parkour跑酷简介

1、Parkour (Frenc pronunciation: pa?ku?) (abbreviated PK), also called as the art of displacement, 1 is a training discipline that developed out of military obstacle course training.234Practitioners aim to move from one place to another, negotiating the obstacles in between. The discipline uses no equi

2、pment and is non-competitive. A male practitioner is generally called a traceur, a female a traceuse.Developed by Raymond Belle, David Belle, Se bastien Foucan and other members of theoriginal Yamakasi group, parkour became popular in the 1990s and 2000s through a series of documentaries and films f

3、eaturing these practitioners and others.HistoryThough S e bastien Foucan statesJiunmp London that le parkour has always existed, freerunning has always been there, the thing is that no one gave it a name, we didnt put it in the box, the roots of the modern discipline can be traced.e bert, whIn Weste

4、rn Europe, a forerunner of parkour was French naval officer Georges H before World War I promoted athletic skill based on the models of indigenous tribes he had met in Africa. 11 He noted, their bodies were splendid, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant but yet they had no other tutor

5、 in gymnastics but their lives in nature. 11 His rescue efforts during the 1902 eruption of Mount Pele e on Saint-Pierre, Martinique,e bert sereinforced his belief that athletic skill must be combined with courage and altruism. 11 He bert became a physical education tutor at the college of Reims in

6、France. Hme thode naturelle (natural method ) session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting,12self-defense, swimming, which are part of three main forces:During World War I andWorld War II, H e berts teaching con

7、tinued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training. Thus, He bert was one of the proponents ofparcours, an obstacle course, 13 which is now standard in military training and which led to the development of civilian fitness trails and confidence courses. 11Born i

8、n 1939 in what is now Vietnam, Raymond Belle was the son of a French doctor and Vietnamese mother. He was cut off from his parents by the struggle for independence and sent to a military orphanage at the age of 7. Isolated there, he had to become stronger in order to survive. He took it upon himself

9、 to train harder and longer than everyone else in order to never be a victim. He would do extra training at night when everyone else was asleep, go for runs, climb trees. He would use the military obstacle courses in secret, but he also created courses of his own that tested his endurance, his stren

10、gth, his flexibility. Doing this enabled him not only to survive the hardships he experienced during his childhood, but also eventually to thrive. In 1954, he returned to France and remained in military education until 1958, when someone who was impressed by his abilities suggested that he join the

11、Paris fire-fighters. 1415In the fire fighters, he made a name for himself as someone who would always go first, always volunteer for the dangerous assignments. When others were still hesitating, he would act. He was involved in many rescues, some dangerous and daring, and received both citations and

12、 medals. He also involved himself in athletic pursuits throughout his career and was a French military champion several times in more than one event. After leaving the fire-fighters in 1975, he worked in the private sector, and continued to impress people with his efficiency. 1415David Belle was bor

13、n in 1973. He was raised by his grandfather, but remained in contact with his father. As a young boy, David was not gifted either physically or academically. He experimented with gymnastics and athletics, but became increasingly disaffected with both school and the sports clubs. As he got older thou

14、gh, he started to read the newspaper clippings that told of his fathers exploits and got more and more curious about what had enabled his father to accomplish these feats. Through conversations with his father, he realised that what he really wanted was a means to become truly useful, developing ski

15、lls that would be useful to him in life, rather than just training to kick a ball or perform moves in a padded, indoor environment. 1516Eventually, through conversations with his father, he learned about this way of training that his father called parcours. He learned of the hours spent on obstacle

16、courses, and of moving from branch to branch in the forest. He heard his father talk of the hundreds and thousands of repetitions he had done in order to find the best way of doing things. What he learned too was that for his father, training was not a game but something vital, something that enable

17、d him to survive and to protect the people he cared about. David realised that this was what he had been searching for and so he began training in that way too. After a time, he realised it was far more important to him than schooling and he gave up his other commitments to focus all his time on his

18、 training. 16Initially David trained on his own, however later he found other people (including his cousins) who had similar desires and they began to train together. Gradually, the training ideas were passed on to others who came to learn and the number of practitioners expanded slowly, but as the

19、practising became more like a discipline than a pastime, many people would leave the group. The core group that would develop what we today know as parcours, parkour,Iart du d e placement and freerunning were: Chau Belle Dinh, David Belle, Williams Belle, Yann Hnautra, S e bastien Foucan, Laurent Pi

20、etmontesi, Guylain NGuba Boyeke, Malik Diouf, and Charles Perri e re. In the late 1990s, after Davids brother sent some pictures and video to a French TV programme, parkours recognition and popularity began to increase. A series of television programmes in various countries subsequently featured vid

