托福阅读机经：英国农业的发展

1、智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读机经：英国农业的发展 摘要： 托福阅读机经：英国农业的发展.17世纪至19世纪英国农业生产方式发生巨大变革的过程。包括圈地运动、机械化、四轮作、良种培育等，其结果是农业生产效率大大提高 在这段时期里，欧洲出现了圈地运动(enclosure movement)。英国的圈地运动最为典型，规模也最大。15世纪后，英国毛纺制呢业迅猛发展，市场上的羊毛价格开始猛涨，使养羊变得有利可图，但需要大片的土地。于是，贵族们把原来租种他们土地的农民赶走，把可以养羊的土地圈占起来发展养羊业。 新航路开辟的影响。新航路开辟后，扩大了世界各地区、各民族之间的经济和文化交往。英国地处大西洋

2、航运的中心线上，对外贸易急剧扩大，从而进一步刺激了英国羊毛出口业和毛织业的发展，推动了养羊业的发展。利润的刺激。英国的封建的习惯地租与资本主义地租之间的差别极大，使地主看到把土地租给农业资本家比对农民进行封建剥削更为有利可图，从而刺激了圈地运动的发展。 18世纪末，英国的农业已经在欧洲居领先地位。在轻视农业的政策的诱导下，农业逐步衰退，英国在食品供应方面严重依赖世界市场。二战期间，由于德国潜艇击毁英国远洋商船，粮食进口运输受阻，使国内粮食供应发生困难。英国政府不得不实行食品配给制，转而加强对农业的干预，采取重视农业的许多措施，如：奖励垦荒、对开垦荒地的农户发给奖金;扩大耕地面积;提高农业机械化

3、水平;大幅度提高农产品价格;各地区普遍建立农业生产管理委员会，对农业生产进行监督。战后，英国花了近15年的时间，扭转了农业衰退的局面，逐步实现了农业现代化。 注：十八世纪初，英国农民采用效率更高的耕种方法，改三田制为圈地，休耕为轮流耕种。 旧方法：三田制 新方法：圈地 旧方法：休耕新方法：轮流耕种 【英文题源】 The Development of British Agriculture In English social and economic history, enclosure is the process which ends traditional rights such as m

4、owing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases to be common land. Under enclosure, such land is fenced and or entitled to one or more owners. The process of enclosu

5、re began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands. The process of enclosure has sometimes been ac

6、companied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England.This created a landless working class that provided the labor required in the new industries developing in the north of England. Larger farmers and landowners

7、 initially benefited from the great land sales that followed the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s, while most farmers gained from rising prices and favorable leases. Agricultural productivity particularly of grain wasspurred by a doubling of population from between 2.5 and 3 million to ov

8、er 5 million by 1660, and an associated rise in grain prices. After 1650, a fall in grain prices, a rise in cattle prices and demand from London and other growing urban markets, led to a rise in cattle rearing in the north of England, and of the dairy industry and specializedproduce (such as hops an

9、d cider) in other areas. Improvements in transport, including the coastal and river trade, provided access to new markets. New rotations and crops, particularly clover, grasses and turnips, had become established by the end of this period on the light soils of East Anglia and adopted with varying su

10、ccess in other parts of the country. This period is strongly marked by the continuing process of enclosure and the related process of exchange and consolidation of farm holdings, the growth of farm size (especially in corn-producing areas), large estates and the widespread development of a landlordt

11、enant system. Landowners, notably the county gentry, emerged as influential pioneers of new crops and new systems of farming. The consolidation of estates and holdings are reflected in the continuing and in more anciently enclosed areas often the final phase of enclosure. The national market became

12、more integrated from the later 17th century, in tandem with the emergence of specialized regional economies. This, and the development and strengthening of local building traditions, are also reflected in the layout and design of both farmhouses and more substantial farm buildings. Agricultural prod

13、uctivity sustained a massive increase in population, which had risen from around 6 million in 1750 to over 16.7 million by 1851 and 26 million in 1881. This was the most important period of farm building development, commonly divided by agricultural historians into two periods: before and after 1840

14、. Probably under 25% of the land area of England remained unenclosed by 1750, and between 1760 and 1815 as much as 18% of this land was enclosed. This was a process at first concentrated on the Midland clays (for the management of land as pasture for fattening) and then from the start of the Napoleo

15、nic Wars in the 1790s on the expansion of the cultivated area onto poorer and lighter soils such as the northern moorlands and the southern downlands, and poorly-drained land such as the Fens and the Lancashire mosses. In the High Farming years of the 1840s to 1870s, high-input or high-output system

16、s based on the availability of importedartificial fertilizers and manures (superphosphates, nitrates, guano and bones) and feeds such as oilcake brought on to the farm replaced the closed circuit methods that relied on farm-produced feeds and manure. A major development as observed by the agricultur

17、al journalist James Caird writing in the 1850s was an increased distinction between the intensively cropped landscapes of the eastern half of the country, and the wetter and more pastoral-based economies of the western half. 【 托福 高频词】 entitled accompanied by ceases initially spurred associated produ

18、ce rotations notably substantial artificial sustained cultivated distinction 【长难句分析】 In English social and economic history, enclosure is the process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system. The process

19、of enclosure has sometimes been accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England. This created a landless working class that provided the labor required in the new industries developing in the north of England. Larger farmers and landowners initially benefited from the great land sales that followed the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s, while most farmers gained from rising prices and favorable leases. New rotatio