas0.214+/-0.053mg/mL/h(+/-SD),comparedwith0.189+/-0.048mg/mL/hinthemalesuspects,andthissmalldifferencewasstatisticallyhighlysignificant(t=5.21,p<0.001).Theoverallmeanrateofalcoholeliminationfromblo

37、odindrinkingdriverswas0.191+/-0.049mg/mL/h(+/-SD),andthe95%limitsofagreement(LOA)spannedfrom0.09to0.29mg/mL/h.Thevalueofthebeta-slopewasslightlysteeperstartingfromahighinitialBACbutwasnotmuchinfluencedbytheperson'sageEthanoldistributionratiosbetweenurineandcapillarybloodincontrolledexperimentsan

38、dinapprehendeddrinkingdrivers.JonesAW.SourceDepartmentofAlcoholToxicology,UniversityHospital,Linkdping,Sweden.AbstractHealthymendrank0.51,0.68,and0.85gofethanolperkilogramofbodyweightasneatwhiskyinthemorningafteranovernightfast.During6to8hafterthewhiskywasconsumed,nearlysimultaneousspecimensoffinger

39、tipbloodandpooledbladderurinewereobtainedforanalysisofethanolusinganenzymaticmethod.Themeanratiosofethanolconcentrationurinealcoholconcentration(UAC)/bloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)weremostlylessthanunityduringtheabsorptionphase.TheUACexceededtheBACinthepostpeakphase.ThemeanUAC/BACratiosvariedbetween

40、1.4and1.7whentheBACexceeded0.50mg/mL.WhentheBACdecreasedbelow0.40mg/mL,theUAC/BACratiosincreasedappreciably.ThemeanUAC/BACratiosofethanolwerenotdependentontheperson'sagebetweentheagesof20and60yearsold,buttherewerelargevariationswithintheagegroups.Inapprehendeddrinkingdrivers(N=654)withameanBACof

41、1.55mg/mL,theUAC/BACratioofethanolvariedwidely,withameanvalueof1.49.In12subjects(3.2%),theratiowaslessthanorequaltounity.Inasecondspecimenofurineobtainedapproximately60minafteraninitialvoid(N=135),themeanUAC/BACratiowas1.35(standarddeviation=0.17).ThemagnitudeoftheUAC/BACratioofethanolcanhelptoestablishwhethertheBACcurvewasrisingorfa