21、eo footage of the group, and as the popularity increased, they began to get more and more offers. Eventually, the original group split apart to pursue different goals, some staying with the discipline and others leaving. The number of practitioners in total though kept on increasing and parkourspopu

22、larity began to spread around the globe through television, feature film and increasing use of online video-sharing methods. 1517Philosophy and theoriesAccording to Williams Belle, the philosophies and theories behind parkour are an integral aspect of the art, one that many non-practitioners have ne

23、ver been exposed to. Belle trains 18people because he wants it to be alive and for people to use it.Chau Belle explains itis a type of freedom or kind of expression; that parkour is only a state of mind rather than a set of actions, and that it is about overcoming and adapting to mental and emotiona

24、l obstacles as well as physical barriers.1819 A newer convention of parkour philosophy has been the idea of human reclamation. Andy (Animus of Parkour North America) clarifies it as a means of reclaiming what it means to be a human being. It teaches us to move using the natural methods that we shoul

25、d have learned from infancy. It teaches us to touch the world and interact with it, instead of being 19sheltered by it. It is as much as a part of truly learning the physical art as well as being able to master the movements, it gives you the ability to overcome your fears and pains and reapply this

26、 to life as you must be able to control your mind in order to master the art of parkour. 20A point has been made about the similarities between the martial arts philosophy of Bruce 21Lee and parkour. In an interview with The New Yorker, David Belle acknowledges the influence of Lees thinking: Theres

27、 a quote by Bruce Lee thats my motto: There are no limits. There are plateaus, but you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. A man must constantly exceed his level. If youre not better than you were the day before, then 13what are you doing whats the point?.Traceur Dylan Baker says parkour a

28、lso influences ones thought processes by enhancing self-confidence and critical thinking skills that allow one to overcome everyday physical and 182223mental obstacles.A study by Neuropsychiatrie de lEnfance et de lAdolescence(Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence) in France reflects that tra

29、ceurs seek more excitement and leadership situations than do gymnastic practitioners. 2425A campaign was started on 1 May 2007 by Parkour.NET portal to preserve parkours26philosophy against sport competition and rivalry.In the words of Erwan LeCorre:Competition pushes people to fight against others

30、for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business people by changing its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport unless it ignores its altruistic core of self development. If parkour becomes a sport, it will be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a

31、non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may be called parkour, but that wont hold its25philosophical essence anymore. According to LeCorre, those who truly practice parkour have the same mind aspect of each other, therefore it brings people to work together rather than compete,

32、 it allows them to be united internationally and forget the social and economical problems which separated them globally, ultimately leading one giant community working and growing together.MovementA pair of parkour techniques: A wall climb to a top outThere is no official list of moves. In many cas

33、es effective parkour techniques depend on fast redistribution of body weight and the use of momentum to perform seemingly difficult or impossible body maneuvers at great speed. Absorption and redistribution of energy is also an important factor, such as body rolls when landing which reduce impact fo

34、rces on the legs and spine, allowing a traceur to jump from greater heights than those often considered sensible in other forms of acrobatics and gymnastics.According to David Belle, the practice is to move in such a way that will help you gain the most ground as if escaping or chasing something. Al

35、so, if you go from A to B, you need to be able to get back from B to A, but not necessarily with the same movements or passements. Despite this, there are many basic versatile and effective techniques that are emphasized for beginners. Most important are good jumping and landing techniques. The roll

36、, used to limit impact after a drop and to carry ones momentum onward, is often stressed as the most important technique to learn.Risk of harmParkour is widely practiced in dedicated public facilities such as skate parks. Although efforts are being made to create places for it, some traceurs do not

37、like the idea as it is contradictory to the philosophy of freedom. 27 Traceurs practice parkour in urban areas such as gyms, parks, playgrounds, offices, and abandoned structures. Concerns have been raised regarding trespassing, damage of property, 28 and the practice in inappropriate places. 29 How

38、ever, most traceurs will take care of their training spots and will remove themselves quickly and quietly from a public place if asked. One of parkours values is to respect people and places as well as helping others. One of the first campaigns to preserve this sort of philosophy is the Leave No Tra

39、ce project, stressing the importance of training safe, respecting the environment and the people around you. 303132Concerns have been raised by law enforcement and fire and rescue teams of the risk in jumping off high buildings. 33 They argue that practitioners are needlessly risking damage to both

40、themselves and rooftops by practicing at height, with police forces calling for practitioners to stay off the rooftops. 283435 Some figures within the parkour community agree that this sort of behaviour is not to be encouraged. 34363738American traceur Mark Toorock says that injuries are rare because participants rely not on what they cant control -wheels or the icy surfaces of snowboarding and skiing -but their own hands and feet, but Lanier Joh nson, executive director of the America n Sp ortsMedic