口腔生理学术语(M)0001

1、口腔生理学术语（M）口腔生理学术语(M) 口腔生理学术语(M) macrophages - cells derived from mono cytes which have the ability to phagocytose foreign particles and dead tissue and to move through tissue, or to remai n fixed in one place. there are many macrophages in the splee n where they remove dead red blood cells from the

2、circulati on.major salivary glands - are three large glands on each side of the face; the parotid, subma ndibular and submaxillary.malleus - one of the three bones of the inner ear. the others are the stapes and the in cus.masticatio n - the process of prepari ng food for swallow ing and digesti on

3、by chew ing it.matrix - comes from the latin word ”mate广meaning mother, it is a structure which encloses or holds something within it. cells are held or en closed in a matrix of fibres, water and large molecules called the ground substa nee.matrix vesicles. - small bubble-like structures containing

4、calcium-b inding phospholipids and alkali ne phosphatase. crystals of hydroxyapatite from in side the vesicle which ruptures and releas ing crystals into the surro unding osteoid or prede nti ne so as to start min eralis ing it.mecha no-receptors-sen sory receptors which respondwhen mechanically def

5、ormed by pressure, tension, vibration or touchmese nchyme - den tai mese nchyme is tissue derived from the mesoderm of the embryo and which has bee n in filtrated and highly in flue need by migrat ing cells from the neural crest.mesial drift - a gradual movement of all the posterior teeth in a mesia

6、l di recti on. it occurs only if there has bee n in terproximal wear betwee n the teeth. the drift is not a passive one however, as it has bee n show n that duri ng chew ing, the bite force has a a mesial comp onent.mesial - towards the midli ne.mesoderm - the middle of the three cell layers which f

7、orm, as the clump of early embryoniccells begins todifferentiate. the mesoderm will form the muscles, blood system, conn ective tissue, in eludingbone and dentine, thekid neys and the dermis of the skin, the other two layers are the ectoderm and thee ndoderm.messe nger rna - a ribose nu cleic acid a

8、cid which caries the dna code in matchi ng nu cleotides, from the nu cleus to the ribosome of the cell.metabolise - to obtain energy by breakingdown amolecule in to smaller comp onen ts, as in respiratio n or to store energy by buildinga more complex molecule out of smallercomponents.it always takes

9、 place in a number of stages,con trolled by en zymes. each step in the process follows a predictable "metabolic0 pathway for that reacti on.microbiology - the study of the microscopic forms of life.microfilaments - are the smallest filaments of thecytoskeleton. the filamentsare made of hundreds

10、 of actinmolecules, stacked in a line, they can be quickly broke n dow n or exte nded. actin filama nents give the cell its shape and help to change it. when cells move, in embryology and repair, or just during the continual patrol of lymphocytes, they must hold on to somethi ng in order to crawl, t

11、he filame nts serve to an chor one part of the cell, via fibron ect in to the cell matrix, so the rest of the cell can pull itself towards the anchor, lymphocytes move and scave nge by stick ing out arms and feet to help them crawl and en gulf foreig n particles. muscle cells cha nge their shape by

12、using stacks of act in filame nts as a ladder on which myos in climbs.micr on - 1000th part of a millimetre.microorga nisms - si ngle celled ani mals which may range from the very small viruses, through bacteria and fungi to almost visible protozoa.cytoskeleton. they are the hollow tubes along which

13、 cell products are con ducted long dista nces. the system is not un like a railway n etwork around the cell, sometimes inv olvi ng long dista nces. for example, n eur ones tran sport out n eurotra nsmitter substa nces along the axons to dista nt syn apses, in side microtubules.minor salivary gla nds

14、 - are microscopic gla nds un der the surface of the oral mucosa. they are found throughout the lining mucosa of the mouth in clud ing the ton gue.mitoch on dria - a cell orga nelle found in eucaryotic cells which produces atp as a product of the kreb cycle and the electron transport system cells re

15、quiring large amounts of en ergy, such as secreti ng odo ntoblasts, have large nu mbers of mitocho ndria. mitocho ndria are self replicati ngand con tai ntheir own dna for this purpose.mitosis- the divisio n of a cell in to two daughter cells, each of which is ide ntical.mitotic activity - the rate

16、of mitosis, and hence celldivision. the mitotic activity of basal cells in an epithelium must match the rate of desquamati on.molecules - a comb in ati on of atoms joined together in fixed proporti ons.mono cytes - rema in in the blood only a short time before they migrate into the tissues particula

17、rly where dead tissue must be removed, where they are calledmacrophages.morphoge nesis - the process in which tissue shapes and orga n structures are developed duri ng embryology.morphoge nic fieled - an en vir onment in which the shape or pattern of a develop ing orga n is determ in ed.motoneurone

18、- nerve cells with their cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord, which tran smit impulses along their axons to effector orga ns, in cludi ng en docri ne, exocri ne gla nds and muscles fibres. the axons of most motoneurones have many branches, each of which ends at a neuromuscular jun cti on. t

19、he group of muscle cells inn ervatedby onemot on eur one is called a motor un it.mucoperiosteum -a type of oral mucosawhich has afibrous lam ina propria, no submucosa, and is attached to the underlyingperiosteum of bone. the attached gingivais amucoperiosteum. mucous - a secreti on which is viscous

20、and slimy due to the prese nee ofglycoprote ins.mutati on - a cha nge in the order of nu cleotide bases on a gene, which alters the con figurati on of the protein produced, and thus may alter the behaviour of the cell. a mutatio n may cause a cell to die, or become can cerous. mutati ons in bacteria

21、 and viruses help them to evade detecti on by their hosts.myelin the fatty covering of myelinatednerves whichappears white to the naked eye. the parts of the brain and spinal cord, in which myelinatednerves run, has thereforebeen called the "white” matter as distinet from the "grey” matter composed of nerve cells. myelin also contains about 20 % of proteins whose prime role is to mediate adh